11

General
Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Key Concept of Functions

ROSALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following statements represents a function?

A. Students of their current age
B. Pen and its ink
C. A store to its merchandise
D. Teacher and his cellphones
2. Which of the following diagram represents a relation that is not a function?
A. One – to – one B. One – to – many
C. Many – to – one D. None of the above
3. A method of determining whether or not a graph represent a function is called the
. A. Diagonal Line test B. Horizontal Line Test
C. Zigzag Line Test D. Vertical Line Test
4. Which of the following relationship is NOT a function?
A. Input Output B. x y

-4 2 3 11
5
7 9 4 15

C. X Y D. A B

-2 -5 -4
-1 5 5
0 3 7

5. Given the relation A = { (5,2, (7,4), (9,10), (x,5) }. Which of the following values for x will
make relation a function?
A. 7 B. 9 C. 4 D. 5

Representation of Real-Life Situations Using Functions,

Including Piece-wise Functions
Function is said to be the central idea in the study of mathematics. In many situations,
there is a mathematical function in which one quality according to some definite rule.

Activity 1. DO YOU KNOW ME?

Determine whether or not each relation is a function. Rest a check (√) on the space that
corresponds your answer.

Function Not Function

1. { ( 2, 3), (-6, 5), ( 0, -2), ( -1, -5) }
2. { (1, 3), (1,4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7) }
3. Input x Output y
-4 1
-3 2
-4 3
-5 4
2
 4. Input x Output y
1 3
2 6
3 9
4 12
5. x 2 + y 2 − 6 = 0
6. x 2 + y = 5
7. y

8. y

Let us recall the definition of relation and function.

Relations Functions
A relation is a rule that relates values from A function is a relation where each element in
a set of values (called the domain) to a the domain is related to only one value in the
second set of values (called the range). range by some rule.

The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to generate
one or more outputs
A relation is also a set of ordered pairs
(x,y).
The elements of the domain can be imagined
as input to a machine that applies a rule so
that so that each input corresponds to only
one output.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such
that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values.

Note:
When finding the domain and range of a function involving:
1. A radical with an even index: radicand must be non-negative; thus, the radicand
must be greater than or equal to zero.
2. In a fraction the denominator must be not be equal to zero.

Vertical line test

A graph represents a function if and only f each vertical line intersects the graph
at most once.
Using a vertical line test

Thus, y is a function since the vertical line intersect

x the graph in only 1 point.

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Likewise, using the vertical line test
y
Thus, y is not function of x, two values of y correspond to
an x-value. That the vertical line intersect the graph in
two (2) points.

What’s New
Activity 2. Try Me
The SSG Organization plans to sell cupcakes to raise a fund. A bakery charges them
P15.00 for the first 100 cupcakes. After the first 100 cupcakes they purchase up to 150
cupcakes the bakery reduces the price to P13.50 per cupcake. After they purchased150
cupcakes, the price lower to P10.00 per cupcake. Write a function that models this situation.
In this scenario you need to use Piecewise function to model the situation.

Functions as representations of real-life situations.

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate
functional model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.
Definition.
1. A linear function is a function of the form f(x) = ax + b, where a ≠ 0.
2. A quadratic function is a function of the form f(x) = ax²+ bx + c, where a ≠ 0.
3. A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form f(x) =anx𝑛 +
an−1 x𝑛−1 + a1 x + a0 ; where n≠ 0

Example 1. Give a function C that can represent that cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs
P40.
Solution: since each meal cost P40, then the cost function is
C(x) =40x.

Example 2. One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular area next to a
river. Give a function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.

Solution: the area of the rectangular enclosure is A=xy. We will write this as a function of x.
since only 100 m of fencing is available, then
x + 2y = 100 write the original equation
2y = 100 – x subtract x on both side
y = 100−𝑥
2 divide 2 on both side
y = 50 – 0.5x change y to A
A = 50 – 0.5x multiply x
A(x) = x(50 – 0.5x) use distributive property
A(x) = 50x − 0.5x 2

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What I Have Learned
1. Relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second
set of values (called the range).
2. Function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value
in the range by some rule.
3. Relations and functions can be presented by the following:
a. Ordered pair
b. Table of values
c. Mapping
d. Graph
e. Equation
4. Domain is the set of all possible values that variable x can takes.
5. A graph represents a function if and only f each vertical line intersects the graph at
most once.
6. A linear function is a function of the form f(x) = ax + b, where a ≠ 0.
7. A quadratic function is a function of the form f(x) = ax²+ bx + c, where a ≠ 0.
8. A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form f(x) =anx𝑛 +
an−1 x𝑛−1 + a1 x + a0 ; where n≠ 0:

Evaluating Functions
In the previous lesson, we have reviewed the functions and relations, and how their set
of ordered pairs, table of values, mapping, graphs, and equations differ. Representing real-life
situations using functions and piecewise functions was also discussed.

This section will discuss the evaluation of different functions.

What’s In
To do this, let us recall first some of the useful properties of equality. Consider these
examples.
a. If x + y = 8 and x = 3, what will be the value of y?
b. If a – b = 2 and b = 5, what will be the value of a?

What property of equality is/are used in the given examples?

To solve for the missing values, we need to use the Substitution Property of
Equality and Addition Property of Equality (APE). With this,

a. If x + y = 8 and x = 3,
3+y=8 By substitution, x is replaced by the given value
which is 3
y=5■ Addition Property of Equality

b. If a – b = 2 and b = 5,
a–5=2 By substitution, b is replaced by the given value
which is 5
a=7■ Addition Property of Equality

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 Remember:

Substitution Property of Equality

For any real numbers a and b: If a = b, then a may be replaced by b, or b may be
replaced by a, in any mathematical sentence without changing its meaning.

Addition Property of Equality

For all real numbers a, b, and c, a = b if and only if a + c = b + c.

What is It
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a
value from the function’s domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are
evaluating f at a for some a in the domain of f, we write f(a).
If one thinks of the function machine, evaluating a function is similar to providing our
machines with a valid input.

To evaluate a function, we should:

directly replace the indicated value to the given function;
perform the indicated operation; and
simplify the answer.
Example 1. Evaluate the following functions at x = 1.5.
(a) f(x) = 4x + 1
Solution:
directly replace the value of x by 1.5 → f(1.5) = 4(1.5) + 1
perform indicated operation and simplify → f(1.5) = 6 + 1
f(1.5) = 7 ■
(b) q(x) = x2 + 2x – 2
Solution:
substitute the value of x by 1.5 → q(1.5) = (1.5)2 + 2(1.5) – 2
perform indicated operation and simplify → q(1.5) = 2.25 + 3 - 2
→ q(1.5) = 3.25■

(c) g(x) = √𝑥 + 2.5

Solution:

g(1.5) = √(1.5) + 2.5

g(1.5) = √4
g(1.5) = ± 2 ■

2 x +1
(d) r(x) =
x−1
Solution:
2(1.5)+1
r(1.5) = 1.5−1
3+1
r(1.5) = 0.5

r(1.5) = 8 ■

(e) F(x) = ⌊x⌋ + 1, where ⌊x⌋ is the greatest integer function

Solution:
F(1.5) = ⌊1.5⌋ + 1
F(1.5) = 1 + 1
F(1.5) = 2 ■

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 Evaluate the following functions, where f and q are as defined in Example 1.

(a) f(3x – 1)

Solution:
To evaluate f(3x – 1), we need to replace all the x in f(x) = 4x +1 by (3x – 1).
f(3x – 1) = 4(3x – 1) + 1 f(3x – 1) = 12x – 4 + 1 f(3x – 1) = 12x – 3

(b) q(2x + 3)

Solution:
To evaluate q(3x + 3), replace all the x in q(x) = x2 + 2x – 2 by (2x +3).

q(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)2 + 2(2x + 3) – 2

q(2x + 3) = (4x2 + 12x + 9) + 4x + 6 – 2
q(2x + 3) = 4x2 + 16x + 13 ■

Operations on Functions
Like numbers, functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided. The
result is a new function. This module will discuss further how these can be done
including its composition.

Definition

Sum, Difference Product and Quotient of Function

Let f and g be functions.
1. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function denoted by
(f+ g)(x) = f (x) + g(x).
2. Their difference, denoted by f – g, is the function denoted by
(f− g)(x) = f (x) − g(x).
3. Their product, denoted by f • g, is the function denoted by
(f •g)(x) = f (x) • g(x).
4. Their quotient, denoted by f/g, is the function denoted by
f f (x )
g (x) = g ( x) , excluding the values of x where g(x) =0.

Examples:
A. Let f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x2. Find the following:

1. (f + g)(x) 3. (f • g)(x)
f
2. (f – g)(x) 4. (x)
g
Solutions:
1. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = (x + 1) + 2x2
= 2x2 + x + 1 ■
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2. (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) = (x + 1) – 2x2
 3. (f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x) = (x + 1)(2x2)
= 2x3 + 2x2 ■
f f (x ) x+1
4. (x) = = ;x≠0 ■
g g ( x) 2 x 2

Composition of Function

Definition. Let f and g be functions. The composite function denoted by (f ◦ g) (read as “f

composed with g”) is defined by (f ◦ g)(x) = f(g(x)). The process of
obtaining a composite function is called function composition.

Examples:

A. Let f(x) = 2x + 1and g(x) = x2 – 2x + 2. Find: (1) (f ◦ g)(x), (2) (g ◦ f)(x).

Solutions:
1. (f ◦ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = 2[g(x)] + 1 2. (g ◦ f)(x) = g(f(x)) = [f(x)]2 – 2[f(x)] + 2
= 2(x2 – 2x + 2) + 1 = (2x + 1)2 – 2(2x + 1) + 2
= 2x2 – 4x + 4 + 1 = (4x2 + 4x + 1) – (4x + 2) + 2
= 2x2 – 4x + 5 ■ = 4x2 + 4x + 1 – 4x – 2 + 2
= 4x2 + 1 ■
B. If f(x) = 2x + 1 and h(x) = 3x, evaluate the following:
1. (f ◦ h)(1) : h(x) = 3x f(x) = 2x + 1
h(1) = 3(1) f(3) = 2(3) + 1
h(1) = 3 f(3) = 7
Therefore, (f ◦ h)(1) = f(h(1)) = f(3) = 7

2. (h ◦ f)(1) : f(x) = 2x + 1 h(x) = 3x

f(1) = 2(1) + 1 h(3) = 3(3)
f(1) = 2 + 1 = 3 h(3) = 9
 Therefore, (h ◦ f)(1) = h(f(1)) = h(3) = 9
ROSALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH
ACTIVITY SHEET IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Name:______________________________________Section:_________ Quarter:1 Module:1

I. Representation of Real-Life Situations Using Functions

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1 point each.
1. Which of the following diagram represents a relation that is not a function?
A. One – to – one B. One – to – many C. Many – to – one D. None of the above
2. Which of the following statements represents a function?
A. Airport to its Airport Code B. Countries to its capital
C. School to its students D. Teacher and student’s relationship
3. A method of determining whether or not a graph represent a function is called
the____________
A. Diagonal Line test B. Horizontal Line Test
C. Zigzag Line Test D. Vertical Line Test
4. Which of the following letters will pass the vertical line test?
A. V B. X C. Y D. Z
5. Which of the following relationship is NOT a function?
A. Input Output B. x y

-4 2 3 11
5
7 9 4 15

C. X Y D. A B

-2 -5 -4
-1 5 5
0 3 7

6. Which one of these graphs does NOT illustrate a function?

A. B. C. D.

7. Given the relation A = { (5,2, (7,4), (9,10), (x,5) }. Which of the following values for x will make
relation a function?
A. 7 B. 9 C. 4 D. 5
8. Which of the following equation is a function?
A. (x+1)(x-1) = 0 B. y2+x2=0 C. y2+x-2=0 D. x2 + 1 = 0
9. Which of the following relation illustrate a function?
A. f = {(0,1), (1, 2), (2, 3)} B. g = {(1,1), (1,3), (1,4)}
C. i = {(0,0) , (1,1), (2,2), (3,3)} D. j = {(-1,1), (-2,2), (-3,3)}
10. To evaluate a function is to the variable in the function with a value from
the function’s domain and compute the result.
 A. omit B. simplify C. skip D. substitute

II. Evaluating Functions: Evaluate the following functions. 4 points each.

Given: f(x) = 8x + 1, find the following values:
1. f(0)

2. f(-1)

3. f(3)

4x
Given: f(x) = , find the following values:
2
4. f(2x)

5. f(-1)

III. Operations on Functions

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer. 2 points each.
1. Which of the following defines the difference of f - h given that f and h are functions?
A. (f + h)(x) = f(x) + h(x) B. (f - h)(x) = f(x) – h(x)
C. (f + h)(x) = f(x) • h(x) D. (f + h)(x) = f(h(x))
2. The process of obtaining a composite function is called .
A. composting function B. compositing function
C. decomposition function D. function composition
For items No. 3 to No. 9, refer to the given functions below:

f(x) = 3x – 5 ; g(x) = x 2

3. (f-g) (x) = ________________

A. x2 + 3x – 5 B. –x2 – 3x – 5 C. –x2 – 3x + 5 D. –x2 + 3x – 5
4. (f + g)(x) =
A. 2x2 – 5 B. x2 + 3x – 5 C. 3x – 5 – x2 D. x2 – 8x
5. (g • f)(x) =
A. x B. x4 C. 3x3 – 5x2 D. cannot be determined
6. (f • g)(x) =
A. 3x3 – 5x2 B. 3x – 5x2 C. -2x3 D. -5x2 – 3x
f
7. (x) =
g X2 3 x −5 −2
A. B. C. D. 2X-5
3 X−5 x2 X
8. (f ◦ g)(x) =
A. 3x2 – 15 B. 3x3 – 5x2 C. 2x2 – 5 D. 3x2 – 5
9. (g ◦ f)(x) =
B. 9x3 – 30x B. 9x3 + 25 C. 9x2 – 30x + 25 D. 3x2 – 5
10. Given f(x) = 2x and g(x) = x + 5, find (f ◦ g)(x).
A. 2x + 5 B. 2x + 10 C. x + 5 D. x + 10