FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module/topic, the learner be able

to:
• a. represents real-life situation using functions
• b. evaluates and performs operations on functions
• c. solves problems involving functions
 Recall (Relations vs. Functions)
Relation
This is a rule that relates
values from a set of values
(called the domain) to a second
set of values (called the range).
The elements of the domain
can be imagined as an input to
a machine that applies a rule to
these inputs corresponds to
generate one or more outputs.
It has a set of ordered pairs
(x,y).
• Function
It is a relation where each element
in the domain is related to only one
value in the range by some rule.
 The elements of the domain can be
imagined as an input to a machine
that applies a rule so that each input
corresponds to only one output.
. It has a set ordered pairs (x,y) such
that no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values.
 Recall (Relations vs. Functions)

Relation • Function

One-to-one. One-to-one.
One-to-many  many-to-one
Many-to -one
 Recall (Relations vs. Functions)

Different Ways of Expressing Functions and Relations

 Set of Ordered Pairs
Table of Values
Mappings
Graphs
Equations
 Set of Ordered Pairs (Relations vs. Functions)

An ordered pair (x,y) is composed of two coordinates,

the x-coordinate or the abscissa, and y-coordinate or
the ordinate.
In the set of ordered pairs, the domain is the set of all
x-coordinates (first coordinates), while the range is the
set of all the y-coordinates (second coordinates).
 Set of Ordered Pairs (Relations vs. Functions)

The set of ordered pairs can be considered as a function

if:
a. Every element in the set is composed of different
x and y, and
b. No common x-coordinates exist in the given set.
 Set of Ordered Pairs (Relations vs. Functions)

Example:
1. A= [(1,2), (2,4), (3,6), (4,8), (5,10)]
Function
2. B=[(2,-3), (3, -2), (4,-1), (5,0), (7,2)]
Function
3. C= [(1,1), (1,-1), (2, 2), (2.-2), (3,3), (4,-4)]
Relation
 Function and Relation as a Table of Values

The set of ordered pairs can be written as a table

of values composed of x and y-coordinates. The x-
coordinates are written on the first row and below
are the y-coordinates.
x 1 3 2 -1
y 4 9 4
Function
-2
Example:
x 0 -1 2 -1
y -1 2 3 Relation
-4
x 2 1 4 3
y -3 2 1
Function
0
 Function and Relation as Mappings

 Functions and Relations can be written as

mappings in which the values on the left side
represent the x-coordinates matched with the
values on the right represent the y-
coordinates.
 Hence, it can be clearly seen if the
relationship is one-to-one, many-to-one or
one-to-many.
 Function and Relation as Mappings

 Example:

Function Function Relation

 Function and Relation as Graphs
 The Vertical Line Test can be used in order to
determine if a graph is a function or a relation.
 How are you going to use the Vertical Line Test?
a. Draw a line passing through the graph on
the plane.
b. Determine the number of point/s of
intersection
between the graph and the vertical line.
 Function and Relation as Graphs
 Example:

Function Relation Function

 Function and Relation as Equation

 Functions and relations can be expressed by

means of an equation.
 Here are some guidelines for us to easily identify if
an equation is not a function. We cannot consider
an equation a function if:
a. there is no y(variable) in the equation;
b. the exponent of y is an even number;
c. y is in the absolute value symbol; and
d. the relationship is not in the equality form.
 Function and Relation as Equation
Example: Which of the following equation/s is/are
not a function?
1. +2
2. -3
3. 3. x >y
4. y=/x/+3
5.
Answer: From thr equations above, equations 2,3,5
are not examples of a function.
 Function as a Machine

Function can be illustrated as a machine where there is

the input and the output. When you put an object to a
machine, you expect a product as output after the
process being done by the machine.

Example:
When you put an orange fruit into a juicer, you expect an
orange juice as an output and not a grape juice.
Function as a Machine
Function as Representation of Real-life Situation

Functions can often be used to model

real-life situations. Identifying an
appropriate functional model will lead
to a better understanding of various
phenomena.
Function as Representation of Real-life Situation

Example 1:
The salary of the teacher is Php677 per day. The
monthly salary of a teacher is related to the number of
day worked.
Solution1:
The monthly salary of the teacher depends
on the number of days worked, Thus, the monthly salary
of the teacher is a function of days worked.
f(x)= 677x. Answer
Function as Representation of Real-life Situation
Example 2:
One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose
a rectangular area next to river (see figure below). Give a
function A that can represent the area that can be
enclosed, in terms of x.
Function as Representation of Real-life Situation

Solution2:
The area of the rectangular enclosure is A=xy. We will write this as function
of x, A(x) Since only 100m of fencing is available, then
x+2y=100 (Perimeter of enclosed area)
2y=100-x
y= or y=50-0.5x
Substitute the value of y from the enclosed area,
A= x(50-0.5x)
Therefore,
A(x) = 50x-0.5. Answer
Piece-Wise Function

 There are functions that requires more than one

formula in order to obtain the given output.
 There are instances when we need to describe
situation in which a rule or relationship changes
as the input value crosses certain boundaries.
 In this case, we need to apply the piece-wise
function.
Piece-Wise Function

A Piece-Wise Function is a combination of two or

more equation. Each formula has its own domain
and the domain of the function is the union of all
these smaller domains. We notate this idea like this:
Piece-Wise Function

Example:
The cost of hiring a catering service to serve food at the
party is Php150 per head for 20 person or less, Php130
per head for 21 to 50 persons, and Php110 per head for
51 to 100 persons. For 100 or more persons, the cost is
Php100 per head. Represent the total cost as a piece-
wise function of the number of attendees of the party.
Piece-Wise Function

Solution:
Since the total cost is the function of piece-wise, it consist
of different equations based on the number attendees of the
party and the cost of food per person.

. Answer
Evaluating Function

 In evaluating function, it means replacing the

variable in the function, in this case x, with a
value from the function’s domain and computing
for the result.
 To denote that we are evaluating f at a for
some a in the domain of f, we write f(a).
Evaluating Function

Example 1: Evaluate the following function at x=1.5

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Evaluating Function

Solution 1:
a. at x= 1.5
f(1.5)= 2(1.5) + 1
=3+1
= 4. Answer
b. at x=1.5

= 2.25 - 3 + 2
= 1.25. Answer
Evaluating Function

Solution 1:
c. at x=1.5

= . Answer

d. r(x)= (2x+1)/(x-1) at x=1.5

r(1.5)=(2(1.5)+1)/(1.5-1)
= (3+1)/0.5
= 8. Answer
Evaluating Function

Solution 1:
e. F(x)=⌊x⌋+1,where ⌊x⌋ is the greatest integer
function
F(1.5)=⌊1.5⌋+1
= 1+1
= 2. Answer
Note: The greatest integer function is also called the floor function, is
the integer less than or equal to.
Ex:=1, =0, = -1, =2
Evaluating Function

Example 2:
Evaluate the piece-wise function ,
find the values of the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Evaluating Function

Solution 2:
Evaluate the piece-wise function ,
a. Since the value of x =2, we will be using
f(x)= √(x+7) ,2≤x<10 based on the given condition.
f(x)= √(x+7)
f(2)= √(2+7)
= √9
= 3. Answer
Evaluating Function

Solution 2:
b. Since the value of x =12.5, we will be using
f(x)=⌈x-4⌉ ,x≥10 based on the given condition.
f(x)=⌈x-4⌉
f(12.5)=⌈12.5-4⌉
= ⌈8.5⌉ the symbol⌈ ⌉ ceiling function or the
least integer function
= The ceiling function of 8.5 is 9. Answer
Note: The least integer function or the ceiling function is the integer
greater than or equal to. Ex: ⌈1.5 ⌉ =2, ⌈0.5 ⌉ =1, ⌈-1,5 ⌉ =-2
Evaluating Function

Solution 2:

c. Since the value of x=-3, we will be using

f(x)= 9-x^2 , x<2 based on the condition.
f(x)=9-x^2
f(-3)= 9- 〖 (-3) 〗 ^2
=9-9
= 0. Answer
Evaluating Function

Solution 2:

d. Since the values of x = 5, we will be using

f(x)=√(x+7), 2≤x<10 based on the given condition.
f(x)= √(x+7)
f(5)= √(5+7)
= √12
= 2√3. Answer
Evaluating Function

Solution 2:

e. Since the value of x=1.5, we will be using

f(x)= , x<2 based on the condition.
f(x)=
f(1.5)= 9-(
= 9 - 2.25
= 6.75. Answer
Operations on Function

 In performing the operations on functions, do the quick

review on the rules of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and
dividing algebraic expressions.
Operations on Function

Example:
Let f and g be defined as f(x)=4 and g(x)= . Find the
following:
a. (f + g)(x)
b. (f - g)(x)
c. (f g)(x)
d. (f / g)(x)
e. (g / f)(x)
Operations on Function

Solution :
Let f and g be defined as f(x)=4 and g(x)= .

a.(f + g)(x)= f(x) + g(x)

=4 + 𝑥−2 , plug in value the functions
f
and g
= + 𝑥−6 , combine like terms.
Operations on Function

Solution :
Let f and g be defined as f(x)=4 and g(x)= .
b. (f-g)(x)= f(x) - g(x)
= ) , plug in value the

functions f and g
= , using distributive property
= , combine like terms
Operations on Function

Solution :
Let f and g be defined as f(x)=4 and g(x)= .
c. ( f g)(x) = f(x) g(x)
= (4 )(x-2) , plug in value the

functions f and g
= -4x +8, using FOIL Method`
= -4x +8. Answer
Operations on Function
FOIL Method
 FOIL Method is a Method used in multiplying 2 binomials,
F(First term of first binomial multiply by First term of second binomial),
O( Outer:Second term of first binomial multiply by the second term of
the second binomial),
 I(Inner: Second term of first binomial multiply by the first term of the
second binomial), and
L(Last: The second term or last term of the first binomial multiply by
the second term or last term of the second binomial).
Operations on Function

Illustration of FOIL Method

Operations on Function

Solution :
Let f and g be defined as f(x)=4 and g(x)= .
d. (f/g)(x)= (f(x))/(g(x))
= (4 )/(x-2), plug in the value of
functions f and g
= [(x-2)(x+2)]/(x-2), factor the numerator

(difference of two squares)

= [(x-2)(x+2)]/(x-2), Cancel out the factor

x-2 (it has a quotient of 1)

Operations on Function

Solution :
Let f and g be defined as f(x)=4 and g(x)= .
e. (g/f)(x)= (g(x))/(f(x))
= (x-2)/(x^2-4), plug in the value of functions f and g
= (x-2)/((x-2)(x+2)), factor the denominator
(difference of two
squares)
= (x-2)/((x-2)(x+2)), Cancel out the factor x-2 (it has a

quotient of 1)
= 1/(x+2). Answer
Composition on Function

Function composition is applying one function to the

results of another. In evaluating (f g)(x), g(x) is the
input or the domain of f, meaning the value x in the
function f is the function of g. See illustration below:
Composition on Function

Example:
Let and . Evaluate the following composition:
a. (f g )(x)
b. (g f)(-1)
c. (g f)(x)
d. (f f )(x)
5. (g g )(x)
Composition on Function

Solution:
Let and .
a. (f g )(x) = f(g(x))
=,write the f function
= the g
function as input to f function
= +4x+2+3x+3-2, Apply FOIL Method

and Distribution Method

= +7x+3, combining like terms
= +7x+3. Answer
Composition on Function

Solution:
Let and .
b. = g(f(-1))

since, 2
then 2
therefore,
= , substitute the value of f(-1)=-3
= -2
= -2
Composition on Function

Solution:
Let and .
c.
=
=
=
=
Composition on Function

Solution:
Let and .
d.

= , use the f function as

the input of f function
=
=
Composition on Function

Solution:
Let and .
e.

=x+1+1
= x+2, ms
= x+2. Answer
Problem Solving involving Functions

There are problems in real-life situations that

can be translated into function. It is important to
use symbols in mathematics to represent the
dependent and independent variables and the
rules that can represent the problem. For every
problem, there is a corresponding way to make a
rule. The rule is the function.
Problem Solving involving Functions

Below are some steps in solving problem involving

functions:
1. Read the problem carefully and analyze it.
2. Identify the given and quantities involve.
3. Assign variable to represent the unknown quantity.
4. Form a function that represents the involve variable
in the problem.
5. Solve the problem.
Problem Solving involving Functions

Problem 1: Andrea walks at a speed of 5km/hr

a. find the distance covered if she walks for 2 hours.
b find the distance covered if she walks for 3 hours.
Solution 1: Let d(t) be the distance covered and t for the time spent by
walking.
a. t=2 hours, speed =5km/hr, the distance is a function
of speed and time , thus
d(t)= 5t, substituting t=2
d(t)= 5(2)
d(t)= 10, therefore the distance covered by
walking for 2 hours at a rate
Problem Solving involving Functions

Solution 1: Let d(t) be the distance covered and t for the time spent by
walking.
b. t=3 hours, speed =5km/hr, the distance is a
function of speed and time , thus
d(t)= 5t, substituting t=3
d(t)= 5(3)
d(t)= 15
Therefore the distance covered by walking for 2 hours at a rate
of 5km/hr is 15 km.
Problem Solving involving Functions

Problem 2: Find the area of a circle whose radius is 5cm.

Solution 2:
Let A(r) be the area of the circle and r is the
radius.
since r=5cm and the circle is a function of
radius, thus
A(r)= π, substituting r by 5
A(r)= π
A(r)= 25π.