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BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 4 – Module 1
Antiderivative of a Function
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Basic Calculus
Quarter 4 – Module 1
Antiderivative of a Function
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
▪ Illustrate an antiderivative of a function (STEM_BC11I-IVa-1)
▪ Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical,
exponential, and trigonometric functions
(STEM_BC11I-IVa-b-1)
OBJECTIVES:
K: Illustrate antiderivative of a function;
S: Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical,
exponential and logarithmic functions;
A: Develop perseverance in computing general antiderivative
of polynomial, radical, exponential and logarithmic
functions.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Answer the following statements by writing the letter of the correct answer
on your activity notebook/activity sheets.
3. Using the theorem of antidifferentiation, how should the expression below be corrected to
make it true?
∫(𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
A. (-) sign and (+) are supposed to be ((÷) and (x), respectively.
B. The (+) sign at the right side of the equation should be (-).
𝑑𝑢
C. There should have no integral sign, instead 𝑑𝑥 should be used.
D. The (-) sign at the left side of the equation should be (+) and g(x) and f(x) at the
right side of the equation are interchanged.
4. What word makes this statement wrong: “The integral of the product of a constant, a, and a
function, f(x), is the quotient of the constant and the integral of the function.”?
2 𝑥2
A. 𝑥 + 𝐶 B. +𝐶 C. 2x +C D. 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
𝑥4 𝑥4
A. 4𝑥 4 + 𝐶 B.
4
+𝐶 C.
2
+𝐶 D. 3𝑥 + 𝐶
’s In
REVIEW
To understand the ideas of antidifferentiation or getting the antiderivative of a function, let
us look back our lesson in getting the derivatives of functions by answering the activity below.
ACTIVITY 1
Matching Type. Match the functions in Column A with their corresponding derivatives in
Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer in your activity sheet/notebook.
Column A Column B
1
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 A. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
9
2
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 +2 B. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 2 C. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =15𝑥 2
1
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 9x D. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥
5. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 E. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2
In the previous discussion, we learned how to find the derivatives of different functions.
Now, we will introduce the inverse of differentiation. We shall call this process as
antidifferentiation.
A natural question then arises:
a. Given a function f, can we find a function F whose derivative is f?
b. Is it possible to find a function 𝒚 = 𝑭(𝒙) for which f(x) is the derivative?
This is the “anti” or inverse problem of finding the derivative. Thus the function F(x) is
called antiderivative of f(x) if and only if F’(x)= f(x).
’s New
Situations:
1. College Connections Inc. is a scholarship-search service that helps high school students
find college scholarships, in developing their marketing plan for the next year, the
marketing manager of College Connections needs to determine the number of people
that will be in the college-age bracket this year. They will use a life table function, a
function l such that f(x) is the number of people in the population who reach the age of
x years at any time during the year, to find this population. Life table functions involve
integrals.
is It
DISCUSSION
Definition of Integral
Note the using (c), we can have ∫[𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥.
Examples:
1. If k is a constant, ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
1.a. Find the integral of ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Since 𝐹 ′ (𝑋) = 1 when 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝐶, then ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶.
3. If f and g are functions. The integral of a sum of functions is the sum of the integrals of
the functions.
∫(𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 ))𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 2 + 4𝐶1 + 7𝑥 + 𝐶2
= 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 𝐶.
Thus,
∫(4𝑥 + 7)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 𝐶
Illustration 1:
a. An antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 is 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 . As we can see, the
derivative of F is given by 𝐹 ′ (𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
b. Find the integral of ∫(3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
Solution:
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝐶1 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝐶2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶3
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3𝐶1 + 6𝐶2 + 𝐶3
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 (let C = 3𝐶1 + 6𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ))
Thus,
∫ 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶.
3
Note that the expression √𝑥 3 can be written as 𝑥 2 using rational exponents using (b),
we get
3
f(x)= √𝑥 3 .=∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 2
+
𝑥2 2
= 3 2 +𝐶
+
2 2
5
5
𝑥2 2 2
= 5 + 𝐶 = 5 𝑥 2 + C or 5 √𝑥 5 + 𝐶.
2
3
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 .
Solution:
2
3
Rewriting √𝑥 2 as 𝑥 3 and using (b), we get,
2
3
∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
2 3
+
𝑥3 3
= 2 3 +𝐶
+
3 3
5
5
𝑥3 3 23
= 5 + 𝐶 = 5 𝑥 3 +C or √𝑥 5 +C.
5
3
Notice that, quite by chance, we have come up with formulas for the
antiderivatives of sin x and cos x.
What about the other four? Here they are!
Examples:
1. Compute ∫(3 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Solution:
𝑥 2+1
= 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + +𝐶 using the formula in the
2+1
box and (b)
𝑥3
= 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + +𝐶
3
’s More
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
2. ∫ 4√𝑢du
3. ∫(12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
4. ∫ dx
𝑥2
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Solution:
Using the Theorems on antidifferentiation to determine the antiderivatives.
Independent Activity
Look back and reflect.
1. How do you compute antiderivatives of functions?
2. How do you know that f(x) can be integrated?
3. What is the difference between differentiation and integration?
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I Have Learned
Generalization
Directions: Reflect the learning that you gained after taking up the two lessons in this
module by completing the given statements below. Do this on your activity notebook. Do not
write anything on this module.
What were your thoughts or ideas about the topic before taking up the lesson?
I thought that _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
What new or additional ideas have you had after taking up this lesson?
I learned that (write as many as you can)
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
How are you going to apply your learning from this lesson?
I will apply
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
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I Can Do
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Multiple Choice. Read and understand each statement. Write the letter of the correct answer
on your activity notebook.
1. Evaluate∫(3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
A. 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 B. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 C.
3
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 D.
1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
2. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
A. 𝑥 + 𝐶 B. 𝑥 C. −𝑥 + 𝐶 D. −𝑥
3. Addition: Subtraction as _________: Antidifferentiation
A. Integration B. Optimization C. Differentiation D. Abstraction
4. Which of the symbols below denote the operation of antidifferentiation?
𝑑 C. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 )
A. (𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
B. 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶 D. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
𝑥𝑛
5. In antidifferentiation, the formula ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶is valid if?
(𝑛+1)
A. 𝑛 ∈ ℝ B. 𝑛 ≠ 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℝ C. 𝑛 ∈ {0,1,2} D. 𝑛 ∉ ℝ
3
6. In item number 5, the integral of ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is obtained by applying what Basic Theorem
of Antidifferentiation?
C. Theorem a C. Theorem b
D. Theorems a, b, c, d D. Theorems b and c
7. Find ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥?
A. 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 B. 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 C.
𝑥2
+𝐶 D. 3𝑥 2 + 𝐶
3
8. To find an antiderivative of a constant times a function, set aside the constant and find
the antiderivative of the functions separately, then ______ the result.
A. multiplu B. subtract C. add D. divide
2 ′
9. If 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2, then 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 + 5.Thus, if 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 + 5, then f is the
___ of F and thus F is a/an ________ of f.
A. derivative, antiderivative C. antiderivative, inverse
B. derivative, inverse D. antiderivative, derivative
10. Which statement below is NOT a reason of putting “+ C” at the end of an integration?
A. It allows us to express the general form of antiderivatives.
B. C is a constant of any value.
C. Added at the end of an antiderivative which indicates indefinite integral of f(x).
D. C is very important in integration because an answer of an antiderivative without
the constant C means zero.
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10. D 5.B
9. A 4.D
8. A 3.C
7. D 2.A
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References
Gordon, Berchie W., Yunker, Lee E. , and et al. Advanced Mathematics Concepts. Merill
Publishing Company. Westville Ohio. 1994.pp. 939-942.
Ortega, Oreste M., Pilar-Arceo, Carlene P. Teaching Guide in Basic Calculus.
Waner, Stefan, and Steven R. Costenoble. 1997. Integrals of Trigonometric Functions. The
Trigonometric Functions.
Retrieved: https://www.zweigmedia.com/RealWorld/trig/trig4.html
Website:
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/antiderivative.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_of_integration
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