AGONCILLO

COLLEGE INC.
GENERAL
Poblacion, Agoncillo, Batangas MATHEMATICS
Tel: (043) 2102228 / (043) 2102905
email: agoncillocollege_inc.@yahoo.com
CONTENT STANDARD:

The learner demonstrates understanding of:

L M 

key concept of functions
key concept of rational functions.

ABM
E O
PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learner is able to:

 accurately construct mathematical models to represent real-life situations

using functions.

A D  accurately formulate and solve real-life problems involving rational

functions.

HUMSS MELCS:

R U 


Represent real life situation using functions, including piece-wise functions.
Evaluates a function
Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of
functions.

N L 



Solves problem involving functions.
Represent real life situation using rational function,
Distinguishes rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality,

GAS
Solves rational equations and inequalities
 Represents a rational function through it’s: (a) table of values, (b) graph,

I E 
and (c) equation,
Find the domain and range of rational functions.

OBJECTIVES:
N S  At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real life situations
using functions, including piecewise functions, and solve problems involving

STEM
functions.
 At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real-life situations

G using rational functions.

for INTRODUCTION:
Function is defined as ‘’a relationship in which each element of the

Grade 11 First Semester

domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range.’’ In this chapter,
we will represent real=life situations using functions, evaluate functions,
perform operations on function, determine the inverse of a function, find
the domain and range of inverse function, and graph inverse function.
Module 1
Week 1 - 2 SUBJECT MATTER:
Functions
PREFPARED BY:
CHRISTIAN A. ENRIQUEZ General Mathematics by Leo Andrei A. Crisologo
SUBJECT ADVISER
Pages 2-14

NAME: ___________________________________________________________
NOTED:
CHRISTOPHER C. DE LEON GRADE & SECTION: _________________________________________________
PRINCIPAL
 LESSON 1 FUNCTION AS MODELS
RELATION

It is a set of ordered pairs.

FUNCTION

It is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range.

Function can be represented in different ways.

1. a table of values, 3.
Graph, and

2. ordered pairs, 4. an equation

5. Mapping Diagram

ORDERED PAIRS

Example: Which of the following relations are Functions?

f ={ (1,2 ) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 3,5 ) , ( 4,5 ) } g={( 1,3 ) , (1,4 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 2,6 ) , ( 3 ,7 ) }

h={( 1,3 ) , ( 2,6 ) , (3,9 ) , . .., ( n , 3 n ) , .. . }
Solution: The relations f and h are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-values.
Meanwhile, g is not a function because (1, 3), (1,4) and (2,5), (2,6) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different
y - values.

TABLE OF VALUES

Example: Solution: Function. This is a many – to – one correspondence.

MAPPING DIAGRAMS

Example: Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?

Solution: The relations f and g are functions because each

value y in Y is unique for a specific value of x. The relation h is
not a function because there is at least one element in X for
which there is more than one corresponding y - value. For
example, x = 2 corresponds to y = 20 or 40.

VERTICAL LINE TEST

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph
at most once.

GRAPH

Example: Which of the following can be graphs of functions?

Solution: Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they do not pass the vertical line test.
EQUATION

Example: Which of the following equations describe a function?

Solution: x 2+ y 2=1 is not a function but the rest are function.

LESSON 2. DOMAIN AND RANGE

Domain is the set of first coordinates.

Range is the set of second coordinates.

Note:
Presenting below are some restrictions to consider when finding the domain and range of some functions that
involve the following

1. Radicals with even indices: Radicands must be nonnegative (i.e. radicand is greater than or equal to zero.)

2. Fractions: Denominators must not be equal to zero.

Example: Find the domain and range of the following relation.

1. f ={ (1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 5 ) } Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4} Range: {2, 5}

2. Domain: {-1, 0, 1, 2, 4}
x= {( 1 ,−1 ) , ( 2 ,−3 ) , ( 0 , 5 ) , (−1 , 3 ) , ( 4 ,−5 ) , (−1 , 5 ) , ( 4 ,−4 ) }
Range: {-5, -4, -3, -1, 3, 3.

Domain: {a, b, c, d}

Range: {x, y, z}

4.

Domain:

[−10 ,−2] {x Ι −10 ≤ x ≤−2 }

Range: [3, 18] { y l 3≤ x ≤ 18 }

5. Domain: (−∞, ∞) { x|x ∈ R }
Range: (−∞, ∞) { y| y ∈ R }

A piece
LESSON 3.wise function isFUNCTION
PIECEWISE a function that is defined by two or more equations where
each equations applies to a certain interval over a specified domain.

Example 1. Given the piecewise define function

Find f(0) and f(-3)

Since x = 0, we use f(x) = 3x +2 Since x = -3, we use f(x) = −x 2+ 3

f(0) = 3(0) + 2 = 2 f (−3 )=−¿

Example 2. A user charged ₱300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text messages. Messages
in excess of 100 are charged ₱1 each. Represent the amount a customer pays each month as a function of the number of
messages m sent in a month.

Solution. Let t(m) represent the amount paid by the consumer each month. It can be expressed by the piecewise
300 if 0<m ≤100
function. t ( m )= {300+mif m>100 }

LESSON 4. EVALUATING FUNCTIONS

Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a value from the function’s
domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating f at a for some a in the domain of f, we write
f(a).

Evaluate the following functions at x = 1.5. Evaluate the following functions at x=3 x−1.

f ( x )=2 x +1 f ( x )=2 x +1
f ( 1.5 )=2 (1.5 )+1 f ( 3 x−1 ) =2 ( 3 x−1 ) +1
f ( 1.5 )=3+1 f ( 3 x−1 ) =6 x−2+1
f ( 1.5 )=4 f ( 3 x−1 ) =6 x−1

Evaluate the following functions at x=2 x+ 3. Find g(-4) and r(1) where g and r as define below,

2 x +1
q ( 2 x+ 3 )=¿ g ( x )=√ x+1 r ( x )=
x−1

q ( 2 x+ 3 )=4 x 2+12 x +9−4 x−6 +2 Solution. This is not possible because -4 is not in the
q ( 2 x+ 3 )=4 x 2+ 8 x +5 domain of g(x) and 1 is not in the domain of r(x).

LESSON 5. OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

1. Find the least common denominator (LCD) of both fractions.

2. Rewrite the fractions as equivalent fractions with the same LCD.
3. The LCD is the denominator of the resulting fraction.
4. The sum or difference of the numerators is the numerator of the resulting fraction.

1 2 1 2
Example 1. Find the sum of and . Example 2. Find the sum 0f and .
3 5 x−3 x−5
Solution. The LCD of the two fractions is 15. Solution. The LCD of the two rational expressions is
 1 2 5 6
+ = + ( x−3 ) ( x−5 ) ∨( x 2−8 x+15 ) .
2 5 15 15
5+6 11 1 2 x−5 2 ( x−3 )
¿ + = 2 + 2
15 15 x−3 x−5 x −8 x +15 x −8 x +15

x −5+2 x −6 3 x−11
¿ ¿
x 2−8 x+ 15 2
x −8 x +15
Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions

1. Rewrite the numerator and denominator in terms of its prime factors.

2. Common factors in the numerator and denominator can be simplified as (this is often called cancelling).
3. Multiply the numerators together to get the numerator.
4. Multiply the denominators together to get the new denominator.

10 15
Example 3. Find the product of and . Use cancellation of factors when convenient.
21 8
Solution. Express the numerators and denominators of the two fractions into their prime factors. Multiply and cancel
out common factors in the numerator and the denominator to reduce the final answer to lowest terms.

10 15 2 ∙5 3 ∙ 5 2∙ 5 3 ∙ 5 25
∙ = ∙ ∙
21 8 3 ∙7 2 ∙2 ∙ 2 3∙ 7 2∙ 2 ∙2 28
Division of Algebraic Expressions

To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the reciprocal of the divisor.

3 7
Example 5. Divide and .
4 16
3 7 3 16 3 4 12
Solution. ÷ = ∙ = ∙
4 16 4 7 1 7 7
Operations on Functions

Let f and g functions.

1) Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function defined by ( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g ( x ) .

2) Their difference, denoted by f – g, is the function defined by ( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g ( x ) .

3) Their product, denoted by f ∙ g ,is the function defined by ( f ∙ g ) ( x ) =f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) .

f f f (x )
4) Their quotient, denoted by
g
, is the function defined by
g()
( x )=
g(x)
, excluding the values of x where g ( x )=0

Given:

 f ( x )=x +3 • p ( x ) =2 x−7 • v ( x )=x 2 +5 x + 4

x+7 x−2
 g ( x )=x 2+2 x−8 • h ( x )= • t ( x )=
2−x x +3
Example 1. Determine the function ( v+ g) ( x ) .

Solution. ( v+ g )( x )=( x 2 +5 x+ 4 )+(x 2 +2 x−8) ¿ 2 x2 +7 x−4

Example 2. Determine the functions ( f ∙ p ) ( x ) .

Solution. ( f ∙ p ) ( x ) =( x+3 )( 2 x−7 ) ¿ 2 x2 −7 x +6 x−21

Example 3. Determine the function ( f +h) ( x ) .

x +7
Solution. ( f + h ) ( x ) =( x+3 )+
2−x
x +7 x +7
¿ ( x+ 3 ) +
2−x [
= ( 2−x ) ( x +3 )+
2−x ]
( 2−x )

( 2−x )( x +3 ) + x +7 2 x +6−x 2−3 x+ x+7 −x 2+13 x 2−13

= = ¿
2−x 2−x 2−x x−2
Example 4. Determine the function p−f ¿(x ).
Solution. ( p−f ) ( x )=( 2 x−7 )−(x+3) ¿ 2 x−7−x −3 ¿ x−10

v
Example 5. Determine the function ()g
( x ).

v ( ) x 2 +5 x+ 4 (x +1)( x+ 4) x+1
Solution.
g ()
x= 2
x +2 x−8
¿
( x−2)(x+ 4)
¿
x +2

LESSON 6. COMPOSITIONS OF FUNCTIONS

Let f and g be functions. The composite function, denoted by ( f ◦ g ) , is defined by ( f ◦ g )=f ( g ( x ) )

The process of obtaining a composite function called function composition.

Given:

 f ( x )=4 x−5 • g ( x )=x 2+ 4 , find

a) ( f ◦ g ) ( x) b) ( g ◦ f ) ( x)

Solution. ( f ◦ g )=f ( g ( x ) ) ( g ◦ f )=g ( f ( x ) )

f ( x )=4 x−5 g ( x )=x 2+ 4

( f ◦ g )( x )=f ( g ( x ) ) =4 ( g ( x ) )−5 ( g ◦ f )( x )=g ( f ( x ) ) =¿

¿ 4 ( x 2+ 4 ) −5 ¿¿

¿ 4 x2 +16−5 ¿ 16 x 2−40 x +25+ 4

¿ 4 x2 +11 ¿ 16 x 2−40 x +29

Thus, ( f ◦ g )( x )=4 x 2+ 11 Thus, ( g ◦ f )( x )=16 x 2−40 x +29

LESSON 7. REPRESENTING
A polynomial REAL-LIFE
function p of degree in is a SITUATIONS
function that canUSING RATIONAL
be written in the form FUNCTIONS
p ( x ) =an x n+ an−1 x n−1 +a n−2 x n−2+ .. .+a1 x+ a0 where a 0 , a1 , . .. . , an ∈ R , an ≠0 , and n is a positive integer. Each added
n
of the sum is a term of polynomial function. The constants a a 0 , a1 , a2 , … , an. The leading term is a n x , and the
constant term is a 0.

REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

The local barangay received a budget of ₱100, 000 to provide medical check – ups for the children in the
barangay. The amount is to be allotted equally among all the children in the barangay.

Write an equation representing of the allotted amount per child (y – variable) versus the total number of children (x –
variable).

100 , 000
y=
x
Fill up the table below with the different allotment amounts for different values for the number of children.

No. of 10 20 50 100 200 300 500 1, 000

children, x
Allocated 10, 000 5, 000 2, 000 1, 000 500 333.33 200 100
amount, y

RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

p( x )
A rational function of the form f ( x )= where p(x ) and q (x) are polynomial functions and q ( x) is not the
q(x )
zero function. (i.e., q ( x ) ≠0 ¿ . The domain of f ( x ) is the set of all values of x where q ( x ) ≠0

Example 1. An object is to travel a distance of 10 meters. Express velocity v ( t ) of travel time t, in seconds.

Solution. The following table of values show v for various values t .

t (seconds) 1 2 3 4 5
v(meters per second ) 10 5 2.5 2 1
 10
The functions v ( t )= can represent vas a function of t .
t
LESSON 8. RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND INEQUALITIES

RATIONAL EXPRESSION

A rational expression is an expression that can be written as a ratio of two polynomials. A rational expression can
be described as a functions where either the numerator, denominator, or both have a variable on it.

Examples:

2 x2 +2 x+ 3 5
 • •
x x+ 1 x−3
Identify the following algebraic expression if they are rational or not.

x2 +3 x +2
Rational Expression because it is ratio of two polynomials.
x+4
1
Rational Expression because the numerator 1 is a polynomial (of degree 0)
3 x2
RATIONAL EQUATION RATIONAL INEQUALITY

An equation involving rational expressions. An inequality involving rational expressions

Example: Example:

5 3 1 5 2
− = ≤
x 2x 5 x−3 x
RATIONAL FUNCTION

p ( x)
A function of the form f ( x )= where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions and q(x) is not the zero function
q(x)
(i.e., q ( x ) ≠0 ¿

Example:

x 2+ 2 x +3
f ( x )= y f ( x )=
x +1
A rational equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy the equation or inequality. A rational function
expresses a relationship between two variables (such as x and y) and can be represented by a table of values or a graph.

SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS

To solve rational equations:

a) Find the LCD.

b) Multiply both sides by the LCD.
c) Check the solutions.

2 3 1
Example. Solve for x : − =
x 2x 5
Find the LCD. 10 x

Multiply both sides by the LCD.

2 3 1
10 x [ − = 10 x
x 2x 5 ]
20−15=2 x
2 x=5
5
x=
2
SOLVING RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

To solve rational inequalities:

 a) Rewrite the inequality as a single fraction on one side of the inequality symbol and 0 on the other side.
b) determine over what intervals the fraction takes on positive and negative values.
i. Locate the x – values for which the rational expression is zero or undefined (factoring the numerator and
denominator is a useful strategy).
ii. Mark the number found in (i) on a number line. Use a shaded circle to indicate that the value is included
in the solution set, and a hollow circle to indicate that the value is excluded. These numbers partition
the number line into intervals.
iii. Select a test point within the interior of each interval in (ii). The sign of the rational expression in the
aforementioned interval.
iv. Summarize the intervals containing the solutions.

2x
Example. Solve the inequality ≥1.
x+1
2x
−1 ≥ 0
x+1
2 x−x−1
≥0
x+1
x−1
≥0
x+ 1
x−1=0 x +1
x=1 x=−1

REPRESENTATIONS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

x−1
Example. Represent the rational function given by f ( x )= using a table of values and plot a graph of the function by
x +1
connecting points.

Solution. Since we are now considering functions in general, we can find function values across more values of x. let us
construct a table of values for some x – values from -10 to 10:

x -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f (x) 1.22 1.29 1.4 1.67 3 -1 0.33 0.6 0.71 0.78 0.82
Plotting the points on a Cartesian plane we get: Connecting the points on this graph we get:

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

N (x)
 The domain of a rational function f ( x )= is all the values of x that will not make D ( x ) equal to zero.
D(x)
 To find the range of rational function is by finding the domain of the inverse function.
 Another way to find the range of rational function is to find the value of horizontal asymptote.

2
Example. f ( x )=
x−3
x−3=0
x=3 The domain of f (x) is the set of all real numbers except 3.

2 2+3 x
y= y=
x−3 x
2
x= x=0
y−3
 x ( y −3 )=2 The range of f ( x ) is the set of all real numbers except 0.

xy−3 x=2
xy=2+3 x
ACTIVITIES

I. Find the domain and range. Check if it is function or not function.

1. {(−2, 9 ) , ( 4 ,0 ) , (−6 , 8 ) , ( 2 ,−1 ) , ( 3 ,−2 ) } 2. {( 2 , 9 ) , (−5 ,−1 ) , ( 4 ,−2 ) , ( 4 , 4 ) , (−4 ,−2 ) }

Domain: Domain:
Range: Range:
Function____ & Not Function____ Function____ & Not Function____
II. Evaluate the value of each function in the given set of values for x , then identify the coordinates of the points on the
graph of each function.
8
a) f ( x )=x 2−4 ; {1 , 3 ,5 } b) g ( x )=
; {−4 ,−2 ,2 }
x +2
III. Perform the following operations on functions given the functions f , g , and h below.
f ( x )=x−2 g ( x )=x 2−1 h ( x )=2 x+3
a) ( f + g)( x) b) ( g−h)(x) c) ( f + g +h ) (x )
IV. Determine the composite function given the following functions.
1
f ( x )=8−4 x , g ( x )= h ( x )=x 2
x
a) ( f ◦ g)(x ) b) ( g ◦ f )(x ) c) ( f ◦ h)( x)
V. Solve for x in each of the following rational equations.
3 1 10 3 4 2 1 5
a) + − = b) + + =
2x 6 x x 10 x 20 x 10 x
VI. Solve the following rational inequalities.
x x
a) >0 b) <0
x+3 3 x −2