Module 4 Exponential Functions

NORTHEASTERN CEBU COLLEGES, INC.
P.G. Almendras St.,Poblacion, Danao City, Cebu

Mobile #: 09228282445
Email Address: ncc_danao@yahoo.com/ nccdanao@gmail.com
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Module 4: Exponential Functions
Name: __________________________________
Grade & Section: _________________________
Allotted Time: October 1-15, 2021
Prepared by:
JEAHME R. SOTTO, LPT
Subject Teacher
Email: jeahmesotto@gmail.com
FB Account: Jeahme Roble Sotto
1|Page General Mathematics

INTRODUCTION During your Grade 8, we know that

the concepts of functions were already
This Learning Module in General
introduce. Through this module, your
Mathematics for Grade 11 students is
understanding of functions will deepen and
designed to address the educational needs
you will learn new ideas about this topic.
of the learners even beyond the
conventional classroom. This aims to Specifically, after completing the
develop and enhance the critical thinking, tasks of this module, you should be able to:
knowledge and skills in Mathematics and
a. solve problems on exponential
how it relates in real-life situations. It follows
growth and compounded
the standards set by DepEd for the K-12
interest;
Basic Education Curriculum.
b. present the exponential model of
Specifically, the fourth chapter of this the given real-life problems; and
subject focuses on Exponential Functions c. determine whether the given is
and there are five lessons in this module. an exponential function, an
These are the following: exponential equation or an
exponential inequality;
 Representing Real-Life Situations
d. solve for the value of x in the
Using Exponential Functions
exponential equations and
 Exponential Functions, Equations,
inequalities;
and Inequalities
e. solve word problem involving
 Solving Exponential Equations an
exponential inequality;
Inequalities
f. identify the domain, range, y -
 Graphing Exponential Function
intercept, and horizontal
 Graphing Transformations of
asymptote of exponential
Exponential Functions.
function;
This module contains detailed information g. construct the graph of an
with examples to facilitate easier exponential function;
understanding of the lesson. This also h. determine the intercepts, zeroes,
includes how the topic can be used in real- and asymptotes of an
life situations. exponential function;
i. use transformations to describe
how the graph is related to an
exponential function.
Good day dear student! How are
you? I hope you are doing great!

Directions: Follow the steps given then answer the questions that follow.
Materials. One 2-meter string and a pair of scissors.
a. At Step 0, there is 1 string.
b. At Step 1, fold the string into two equal parts and then cut at the middle. How many strings of
equal length do you have? Enter your answer in the table below.
c. At Step 2, again fold each of the strings equally and then cut. How many strings of equal
length do you have? Enter your answer in the table below.
d. Continue the process until the table is completely filled-up.
Step 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of Strings
Questions.
1. What pattern can be observed from the data? Explain briefly.
2. Define a formula for the number of strings as a function of the step number.

Module 4.1: Representing Real-life Situations Using
Exponential Functions
Definition.
An exponential function with base b is a function of the form f ( x )=b x or y=b x,

where b> 0, b ≠ 1.
Example 1. Complete a table of values for x=−3 ,−2 ,−1 , 0 ,1 , 2 and 3 for the exponential
()
x
1
functions y= , y=10 x , and y=(0.8) x.
3
Solution. The solution is as follows:
Example 2. If f ( x )=3 x , evaluate f (2), f (−2), f ( 12 ), f (0.4), and f (π).

Solution.
Since π ≈ 3.14159 is irrational, the rules for rational exponents are not applicable. We define
π
f ( x )=3 can be approximated by 33.14 . A better approximation is 33.14159 . Intuitively, one can
obtain any level of accuracy for 3 π by considering sufficiently more decimal places of π .
Definition.
Let b be a positive number not equal to 1. A transformation of an exponential function with
base b is a function of the form
g ( x )=a ⋅b x−c +d
where a , c , and d are real numbers.

Mathematically, it can be proved that these approximations approach a unique value, which we
define to be 3 π.
Many applications involve transformations of exponential functions. Some of the most common
applications in real-life of exponential functions and their transformations are population
growth, exponential decay, and compound interest.
a. Population
On several instances, scientists will start with a certain number of bacteria or animals and watch
how the population grows. For example, if the population doubles every 3 days, this can be
represented as an exponential function.
Example 3. Let t=¿ time in days. At t=0 , there were initially20 bacteria. Suppose that the
bacteria doubles every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the bacteria as a function of t .
Initially, at t=0 Number of bacteria ¿ 20

at t=100 Number of bacteria ¿ 20(2)
at t=200 Number of bacteria ¿ 20 ( 2 )2
at t=300 Number of bacteria ¿ 20 ( 2 )3
at t=400 Number of bacteria ¿ 20(2)4
t
Solution. An exponential model for this situation is y=20(2)100
Exponential Models and Population Growth

Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of time. If y 0 is the initial amount, then the
t
quantity y after t units of time is given by y= y (2) T .
0
b. Exponential Decay
Definition.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for of half of the substance to
decay.
Example 4. Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days and there
are 10g initially, determine the amount of substance remaining after 30 days.
Solution. Let t=¿ time in days. We use the fact that the mass is halved every 10 days (from
definition of half-life). Thus, we have:
Initially, at t=0 Amount of substance ¿ 10 g
at t=10 days Amount of substance ¿ 5 g
at t=20 days Amount of substance ¿ 2.5 g
at t=30 days Amount of substance ¿ 1.25 g
().
t
1 10
An exponential model for this situation is y=10
2
c. Compound interest
A starting amount of money (called the principal) can be invested at a certain interest rate that
is earned at the end of a given period of time (such as one year). If the interest rate is
compounded, the interest earned at the end of the period is added to the principal, and this
new amount will earn interest in the next period. The same process is repeated for each
succeeding period: interest previously earned will also earn interest in the next period.
Example 5. Mrs. De la Cruz invested ₱100, 000 in a company that offers 6% interest
compounded annually. How much will this investment be worth at the end of each year for the
next five years?
Solution. Let t be the time in years. Then we have:

Initially, at t=0 Investment ¿ ₱ 100 , 000
at t=1 Investment ¿ ₱ 100 , 000 ( 1.06 ) =₱ 106 , 000
at t=2 Investment ¿ ₱ 106 ,000 ( 1.06 )=₱ 112 , 360
at t=3 Investment ¿ ₱ 112 ,360 ( 1.06 ) ≈ ₱ 119 ,101.60
at t=4 Investment ¿ ₱ 119 ,101.60 ( 1.06 ) ≈ ₱ 126 ,247.70
at t=5 Investment ¿ ₱ 126 ,247.70 ( 1.06 ) ≈ ₱ 133 , 822.56
An exponential model for this situation is y=100 ,000 (1.06)t

Compound Interest
If a principal P is invested at an annual rate of r , compounded annually, then the
amount after t years is given by A=P(1+r )t .
If the compounding period is not annual (yearly), use the formula

nt
r
A=P(1+ )
n
where A = compound amount t = time in years
P = principal n = period per year (semi-annually, quarterly, …)
r = interest rate
The Natural Exponential Function

While an exponential function may have various bases, a frequently used based is the irrational
number e ≈2.71828 . There will be upcoming lesson that will show how the number e arises from
the concept of compound interest. Because e is a commonly used based, the natural
exponential function is defined having e as the as the base.
Definition.
The natural exponential function is the function f ( x )=e x.
Example 6. A large slab of meat is taken from the refrigerator and placed in a pre-heated oven.
The temperature T of the slab t minutes after being placed in the oven is given by
0.006 t
T =170165 e degrees Celsius. Construct a table of values for the following values of t : 0, 10,
20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and interpret your results. Round off values to the nearest integer.
Solution. The solution is as follows:
t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
T 5 15 24 32 40 47 54
The slab of meat is increasing in temperature at roughly the same rate.
A. Solve the following problem. Show your solution.

1. ₽10, 000 is invested at 2% compounded quarterly. (a) Give an exponential model for the
situation for the situation. (b) What is the amount after 12 years?

2. Suppose that the half-life of a substance is 80 years. If there were initially 200g of the
substance, (a) give an exponential model for the situation, and (b) how much will remain after
240 years?

Module 4.2: Exponential Functions, Equations,
Inequalities
Definition.
An exponential expression is an expression of the form a ⋅b x−c +d , where b> 0, b ≠ 1.
The definitions of exponential equations, inequalities, and functions are shown below.
Exponential Equation Exponential Exponential Function

Inequality
Definition An equation involving An inequality Function of the form
exponential involving exponential x
f ( x )=b where b> 0,
expressions expressions b ≠ 1.
Example 2 x−x 2 1 2x
5 −5
x+ 1
≤0
x
f ( x )=(1.8) or
7 =
343 y=(1.8)
x
An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy the equation or
inequality. An exponential function is not ‘solved’ rather, it expresses a relationship between two
variables ( x and y ), and can be represented by a table of values or a graph.
Direction: Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an exponential equation, an

exponential inequality or none of these.
Put a (/) on the space that Exponential Exponential Exponential

corresponds your answer. Not Any
Function Equation Inequality
1.) y=7 x −2
1
2.) f ( x )=x 2
3.) 2 x−2 >8
4.) 3 x =32 x −1
5.) f ( x )=e2 x

Module 4.3: Solving Exponential Equations and
Inequalities
Recall the following definitions and theorems.

Definition. Let r and s be rational numbers. Then
Let a ≠ 0 . We define the following: (1) a r as =ar +s
r
(1) a 0=1 a r− s
(2) s
=a
a
−n 1
(2) a = n
s
(3) ( a r ) =a rs
a
(4) (ab)r =a r br
()
r r
a a
(5) = r
b b
Theorem.
Some exponential equations can be solved by using the fact that exponential functions are one-
to-one.
One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions
If x 1 ≠ x 2, then b x ≠ b x . Conversely, b x =b x then x 1=x 2.

1 2 1 2
Remember!
One strategy to solve exponential equations is to write both sides of the equation as power of
the same base.
Example 1. Solve the equation 4 x−1=16 .
Solution. We write both sides with 4 as the Alternate Solution. We can also write bot
base. sides with 2 as the base.
You can verify that x=3 is a solution by substituting it back to the original equation:
3−1 2
4 =4 =16 .
This example shows that there may be more than one way to solve an exponential equation.
The important thing is to write both sides using the same base.
10 | P a g e General Mathematics
Example 2. Solve the equation 125 x−1 =25x +3.
Solution. Both 125 and 25 can be written using 5 as the base.
Property of Exponential Inequalities
If b> 1, then the exponential function y=b x is increasing for all x . This means that b x <b y if an
only if x < y .
If 0< b<1, then the exponential function y=b x is decreasing for all x . This means that b x >b y
if and only if x < y .
Remember!
Be careful when solving exponential inequalities such as b m< bn . The resulting direction of the
inequality ¿ or m>n ¿ is based on whether the base b is greater than 1 or less than 1.
Example 3. Solve the inequality 3 x < 9 x−2.
Solution. Bot 9 and 3 can be written using 3 as the base.
Since the base 3>1 , then his inequality is equivalent to
(the direction of the inequality is retained)
Thus, the solution set is ¿. (You can verify that x=5 and 6 are the solutions, but x=4 and 3 are
not.)
( ) ( ).
x+5 3x
1 1
Example 4. Solve the inequality ≥
10 100
( )
2
1 1 1
Solution. Since = , then we write both sides of the inequality with as the base.
100 10 10
1
Since the base <1 , then this inequality is equivalent to
10
(the direction of the inequality is reversed)
Thus, the solution set is ¿. (You can verify that x=1 and 2 are solutions, but x=0 and 1 are
not.)
Example 5. The half-life of Zn-71 is 45 minutes. Initially, there were y 0 grams of Zn-71, but only
1
of this amount remains after some time. How much time has passed?
256
Solution. Using exponential models on the previous lesson, we ca determine that after t
()
t
1 2.45
minutes, the amount of Zn-71 in the substance is y= y 0 . We solve the equation
2
()
t
1 2.45 1
y0 = y 0:
2 256
Thus, 19.6 minutes have passed since t=0 .
Directions: Solve for x . Show your solution.
() ( )
3 x+5 x−6
1 1
a. ≤ b. 4 x+2=82 x
9 243
Module 4.4: Graphing Exponential Functions
The graph of an exponential function is a necessary tool in describing its behavior and
characteristics – its intercepts, asymptotes, and zeroes. A graph can also provide insights as to
real-life situations that can be modeled by exponential functions.
We first graph by plotting a few points. Results will be generalized later on.
Example 1. Sketch the graph of f ( x )=2x
Solution. Step 1. Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function. The table
of values for f (x) is as follows:
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
f (x) 1 2 4 8
16 8 4 2
Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth curve.
(a) Plotting of points for f ( x )=2x (b) Graph of f ( x )=2x
It can be observed that the function is defined for all values of x , is strictly increasing, and
attains only positive y -values. As x decreases without bound, the function approaches 0. That
is, the line y=0 is a horizontal asymptote.
()
x
1
Example 2. Sketch the graph of g ( x )= .
2
Solution. Step 1. The table of values for g(x ) is as follows:
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
g(x ) 8 4 2 1
2 4 8 16
Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth curve.
It can be observed that the function is defined for all values of x , is strictly decreasing, and
attains only positive values. As x increases without bound, the function approaches 0. That is,
the line y=0 is a horizontal asymptote.
In general, depending on whether b> 1 or 0< b<1, the graph of f ( x )=b x has the following
behavior:
()
x
1
(b) Graph of g ( x )=
2
(a) b> 1 (a) 0< 0 b<1
Properties of Exponential Functions
The following properties of f ( x )=b x, where b> 0 and b ≠ 1, can be observed from the graph:
(a) The domain is the set R .
(b) The range is set (0 ,+ ∞).
(c) It is one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test.

(d) The y -intercept is 1. There is no x -intercept.
(e) The horizontal asymptote is he line y=0 (or the x -axis). There is no vertical asymptote.
Remember!
Although graphs of exponential functions generally look like one of the two graphs above, the
graph changes as the base changes.
Graph the function f ( x )=5−x . Identify the domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal
()
x
−x 1 1
asymptote. Hint: Note that 5 = x
= .
5 5
Horizontal
Function Domain Range y -intercept
Asymptote
−x
f ( x )=5
Graph:
Module 4.5: Graphing Transformations of
Exponential Functions
Reflecting Graphs
Example 1. Use he graph of y=2x to sketch the graphs of the functions y=2−x .
Solution. Some y -values are shown in the following table.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y=2 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
x
y=−2 -0.125 -0.25 -0.5 -1 -2 -4 -8
−x
y=2 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125
x
The y -coordinate of each point the graph of y=−2 is the negative of the corresponding y -
coordinate of the graph of y=2x . Thus, the graph y=−2x is the reflection of the graph of y=2x
about x -axis.
The value of y=2−x at x is the same as that of y=2x at −x . Thus, the graph of y=−2x is the
reflection of the graph of y=2x about the y -axis.
The corresponding graphs are shown below:
The results in the Example 1 can be generalized as follows:
Reflection
The graph of y=−f (x ) is the reflection about the x -axis of the graph of y=f (x ).
The graph of y=f (−x ) is the reflection about the y -axis of the graph of y=f (x ).
Example 2. Use the graph of y=2x to graph the function y=3 (2x ) and y=0.4(2¿ ¿ x )¿ .
Solution. Some y - values are shown in the following table:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y=2 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y=3 (2¿¿ x)¿ 0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6 12 24
y=0.4(2¿ ¿ x )¿ 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2
The y -coordinate of each point on the graph of y=3 (2¿¿ x)¿ is 3 times the y -coordinate of the
corresponding point on y=2x . Similarly, the y -coordinate of each point on the graph of
y=0.4(2¿ ¿ x )¿ is 0.4 times the y -coordinate of the corresponding point on y=2x . The graphs
of these functions are shown below.
Observations
(a) The domain for all three graphs is the set R .
(b) The y -intercept were also multiplied correspondingly. The y -intercept of y=3 (2¿¿ x)¿ is 3,
and the y -intercept y=0.4(2¿ ¿ x )¿ is 0.4.
(c) All three graphs have the same horizontal asymptote y=0.
(d) The range of all graphs is the set (0 ,+ ∞).
The results of Example 2 can be generalized as follows.
Vertical Stretching or Shrinking
Let a> 0 be a constant. The graph of y=af (x) can be obtained by multiplying the y -
coordinate of each point on the graph of y=f (x ) by a . The effect is a vertical stretching if
a> 1, or a vertical shrinking, if 0< a<1, of the graph of y=f (x ).
Example 3. Use the graph of y=2x to graph the functions y=2x −3 and y=2x +1.
Solution. Some y -values are shown in the following table:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y=2 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
x
y=2 −3 -2.875 -2.75 -2.5 -2 -1 1 5
x
y=2 +1 1.125 1.25 1.5 2 3 5 9
The graphs of these functions are shown below:
Observations
(a) The domain for all three functions is the set R .
(b) The range of y=2x +1 is (1 ,+∞) and the range
of y=2x −3 is (−3 ,+ ∞).
(c) The y -inercepts and horizontal asymptotes
were also vertically translated from the y -intercept

and horizontal asymptote of y=2x .
(d) The horizontal asymptote of y=2x is y=0.

Shift this 1 unit up to get the horizontal asymptote
of y=2 +1 which is y=1 , and 3 units down to get the horizontal asymptote of y=2x −3 , which
x
is y=−3.
Vertical Shift
Let d be a real number. The graph of y=f ( x )+ d is a vertical shift of d units up, if d >0 , or a
vertical shift d units down if d <0 , of the graph of y=f (x ).
Example 4. Use the graph of y=2x to graph the functions y=2x−2 and y=2x−4.
Solution. Some y -values ae shown in the following table:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
y=2 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
x−2
y=2 0.031 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2
x+ 4
y=2 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
The graphs of these functions are shown below:
Observations
(a) The domain of all three functions is the set
R.
(b) The range of all three functions is the set
(0 ,+ ∞).
(c) The y -intercepts changed. To find them,
substitute x=0 in the function. Thus, the y -

intercept of y=2x+ 4 is 24 =16 and the y -
intercept of y=2x−2 is 22=0.25 .
(d) Translating a graph horizontally does not

change the horizontal does not change the
horizontal asymptote. Thus, the horizontal asymptote of all three graphs is y=0.
Horizontal Shift
Let c be a real number. The graph of y=f (x−c) is a horizontal shift of c units to the right, if
c >0 , or a horizontal shift of c units to the left, if c >0 , of the graph of y=f (x ).
The examples above can be generalized to form the following guidelines for graphing
transformations of exponential functions:
Graph of f ( x )=a ⋅b x−c + d
 The value b , where b> 1 or 0< b<1, determines whether the graph is increasing or
decreasing.
 The value of |a| determines the stretch or shrinking of the graph. Further, if a is
negative, there is a reflection of the graph about the x -axis.
 The vertical shift is d units up if d >0 , or d units down if d >0 .
 The horizontal shift is c units to the right if c >0 , or c units to the left if c <0 .
Directions: For function y=2x−3+ 1, (a) use transformations to describe how the graph is
related to an exponential function y=b x, (b) sketch the graph, (c) identify the domain, range, y -
intercept, and horizontal asymptote.
1.) y=2x−3+ 1
a. b.
c. Domain: ___________ Range: ___________ Horizontal Asymptote: ____________
Performance Task!
Make an explosion box about different function that has been discussed from the
previous module up to this current module. The topics are the following:
 Rational Functions
 One-to-one Functions
 Inverse of One-to-one Functions
 Exponential Functions
In the box, provide each topic a short description, an example, and graph of
the function. Then, make a brief conclusion/summary of what you have learned about
those topics. You can refer to your modules or search on the internet for additional
information but just make sure you use reliable sites.
You may refer to this Youtube video on how to make an explosion box:
https://youtu.be/6ck2TO9leBw\ or you can look for more video tutorial on the internet.
Be creative as possible.
Criteria for Grading:

Mathematical Content – 30%
Accuracy – 25%
Originality – 20%
Creativity – 15%
Presentation – 10%
TOTAL – 100%
"Success seems to be connected with action. Successful people keep moving. They make
mistakes, but they don't quit."
-- Conrad Hilton
REFERENCES
Books:
Oronce, O. A. (2016) General Mathematics (1st ed.) Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.
Rex Bookstore, Inc pp. 1-40.
Versoza, D.B., et al., (2016) Teaching Guide for SHS General Mathematics, Diliman,
Quezon City, Philippines. Commission on Higher Education pp. 1-14.
Other Resources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mobs12KVR1A&feature=share
"The real
"The successful
test is warrior is theyou
not whether average
avoid man, with laser-like
this failure, becausefocus."
you won't. It's whether you
let it harden or shame you into inaction, or whether you learn from it; whether you
choose to persevere." -- Bruce Lee
-- Barack Obama
"There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from
failure."
-- Colin Powell

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NORTHEASTERN CEBU COLLEGES, INC.

P.G. Almendras St.,Poblacion, Danao City, Cebu

Module 4: Exponential Functions

1|Page General Mathematics

INTRODUCTION During your Grade 8, we know that

2|Page General Mathematics

3|Page General Mathematics

An exponential function with base b is a function of the form f ( x )=b x or y=b x,

Example 2. If f ( x )=3 x , evaluate f (2), f (−2), f ( 12 ), f (0.4), and f (π).

4|Page General Mathematics

Initially, at t=0 Number of bacteria ¿ 20

Exponential Models and Population Growth

5|Page General Mathematics

An exponential model for this situation is y=100 ,000 (1.06)t

If the compounding period is not annual (yearly), use the formula

The Natural Exponential Function

The natural exponential function is the function f ( x )=e x.

A. Solve the following problem. Show your solution.

6|Page General Mathematics

7|Page General Mathematics

An exponential expression is an expression of the form a ⋅b x−c +d , where b> 0, b ≠ 1.

Exponential Equation Exponential Exponential Function

Direction: Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an exponential equation, an

Put a (/) on the space that Exponential Exponential Exponential

8|Page General Mathematics

Recall the following definitions and theorems.

One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions

If x 1 ≠ x 2, then b x ≠ b x . Conversely, b x =b x then x 1=x 2.

Example 1. Solve the equation 4 x−1=16 .

Solution. Both 125 and 25 can be written using 5 as the base.

Property of Exponential Inequalities

Example 3. Solve the inequality 3 x < 9 x−2.

Solution. Bot 9 and 3 can be written using 3 as the base.

Since the base 3>1 , then his inequality is equivalent to

(the direction of the inequality is retained)

Thus, 19.6 minutes have passed since t=0 .

Directions: Solve for x . Show your solution.

Example 1. Sketch the graph of f ( x )=2x

(a) Plotting of points for f ( x )=2x (b) Graph of f ( x )=2x

(a) b> 1 (a) 0< 0 b<1

Properties of Exponential Functions

(a) The domain is the set R .

(b) The range is set (0 ,+ ∞).

(c) It is one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test.

Solution. Some y -values are shown in the following table.

The corresponding graphs are shown below:

The results in the Example 1 can be generalized as follows:

Solution. Some y - values are shown in the following table:

(d) The range of all graphs is the set (0 ,+ ∞).

The results of Example 2 can be generalized as follows.

Vertical Stretching or Shrinking

Solution. Some y -values are shown in the following table:

(b) The range of y=2x +1 is (1 ,+∞) and the range

of y=2x −3 is (−3 ,+ ∞).

(c) The y -inercepts and horizontal asymptotes

were also vertically translated from the y -intercept

(d) The horizontal asymptote of y=2x is y=0.

The results of Example 3 can be generalized as follows.

Solution. Some y -values ae shown in the following table:

(c) The y -intercepts changed. To find them,

substitute x=0 in the function. Thus, the y -

(d) Translating a graph horizontally does not

The results of Example 4 can be generalized as follows.

Criteria for Grading: