Senior High School

Pre-Calculus
Module 13:
Fundamental Trigonometric
Identities

LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
AIRs - LM
STEM – PRE-CALCULUS
Module 13: Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Regie C. Bustamante

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LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 Senior High School

Pre-Calculus
Module 13:
Fundamental Trigonometric
Identities

LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 Target

Trigonometric identities (trig identities) are equalities involving trigonometric

functions that hold true for all possible values of the variables. When we need to
simplify expressions containing trigonometric functions, we can use these identities.
We defined trigonometric functions using the unit circle in previous lectures
and looked at the graphs of the six trigonometric functions. By discovering, deriving,
and working with trigonometric identities, this lesson expands on the understanding
of several trigonometric functions.
This module will provide you concepts, information, and activities that will
help you understand the fundamental trigonometric identities.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation
(STEM_PC11T-IIe-1)
• apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values

Learning Objectives:

1. Differentiate between identity or conditional equation.

2. Recall the six trigonometric functions.

3. Simplify trigonometric expressions using trigonometric identities.

4. apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values

Pre-Test
Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best answer for each
test item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

1. What do you call the equalities that involve trigonometric functions that are true
for all values of the occurring variables?
A. trigonometric function B. trigonometric identities
B. trigonometric ratios D. trigonometric values

5 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
2. Which of the following describe an equation that is NOT an identity and some
values of the variable in the domain of the equation do not satisfy the
equation?
A. conditional equation B. domain
C. identity D. range
3. Which of the following is NOT an identity equation?
A. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2 𝑡) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡) B. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑎
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑡) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) D. 𝑠𝑒𝑐(−𝑡) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑡)

4. Which of the following is an identity equation?

A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 • 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢
1
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 = 1 − D. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝑢) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑢

5. What is the result if you simplify sin 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 − 𝜋) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 𝜋)?

A. − sin 𝜃 B. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 C. sec 𝜃 D. cos 𝜃

6. Which of the following identities is equal to 1?

A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 B. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

7. What is the equivalent identity of the trigonometric function

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 ?
1 1
A. sec 𝜃 B. C. cos 𝜃 D.
cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃
2
8. If 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = , and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 < 0. find the value of the trigonometric function 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃.
5
√5 5
A. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = − B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = −
2 2
√5 5
C. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = D. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
2 2
9. Which of the following is the simplified form of the trigonometric expression
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
?
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
A. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 B. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑡 C. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

6 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
10. What is the simplified form of ?
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
. A. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 1 B. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 1
C. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 1 D. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
1
11. Express in terms of sine.
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
. A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 B. 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 1 D.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
12. What is the simplified form of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)?
1 1
A. cos 𝜃 B. C. sec 𝜃 D.
cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃
csc 𝜃 + sec 𝜃
13. Which among the following expression is the same as
cos 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
. A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 D. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

14. Which of the following is the correct derivation and expression of sin 𝜃 cot 𝜃 to
cos 𝜃 ?

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

A. • 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
B. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 • = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 • = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
D. • 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1 1
15. Which of the following is TRUE about + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = ?
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1
A. + = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1

B. + = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1
C. + = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1
D. + = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

7 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 Jumpstart

Activity 1. What equation Am I?

Directions: Determine whether the equation is identity or conditional from the box
below. Write the letter of the correct answer. Use separate sheet of paper

Group A Group B

(A1) 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 (B1) 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

(A2) (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 49 (B2) (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49

𝑥2− 4 𝑥2− 4
(A3) = 2𝑥 − 1 (B3) = 𝑥+2
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

Activity 2. Match Me!

Directions: Match the equivalent of Column A to Column B.
Use separate sheet of paper

Group X Group Y
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽
−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

8 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 Discover

Identity and Conditional Equations

Recall that an equation may be true or false, depending on the values of any
variables involved. For example, the equation
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 10
is true only if 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 5. An equation that is true only for certain values of the
variable, and false for others, is called a conditional equation. When you solve a
conditional equation, you are finding the values of the variable that make the
equation true.
Some equations are true for all legitimate values of the variables. Such
equations are called identities. Here are some examples of identities.
3(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
In an identity, the expressions on either side of the equal sign are equivalent
expressions, because they have the same value for all values of the variable.
Example 1. Which of the following equations are identities?
a. 3𝑠 + 7𝑠 = 10𝑠
b. 5𝑐(𝑐 − 2𝑠) = 5𝑐 2 − 10𝑐𝑠
c. 2𝑡 − 1 = 3
Solution:
Many of the algebraic operations you have already learned, such as combining like
terms or applying the distributive law, produce equivalent expressions.
a. Equation (a) is an identity obtained by combining like terms on the left side.
b. Equation (b) is an identity obtained by applying the distributive law on the left
side.
c. Equation (c) is not an identity, because the equation is true only for 𝑡 = 2.
Of course, you wouldn't be asked to solve an identity, because all values of
the variable are solutions. Instead, we use identities to replace one form of an
expression by a more useful form. You do this when you solve a quadratic
equation by factoring. For example,
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0 Factor the left side.
2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

9 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 Because (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) is equivalent to 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1, we have not changed the
equation or its solutions. But now we can apply the Zero Factor principle and solve
the equation.
Using identities is especially useful when we are working with trigonometric ratios.
Because the identity
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
is true for any value of 𝑥, it is true when 𝑥 is replaced, for instance, by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. This
gives us a new identity
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1 = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1)
Expressions involving 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, or 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 can be manipulated by the same rules (such
as the distributive law or the laws of exponents) that we use with simple variables.

Example 2. Which of the following equations are identities?

a. 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 7𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
b. 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 10𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
c. 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 1 = 3
Solution
These equations are obtained from the equations in the previous example by
replacing the variable 𝒔 with 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, the variable 𝒄 with 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽, and the
variable 𝒕 with 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽. Equations (a) and (b) are identities, and equation (c) is not, for
the same reasons as before.

Example 3: Identify whether the given equation is an identity or a conditional

equation. For each conditional equation, provide a value of the variable
in the domain that does not satisfy the equation.
3 3 3
a. 𝑥 3 − 2 = (𝑥 − √2) (𝑥 2 + √2𝑥 + √4)

Solution: This is an identity because thus is simply factoring of difference of

two cubes.
b. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1
Solution: This is a conditional equation. If 𝜃 = 0, then the left-hand side of the
equation is 0, while the right-hand side is 2.
c. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 1
Solution: This is a conditional equation. If 𝜃 = 0, then both sides of the equation
are equal to 0. But if 𝜃 = 𝜋, then left-hand side of the equation is
0, while the right-hand side is −2.

10 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 1− √𝑥 1−2 √𝑥 +𝑥
d. =
1+ √𝑥 1−𝑥

Solution: This is an identity because the right-hand side of the equation is

obtained by rationalizing the denominator of the left-hand side.

The Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

Recall that if 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is the terminal point on the unit circle cerresponding to 𝜃,
then we have
1 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑦 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑦 𝑥
1 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦
From the definitions, the following reciprocal and quotient identities
immediately follow. Note that these identities hold if θ is taken either as a real
number or as an angle.

We can use these identities to simplify trigonometric expressions.

Example 4: Simplify by applying trigonometric expression by applying trigonometric

values
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
a.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Step 1: Replace 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 by
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Step 2: Factor out (cancel) common terms
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Step 3. Simplify = 1

11 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
b.
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Step 1: Replace 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Step 2: Perform the operation 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 •
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Pythagorean Identity
All of the trigonometric functions are related. We begin by considering the
relationship between 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. Complete the following table with exact values.
𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽
00
300
450
600
900

You should find that all the entries in the last column are 1. For all of the angles in
the table,
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏.
Derive this trigonometric function 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 and apply
trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric identities by dividing both sides
of this identity by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃,
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 1
2 + 2 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1
applying the trigonometric identity 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = and 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
we obtain,
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽.
On the other hand
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 1
+ =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

12 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1
applying the trigonometric identity 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = and 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
we obtain
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽.

As you might guess from its name, the Pythagorean identity is true because it
is related to the Pythagorean Theorem. We have not actually proved the identity, and
a skeptical student may wonder if 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 is only very close to 1, or if it
equals 1 for only some values of θ.
In later chapters, we'll need to simplify trigonometric expressions such that
they only use one of the trig functions. The Pythagorean identity is useful when we
wish to write an equivalent expression for either 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 or for 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽. Note that we
can write the identity in two alternate forms:
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽.
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽.

Example 5. Simplify by applying trigonometric identities.

a. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃
Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Use the identity: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃) + ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

Refine: = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

Use the identity: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
= 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
b.
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Solution: = = 1 = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

13 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 c. Derive and simplify 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 into 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃.
Solution: The left side of the equation contains the more complicated expression.
Thus, we work with the left side. Let us express this side of the
identity in terms of sines and cosines. Perhaps this strategy will
enable us to transform the left side into csc x, the expression on the
right.
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Use the identity: 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = •
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= •
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃

b. Derive and express 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 into 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃.

1
Solution: Use the identity, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = .
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Use the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
Derive the identity. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 • 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 •
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Use the identity = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

14 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 In addition to the eight identities presented above, we also have the following
identities.

The identities can be derived as follows:

The reciprocal, quotient, Pythagorean, and even-odd

identities constitute what we call the fundamental
trigonometric identities.

Example 6: Use the identities to find the value of a trigonometric function.

1
a. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = , determine 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝜃) and 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (−𝜃)
2

Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (−𝜃 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃

1
= = 2
2
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (−𝜃 ) =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1
= 1
(2 )

= 2

15 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 3
b. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = − , determine 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
4

Solution: Using the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

Derive the identity. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

3 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = √1 − (− 4)

√7
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
4

5
c. If 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = , determine 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2
1
Solution: Using the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2
5

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
5

Explore

Activity 3: Identity or Conditional Equation!

Directions: Determine whether the following equations and expressions are identity
or conditional. Use separate sheet of paper.
1. 2𝑥 – 5 = 9 6. ( 𝑐 − 𝑠)( 𝑐 + 𝑠) = 𝑐 2 − 𝑠2
2. 3( 𝑥 + 1) = 3𝑥 + 3 7. 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
3. 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 7𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 8.(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
4. 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 − 1 = 3 9. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5. = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 10. (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)2 = (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

16 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
Activity 4: Simplify at its Best!
Directions: Use the identities to simplify trigonometric expressions. Use separate
sheet of paper.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 sec 𝜃
1.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2. +
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
4. (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Deepen

Activity 5: Show that the equation is an identity. Use separate sheet of paper for
your solution.
1. (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1
4. = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
5. =
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

17 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best answer for each
test item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. What do you call the equalities that involve trigonometric functions that are true
for all values of the occurring variables?
A. trigonometric function B. trigonometric identities
B. trigonometric ratios D. trigonometric values
2. Which of the following is the set of all real values of the variable for which every
term of the expression/equation is defined in ℝ.
A. conditional B. domain C. identity D. range
3. What do you call an equation that is not an identity and some values of the variable
in the domain of the equation do not satisfy the equation?
A. conditional equation C. trigonometric functions
B. identity D. trigonometric value
4. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎 = 1 B. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
C. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 D. 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
5. Which of the following is an identity equation?
1
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 B. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 1
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑎) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 D. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
6. What is the result if you simplify the trigonometric expression ,
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
what will be the result?
A. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 B. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑡 C. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
1
7. What is the value of the trigonometric function cos 𝜃 if sin 𝜃 = ?
5

√24 √5 √24 √5
A. B. C. − D. −
5 24 5 24

8. Which of the following is the equivalent expression of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + 1?

A. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 B. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
C. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 D. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

18 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
9. What is the simplified trigonometric expression of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃)
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 B. cos 𝜃 C. cot 𝜃 D. 1
10. Which of the following is the simplified form of the trigonometric expression
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
?
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
A. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 B. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑡 C. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 D. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
1
11. Express in terms of cosine?
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
. A. 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 1
1
C. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 1 D.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
12. Which of the following is the simplified form of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)?
1 1
A. B. C. csc 𝜃 D. sin 𝜃
csc 𝜃 sin 𝜃
csc 𝜃 + sec 𝜃
13. What is the correct expression for in terms of sine and cosine?
cos 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
. A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 D. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
14. What is the CORRECT derivation of cot 𝜃 sin 𝜃 to cos 𝜃?
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 • = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
B. • 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 •
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
D. • 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1 1
_____ 15. Which is TRUE of the identity + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = ?
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1
A. + = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1
B. + = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1
C. + = 2 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1
D. + = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

19 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
References
R.N. Aufmann, V.C. Barker, and R.D. Nation, College Trigonometry, Houghton Mi✏in
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E.A. Cabral, M.L.A.N. De Las Pen˜as, E.P. De Lara-Tuprio, F.F. Francisco, I.J.L.
Garces, R.M. Marcelo, and J.F. Sarmiento, Precalculus, Ateneo de Manila
University Press, 2010.
R. Larson, Precalculus with Limits, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2014.
L. Leithold, College Algebra and Trigonometry, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1989,
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M.L. Lial, J. Hornsby, and D.I. Schneider, College Algebra and Trigonometry and
Precalculus, Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher, Inc., 2001.
J. Stewart, L. Redlin, and S. Watson, Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus,
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2012.
M. Sullivan, Algebra & Trigonometry, Pearson Education, Inc., 2012.
C. Young, Algebra and Trigonometry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

Website
Trigonometric Identities Online Math Learning: Retrieved, October 22, 2020 from,
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/trig-identities.html
Trigonometric Identities: Retrieved, October 23, 2020 from,
https://yoshiwarabooks.org/trig/Trigonometric-Identities.html

2 LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module13
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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launion@deped.gov.ph
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LU_Q1_Pre-Calculus_Module14