Magnetism

Magnetic Forces
Magnetic and Non-magnetic materials
Magnetisation and Demagnetisation
Induced Magnetism
Magnetic field
Magnetism

A magnet is a material or object that produces

a magnetic field

A bar magnet is a rectangular–shaped

permanent magnet with a north pole at
one end and a south pole at the other

In the space around a magnet there is a magnetic

field
Magnetic Forces When two magnets are held close

Between magnets together, there will be a force between the

magnets – Magnetic Force

Like poles: poles that are the same – both north, or both south

Unlike poles: opposite poles – one north, and the other south
Magnetic Forces
Between magnets
 Magnetic materials are attracted by a magnet and can be

Magnetic Forces magnetized. Though they can be magnetized not all pieces of
magnetic material are magnets, they first need to be
Between magnets and magnetic magnetized.

materials
Magnetic materials (which are not magnets) will always be
attracted to the magnet, regardless of which pole is held
close to it.
Magnetic Forces
Between magnets and magnetic
materials
Magnetic Materials (Ferrous Materials)
 Non-Magnetic Materials

Although all magnetic materials are metallic, not all metals are magnetic
 Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Materials can be classified as hard (permanent) or soft (temporary).
Permanent Magnet:
Magnetised magnetic material that produces its own
magnetic field that does not get weaker with time. E.g. bar
magnet

Hard material:
A material that, once magnetised, is difficult to
demagnetise. It is however quite difficult to magnetise.
E.g. Hard steel

Soft material:
A material, once magnetised, is easy to demagnetise. It
is however also quite easy to magnetise. E.g. Soft iron
 Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Materials can be classified as hard (permanent) or soft (temporary).
Permanent Magnet:
Magnetised magnetic material that produces its own
magnetic field that does not get weaker with time

Hard material:
Uses: permanent magnets, compass needles,

Soft material:
Uses: cores for electromagnets, transformers, radio
aerials
 Key Words

Magnetised Unmagentised Demagnetised

When a magnetic material When a magnetic material Destroying / ‘removing’
has been made magnetic has not been made magnetic magnetism from a magnetic
material
Induced A permanent magnet can
A permanent magnet can
Magnetism attract or repel another
permanent magnet
also attract other
unmagnetised magnetic
material
- Steel pins are made of a magnetic material
- When the North pole of a permanent
magnet is brought close to a pin, E.g. Two bar
E.g. A bar magnet
magnets attracted
- The pin is attracted can attract steel
or repelled to each
pins or paper clips
- The attraction tells us that the end of the other

pin nearest the North magnetic pole must

be South pole
E.g. A fridge magnet
- This is known as Induced Magnetism it can stick to the steel
door of the fridge.
results in a force being exerted on the
material
Induced
Magnetism
- The pin will have a South pole
induced in the end nearest the North
pole of a bar magnet
- When the permanent magnet is
removed, the pin will return to its
unmagnetised state
- Or it may retain a small amount of
magnetism
Induced
Magnetism
Induced
Magnetism
 Methods of Magnetisation
Magnets are usually made from hard magnet materials

Stroking with a Use of Direct Current Hitting with a

magnet (d.c.) in a coil hammer
 1. Stroking with a
magnet

- A magnetic material can be

magnetised by stroking it with one
end of another magnet
- The domains become aligned, and a
N pole and a S pole are induced.
1. Stroking with a magnet
2. Using a direct current
(d.c.) in a coil

- A magnetic material can be

magnetised by placing it in a coil of
wire (solenoid).
- Passing a d.c. (direct current)
through the wire will magnetise the
magnetic material
2. Using a direct current
(d.c.) in a coil
2. Using a direct current (d.c.)
in a coil
3. Hitting with a hammer
- If a magnetic material is placed so that
it lies in the direction of the magnetic
field lines of a strong magnet and then
hammered gently,
- the domains will begin to line up in the
direction of the field.
- As they do, the magnetic material
becomes magnetised.
- The effect can be increased by slightly
heating the steel bar first.
 Methods of Demagnetisation
Use of alternating current
Hammering Heating
(a.c.) in a coil
Hit the material with a Heat the material (until it Place the material in a coil containing
hammer (when it is not in a begins to glow) and then alternating current (a.c.) and then
magnetic field) slowly let it cool slowly withdraw the material (with the
. a.c. power source still attached to the
coil)
Magnetic
Fields
A magnet affects any piece of
magnetic material that is nearby.
There is a Magnetic Field around
the magnet.

Magnetic field lines are used to represent

the magnetic field around a bar magnet REPEL
 Key Words
Magnetic Field Magnetic Field
Lines
A region of space around a Represent the direction of
magenta or electric current the magnetic force would
in which a magnetic pole have on the North pole of a
experiences (feels) a magnet
magnetic force
 DIRECTION
Magnetic Field The direction of a magnetic field line at
Lines any point is the direction of the force on
the North pole of a magnet at that point.

Magnetic field lines come out of North

poles and go into South poles

STRENGTH
Magnetic field lines that are close
together indicate a strong field
Magnetic Field
Lines Magnetic field lines always go
from north to south (indicated by
an arrow midway along the line)

Magnetic field lines never touch

or cross other field lines
Plotting a Magnetic
Field 1. Place a piece of paper on top
Plotting the pattern of magnetic field of the magnet
lines around a
bar magnet - Using Iron Filings
2. Gently sprinkle iron filings on
top of the paper

3. Now carefully tap the paper to

allow the iron filings to settle on
the field lines
Plotting a Magnetic
Field
Plotting the pattern of magnetic field
lines around a
bar magnet - Using Compasses
1. Place the magnet on top of a
piece of paper
2. Draw a dot at one end of the
magnet (near its corner)
3. Place a plotting compass next to
the dot, so that one end of the
needle of the compass points
towards the dot
4. Use a pencil to draw a new dot at
the other side of the compass
needle
Plotting a Magnetic
Field 5. Now move the compass so that it
points towards the new dot, and
Plotting the pattern of magnetic field
lines around a repeat the above process
bar magnet - Using Compasses

6. Keep repeating until you have a

chain of dots going from one end of
the magnet to the other. Then
remove the compass, and link the
dots using a smooth curve – the
magnetic field line
Plotting a Magnetic
Field
Plotting the pattern of magnetic field
lines around a
bar magnet - Using Compasses
7. The direction of the field line is
the same as the direction of the
plotting compass
8. You can now repeat the whole
process several times to create
several other magnetic field lines
 Electromagnets

When a current (d.c.) is passed through

a long coil (made of copper wire), the
current creates a magnetic field around
the coil similar to that of a bar magnet

The electric current produces the

magnetic field.
 Electromagnets
One end of the coil is a North pole, and the
other end is a South pole

The field lines emerge from the right-hand end,

so this is the North pole

The field lines are closest together at the poles,

showing that this is where the magnetic field is
strongest

The field lines spread out from the poles,

showing that the field is weaker in these
regions
 Electromagnets
Placing a soft magnetic material (such as iron) inside the coil will
make the field much stronger: The coil becomes an electromagnet

An electromagnet consists of a
coil of wire surrounding a soft
iron core.

2 More ways of making the electromagnet

stronger:
- Increasing the current in the coil
- Adding more turns to the coil
Application of Electromagnets
Electromagnetic crane
- Electromagnetic cranes move
large pieces of metals and piles
of scrap around in a scrap yard
- The current is switched on to
start the magnet and pick up the
scrap metal
- When it has been moved to the
correct position, the
electromagnet is switched off
and metal is released
 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets are made out of
magnetically hard materials, as we
don’t want them to lose their
magnetism
There is no way to change the
strength of a permanent magnet
N S
Electromagnets
Electromagnets are made out of
magnetically soft materials, as we
want them to be able to easily gain
and lose their magnetism
There are three ways to increase the
strength of an electromagnet
Electromagnets can be switched on
and off, by switching off the current,
the field around the coil disappears.
 Let’s try this☺

Q1.
Which statement about a magnet is correct?
A A magnet attracts a gold rod.
B A magnet does not attract a plastic rod.
C A magnet never repels another magnet.
D A magnet sometimes repels an unmagnetised nickel rod.
Q2.
A student wishes to make a permanent magnet. She has an iron rod and a steel rod. Which rod
should she use to make the permanent magnet, and is this rod a hard magnetic material or a soft
magnetic material?
Q3.
Two nickel bars are placed close to the N-pole of a bar magnet. The nickel bars become
magnetised. Which row states the pole induced at P, the pole induced at Q, and the type of
magnetic force between P and Q?
Q4.
In which pair are both materials magnetic?
A aluminium and copper
B copper and iron
C iron and steel
D steel and aluminium
Q5.
The diagram shows the magnetic field around two bar magnets. Which diagram shows the poles
of the magnets?
Q6.
Q7.
Which row identifies whether
the core metals are ferrous or
non-ferrous?
Q8.
Q9.
 End of
Magnetism
Questions???