Experiment No.

Magnetism

Rationale

The researchers decided to study magnetic field and magnetic field line of magnets. Each magnet
is believed to have its own magnetic field and this magnetic fields are able to affect the behavior of other
magnetic field if it came in contact with another magnetic field; however, these changes cannot be
observed by the naked eye. By conducting the experiment, the researchers are able to observe the
magnetic field of each magnet, its effect on magnetic fields to other magnetic fields, and the behavior of
these fields are observed. With these observations the researchers are able to determine different
patterns and distinguish the difference of magnetic fields between like and opposite poles Experimental
research is used to determine the different patterns of the magnetic field lines. By using iron fillings, plastic
cover and two bar of magnets the change in magnetic field lines is observed with respect to the change
in position of the magnets.

Abstract

This experiment examined the differences between the directions of magnetic lines of magnetic
field of like and unlike poles. The magnetic field lines are visual tool used to represent magnetic fields and
it describe the direction of magnetic force. The test was used to determine the direction of magnetic field
lines of a single bar magnet or in the two-bar magnet in different circumstances. Two bar magnets, iron
fillings, bond paper and plastic cover were used in three different part of procedures. Each part of
procedures is accomplished one at a time. Single bar magnet was used in first part and the clear plastic
was used to cover the magnet so that it will not stick into it. The iron fillings were sprinkled gently on the
top of the bar magnet and the bond paper was slowly tapped. Second part and third part of the procedures
both used two bar magnets but it differs on pole orientation. The procedures in each part were repeated
to verify that the results do not vary. Results shows that the like poles attract and different poles repel.

Introduction

Magnet, any material equipped for drawing in iron and creating an attractive field outside itself.
There are three types of magnets namely temporary, permanent, and electromagnets. They are
categorized by their source of magnetism. Temporary magnets become polarized within the sight of a
Magnetic field. They lose their attraction step by step, when the Magnetic field is expelled. Some irons
and iron alloys, as well as paper clips and nails, function as temporary magnets. Permanent magnets do
not easily lose their magnetism. These magnets may be naturally-occurring elements, or chemical
compounds. Electromagnets are created by running an electrical current through a coil with a metal core.
The energized coil creates a magnetic field. When the current is shut off, the magnetic field disappears.
Magnetism is one part of the joined electromagnetic power. It alludes to physical phenomena emerging
from the power brought about by magnets. Magnetic field is a vector field within the neighborhood of a
magnet, electric current or changing electric field, in which attractive powers are discernible.

Magnetic areas such as that of Earth cause attractive compass needles and other permanent
magnets to line up within the course of the field. Magnetic areas drive moving electrically charged
particles in a circular or helical way. This force exerted on electric currents in wires in a magnetic field
underlies the operation of electric engines. It may be represented by continuous lines of force or magnetic
flux that develop from north-seeking magnetic poles and enter south-seeking magnetic posts. The density
of the lines shows the magnitude of the magnetic field. At the poles of a magnet, the magnetic field is
solid, the field lines are swarmed together, or denser. Farther away, where the magnetic field is weak,
they fan out, becoming less dense. A uniform magnetic field is spoken to by similarly spaced parallel
straight lines. The course of the flux is the direction in which the north-seeking pole of a small magnet
focuses. The lines of flux are continuous, shaping closed circles. For a bar magnet, they rise from the north-
seeking pole, fan out and around, enter the magnet at the south-seeking pole, and proceed through the
magnet to the north post, where they once more rise.

The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber. The number of Weber’s is a degree of the entire number
of field lines that cross a given area. Magnetic fields may be represented mathematically by quantities
called vectors that have direction as well as magnitude. Two different vectors are in use to represent a
magnetic field: one called magnetic flux density, or magnetic induction, is symbolized by B; the other,
called the magnetic field strength, or magnetic field intensity, is symbolized by H. The magnetic field H
might be thought of as the magnetic field produced by the flow of current in wires and the magnetic field
B as the total magnetic field including also the contribution made by the magnetic properties of the
materials in the field

Objectives

1. Determine the direction of magnetic lines of magnetism field.

2. Distinguish the differences of magnetic field between like and unlike poles.

Materials

 2 sets of magnetic bars

 2 oz of iron powder dust
 Clear plastics
 Long bond paper

Procedure

Part I

1. Place one bar magnet on top of one long bond paper then place the clear plastic on top of bar
magnet.
 2. Lightly sprinkle the iron powder uniformly over the clear plastic and then give the paper some
gentle taps to make the powder align with the magnetic field.

3. Observe what happen.

Part II

1. Repeat Part I but with two magnetic places in parallel position keeping opposite pole on one side.
Keep 3-5 inches distance between magnets.
 2. Observe what happen.

Part III

1. Repeat Part I but with two magnets arranged in one straight line. Position North pole of each
magnet in the middle making same pole facing each other. Keep 1-inch distance between the
magnet.

2. Observe what happen.

Related Literature

Magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but
is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic
materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.

According to Mulay L.N. (1964), Magnetic field lines of a solenoid electromagnet, which are similar
to a bar magnet as illustrated below with the iron filings. A magnet is a material or object that produces a
magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet:
a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets. A
permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent
magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door.
Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are
called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include the elements iron, nickel and cobalt and their
alloys, some alloys of rare-earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone.
Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly
enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field,
by one of several other types of magnetism.

Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materials like annealed iron,
which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized and magnetically "hard" materials, which
do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials such as alnico and ferrite that are
subjected to special processing in a strong magnetic field during manufacture to align their internal
microcrystalline structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet,
a certain magnetic field must be applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective
material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have low coercivity. The overall
strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or, alternatively, the total magnetic flux it
produces. The local strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization. An
electromagnet is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through
it but stops being a magnet when the current stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of "soft"
ferromagnetic material such as mild steel, which greatly enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil.

Data and Results

1. What do you notice about the interaction of the bar magnets?

 The interaction of the two bar magnets depends on their pole orientation. When the poles
are alike, then it will attract but if the poles are the same then it will repel.
2. What materials interact with the magnets and how do they interact? What do all the materials
interact with the magnets have in common?
 Superconducting materials are strongly repelled from permanent magnets. Diamagnetic
materials are weakly repelled from permanent magnets. Paramagnetic materials such as
oxygen, tungsten and aluminum are weakly attracted from magnets. While,
ferromagnetic materials such as iron, cobalt and nickel are strongly attracted from
magnets. Not all metals are attracted to magnets but all metals or alloys, which have iron
in it, are attracted to magnet. The electrons of some materials that attracted to a magnet
spin in the same direction as the electron of magnet does. This makes the atom of that
material magnetic yet that they are not magnet. On the other hand, the electrons of
materials that cancel out of rejects magnetism spin on the opposite direction.
3. What did you observe when you sprinkled the iron powder over the clear plastic covering the bar
magnet? The parallel magnet? The one-line magnets?
 In the first part, we observed that the pattern on the lines begin and end from north to
south pole. The pattern on the left is the same on the right side and it forms a semi circles
of different size inscribed on the other.
  On the second part, we observed that the outer layer of both magnets forms a semi circles
of different size inscribed in the other.

 In the last part, we observed that the line on both magnets do not meet or attached with
each other. And it forms a space between the same poles. Just like first and second part
it also forms a semi circles that extends from north to south pole.

4. Explain why the iron powder behaved that way. Explain for each part.
 All magnets have magnetic field in it but it cannot see by a naked eye. For the first part,
the iron fillings are then aligned with the force field of the magnets. The filed lines are
concentrated at the two poles and the iron fillings create a pattern of its magnetic field.
For the second part, the iron fillings are aligned again to the force filed of the two magnets
oriented parallel and opposite poles. The filed lines lead from one magnet to another
magnet and the magnetic field of the two magnets attract with each other. The iron
fillings show the visual representation of this phenomenon. For the third part, the iron
fillings are aligned again to the force filed of repulsion of two magnet align with the same
pole next to each other. The field lines do not lead from one magnet to another magnet.
The iron fillings show the force field that the two-magnet undergone during the repulsion.
Analysis

The magnets have their own respective magnetic fields, this respective magnetic fields can be
observed by assuming magnetic field lines. The direction magnetic field lines of a single magnet come
from the north pole and goes all the way to south pole forming an elliptical like pattern.

These field lines react to other nearby fields lines of another magnet. The reaction will vary
depending on the position of the magnets. The field lines of magnets position collear to each other with
the same pole facing each other results into having field lines avoiding or repelling each other. While
magnets that is parallel to each other with opposing poles facing each other have their filed lines
attracting. The field lines come from the north of the first magnet to the south pole of the second magnet
and vice versa.

Result of Objectives

1. After the experiment, our group understand what is magnet and the direction of magnetic lines
of magnetism filed and when it comes to one magnet. The magnet creates magnetic field.
2. We distinguish the differences of magnetic field between like and unlike poles. The north and
south poles where the north like poles will cause repulsion and south pole cause attraction.

Conclusion

After we have done the experiment, the group found out that magnet attracts iron and
magnetism or magnetic line of force can act or can be seen using paper and plastic. When iron filings are
spread over the magnets, the group seen the outline or pattern of the magnetic force or the magnetic
field. To conclude, this experiment gives a great understanding about magnetic field that we cannot seen
by our naked eye but we detect it by the use of the iron filings. This clearly state that opposite poles attract
and same poles repel. The entire experiment was done with no hindrances and problems. The group had
the great cooperation during the experiment.