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Coastal Phase
This involves navigation within 50 miles of the coast or in shore of the 200 meter depth
contour.
Ocean Phase
This refers to navigation outside the coastal area in an open area.
1 2 3
USES:
5 1. A triangular scale is a ruler that has a 3-lobed cross-section with 6 different types of scales on the edges
(2 on each face) used for measuring and preparing scale drawings such as blueprints and maps.
2. 2B pencils are ideal for chartwork being soft and therefore kind to the chart. They are not always easy to
find in shops in good supply, hence the inclusion in our range of navigational equipment, tools and
accessories.
3. Also known as a measuring compass or proportional divider, chart dividers are used in cartography
(map making), as well as nautical navigation. In map making this divider is used to change the scale from
one map to another.
4. A protractor is a measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic or glass, for measuring
angles.
5.A parallel rulers are a drafting instrument used by navigators to draw parallel lines on charts
TOPIC 2
CHART PROJECTIONS
Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/degree-of-latitude-and-longitude-distance-4070616
DIFFERENCE OF
LATITUDE(DLAT)
•Dlat between two places is the angular length of arc of
any meridian between their parallels. It is the numerical
difference of the latitudes if the places are on the same
side of the equator; it is the sum of the latitudes if the
places are on opposite sides of the equator. It may be
designated North(N) or South(S) when appropriate.
RULES FOR FINDING THE DIFFERENCE OF
LATITUDE(DLAT)
•To find the difference of latitude – latitude from and latitude in must be given
Latitude from or latitude of departure or simply latitude 1 is the latitude of the
place left by the ship.
Latitude in or latitude of arrival or simply latitude 2 is the latitude arrived at
by the ship.
RULES FOR FINDING THE DIFFERENCE OF
LATITUDE(DLAT)
1. When the lat. from and lat. in have SAME names(both N or both S),
SUBTRACT the lesser latitude from the greater latitude.
2. When the lat. from and lat. in have OPPOSITE names, ADD the two latitudes.
3. In naming the difference of latitude(Dlat), if the lat. in is North of the lat. from,
mark the difference of latitude NORTHERLY (N’ly): but if the lat. In is South of
latitude from, mark the difference of latitude SOUTHERLY (S’ly).
Note: Difference of latitude is named according to the direction
of travel.
EXAMPLE NO 1:
A vessel in lat. 17⁰-45’N, sails to lat. 15⁰-15’N.
Required: Find the difference of latitude made.
Note: (In this example, the vessel also passes the equator from
South lat. to North lat. evidently the vessel travels in Northerly
direction.)
RULES FOR FINDING LATITUDE IN
•When the LATITUDE FROM (lat. or lat. of dep) and
Difference of LATITUDE(Dlat) have LIKE NAMES(both
N or S) ADD: lat in (lat of arrival or lat 1) will have THE
SAME NAME as the lat. From (lat or lat of dep.)
RULES FOR FINDING LATITUDE IN
•When the LATITUDE FROM( lat1 or lat of dep.) and
the Difference of lat. (Dlat) have UNLIKE NAMES,
SUBTRACT the lesser from the greater. Lat in(lat 2 or
lat of arrival), will have the SAME NAME as the
greater number.
RULES FOR FINDING LATITUDE IN
•THE RULES are based on the fact that when in NORTH
LATITUDE, latitude increases NORTHWARD and in SOUTH
LATITUDE, it increases SOUTHWARD. Consequently if in
North latitude and the vessel travels in Southerly direction, the
latitude will decrease by an amount of the Dlat.
RULES FOR FINDING LATITUDE IN
•If the LATITUDE OF DEPARTURE is greater than the Dlat
the vessel will remain on the same side of the equator, or
its latitude of arrival will have the same name as the
latitude from. But if the Dlat is greater, then the vessel will
cross the equator and will arrive at a LATITUDE equal to
the difference of Dlat and the LATITUDE of DEPARTURE.
The latitude of arrival now assumes the opposite name.
EXAMPLE NO 5:
•There are 180⁰ EAST longitude and 180⁰ WEST longitude. Zero
degree being at the Prime Meridian or Meridian of Greenwich and
180⁰ the opposite or International Date Line(IDL).
MEASUREMENTS OF LONGITUDE
•The angle of longitude is measured at the center of the earth.
•The angle of longitude is measured along the plane of the
equator.
•The angle of longitude is measured from the Prime Meridian.
MEASUREMENTS OF LONGITUDE
•The angle of longitude is measured EAST or WEST of
the prime meridian.
•The angle of longitude is measured until the
International Date Line.
•The angle of longitude is represented by an arc of the
equator.
PRIME MERIDIAN
•Prime Meridian is used as the origin for measurement
of longitude. The prime meridian prescribed by the
British Royal observatory at Greenwich, near London,
which is used universally, represents 000⁰ longitude.
DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE
•The difference of longitude(DLO) between two places
is the shorter arc of the two parallel or the smaller
angle at the pole between the meridians of the two
places are on the same side(EAST or WEST) of
Greenwich, DLO is the numerical difference of the
longitudes of the two places; if on opposite sides. DLO
is the numerical sum unless this exceeds 180⁰, 360⁰
minus the sum.
RULES FOR FINDING DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE:
Long 1 = 000⁰-00’
Dlo = 4⁰-26’ E’ly
Long 2 =
EXAMPLE NO 5:
•A ship from Greenwich meridian makes a Dlo of 4⁰-26’ E’ly. Find her
longitude of arrival.
Long 1 = 000⁰-00’
Dlo = 4⁰-26’ E’ly
Long 2 = 4⁰-26’ East
Note: (In this example the ship left the meridian of Greenwich where
the long is zero(being the basis for measuring longitudes) and has
gone 4⁰-26’ to the East; therefore the longitude arrived at was equal to
the DLO.
GEOID AND ELLIPSOID
THE GEOID APPROXIMATES MEAN SEA
LEVEL. THE SHAPE OF THE ELLIPSOID
WAS CALCULATED BASED ON THE
HYPOTHETICAL EQUIPOTENTIAL
GRAVITATIONAL SURFACE. A SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE EXISTS BETWEEN THIS
MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND THE REAL
OBJECT.
Earth as an Ellipsoid
THE EARTH AS AN
ELLIPSOID
•The Earth is not a perfect
sphere; it is slightly flattened at
the top and bottom, the smaller
diameter being about 23.1 nm
less than the larger.
THE EARTH AS AN
ELLIPSOID
•The Earth’s flattened shape is
known as an Oblate Spheroid with
an Equatorial radius “a” of
approximately 3443.9 nm and a
Polar radius ‘b’ of 3432.4 nm.
THE EARTH AS AN ELLIPSOID
•The Admiralty
Manual of
Navigation Volume
1(10th Edition) –
Chapter 1, Para 3432.4 n.miles
Different possibilities:
1. Conform- charts are angular correct
2. Equivalent- areas on the chart are
correct
CHART PROJECTIONS
Chart projections are classified
according to the type of projection
surface used. The three commonly
used surfaces are:
1. Plane- Polar Projection
2. Cone- Lambert Projection
3. Cylinder- Mercator Projection
CHART PROJECTIONS
Chart projections are classified
according to the type of projection
surface used. The three commonly
used surfaces are:
1. Plane- Polar Projection
2. Cone- Lambert Projection
3. Cylinder- Mercator Projection
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROJECTIONS
1. Azimuthal Projection
2. Gnomonic Projection
3. Stereographic Projection
4. Orthographic Projection
5. Azimuthal Equidistant Projection
6. Cylindrical Projection
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROJECTIONS
7. Mercator Projection
8. Transverse Mercator Projection
9. Oblique Mercator Projection
10. Rectangular Projection
11. Equatorial Projection
12. Conic Projection
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROJECTIONS
13. Simple Conic Projection
14. Polyconic Projection
15. Lambert Conformal Projection
16. Polar Stereographic Projection
1. AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION
A projection on which the azimuths or
directions of all lines radiating from a central
point or pole are the same as the azimuths
or directions of the corresponding lines on
the ellipsoid.
Also called ZENITHAL PROJECTION.
1. Azimuthal Projection
2. Gnomonic Projection
A perspective azimuthal projection in
which points on the surface of a sphere
or spheroid, are conceived as
projected by radials from the center to
a tangent plane.
2. Gnomonic Projection
Great circles project as straight lines.
For this reason the projection is used
principally for charts for great circle
sailing.
The projection is neither conformal nor
equal area.
2. Gnomonic Projection
2. Gnomonic Projection
3. Stereographic Projection
A perspective, conformal, azimuthal
projection in which points on the surface
of a sphere or spheroid, are conceived
as projected by radial lines from any
point on the surface to a plane tangent
to the antipode of the point of projection.
3. Stereographic Projection
Circles project as circles
except for great circles through
the point of tangency which
projects as straight lines.
3. Stereographic Projection
The principal navigational use of the
projection is for charts of the polar regions.
Also called AZIMUTHAL
ORTHOMORPHIC PROJECTION.
3. Stereographic Projection
4. Orthographic Projection
A perspective azimuthal projection in
which the projecting lines, emanating
from a point at infinity, are perpendicular
to a tangent plane.
4. Orthographic Projection
The projection is used chiefly in
navigating astronomy for inter converting
coordinates of the celestial equator and
horizon systems.
Also called ORTHOGONAL
PROJECTION.
4. Orthographic Projection
5. Azimuthal Equidistant Projection
An azimuthal projection on which
straight lines radiating from the center or
pole of projection represents great
circles in their azimuths from that center,
and lengths along those lines of exact
scale.
5. Azimuthal Equidistant Projection
This projection is neither equal-area nor
conformal.
If a geographic pole is the pole of projection,
meridians appears as radial straight lines
and parallels of latitude equally concentric
circles.
5. Azimuthal Equidistant Projection
6. Cylindrical Projection
A projection in which the surface of a
sphere or spheroid, is conceived as
developed on a tangent cylinder, which
is then spread out to form a plane.
6. Cylindrical Projection
7. Mercator Projection
A conformal cylindrical projection in
which the surface of a sphere or
spheroid, is developed on a cylinder
tangent along the equator.
7. Mercator Projection
• Meridians appear as equally spaced vertical
lines and parallels as horizontal lines drawn
farther apart as the latitude increase such that
the correct relationship between latitude and
longitudes scales at any point is maintained.
•Also called EQUATORIAL CYLINDRICAL
ORTHOMORPHIC PROJECTION.
7. Mercator Projection
8. Transverse Mercator Projection
A conformal cylindrical projection in
which points on the surface of a sphere
or spheroid, are developed by Mercator
Principles on a cylinder tangent along a
meridian.
8. Transverse Mercator Projection
PRELIM EXAMINATION