Unit 9: Refraction of Light in Lenses • Grade 10

Lesson 9.2
Converging Lens
Table of Contents

Learning Competency 2
Learning Objectives 2
Suggested Time Frame 2
Essential Questions 2
Prerequisite Topics 2
Lesson Proper 3
A. Introduction to the Lesson 3
B. Discussion 7
C. Practice & Feedback 22
Assess Performance 23
Synthesis 25
Bibliography 26
 Unit 9: Refraction of Light in Lenses • Grade 10

Unit 9 | Refraction of Light in Lenses

Lesson 9.2: Converging Lens

Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency (competencies) should be
met by the students.
● predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of
images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses (S10FE-IIg-50).

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
● distinguish between a converging and diverging lens;
● apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the characteristics and positions of
images formed by lenses; and
● understand how the different types of lenses form images.

Suggested Time Frame

1 session/s (or approximately 50 minutes)

Essential Questions
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to answer the following questions.

● What do different lenses do?

● What are the characteristics of images formed by the converging lens?

Prerequisite Topics
The students should know the following prerequisite topics before proceeding with the
lesson.
● Refraction (Science 8, Lesson 6.4: Phenomena Involving Light Waves)
● Refractive Index (Science 10, Lesson 9.1: Refraction of Light)

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 Unit 9: Refraction of Light in Lenses • Grade 10

Lesson Proper
A. Introduction to the Lesson
Start the lesson by introducing the following concepts and/or asking the following
questions to the students. The suggested activities after the questions may also be done in
class. You may use any of the suggested activities below.

1. Recall the process of refraction and how light bends when it encounters a different
medium. What is refraction? How does refraction occur?
a. Refraction occurs due to the differences in density between the two media.
b. When waves are refracted, they change their speed as they pass across the
boundary between two media. This results in their change in direction,
known as refraction.
c. The extent of change in the direction of light depends on the refractive index.
d. Emphasize that rays passing through lenses get refracted because they
encounter a change in refractive index.

2. Recall the definition of convex mirrors. How do convex mirrors produce images?
a. A convex mirror is a curved mirror wherein the reflecting surface is on the
outer surface of the sphere so that the center of the mirror bulges towards
the viewer.
b. This mirror focuses light away from the focal point that is why it is called a
diverging mirror.
c. In order to find where an image will be located when an object is placed in
front of a mirror, a technique called ray diagramming is used.
d. Briefly recall the process of ray diagramming and emphasize that it will be
used to locate images formed by concave mirrors. You can also recall
Fermat’s Principle of Least Time which states that the path which light
travels is the one that uses the shortest time.

3. To introduce the lesson, try to ask your students to differentiate a lens and a mirror.
What is the difference between a lens and a mirror? Where are lenses used?
a. Lenses are transparent materials that bend light through refraction.
b. Refracting light has numerous uses, most notable of which are in magnifying
glasses and microscopes. In order to stimulate the students, you may use
Option A, B or C.

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 Unit 9: Refraction of Light in Lenses • Grade 10

Option A: The Magnifying Glass

In this activity, students will observe the image produced by a magnifying glass.

Duration: approximately 10 minutes

Teacher’s Preparation:
● Remind the students to bring the necessary materials

Materials:
● magnifying glass
● printed letter “e”

Procedure:
1. Observe the letter “e” from the lens of a magnifying glass
2. Compare the actual letter “e” (object) to the image that you can see using
the lens.
3. Change the distance of the magnifying glass from the object. Observe.

Guide Questions:
1. Compare the image you can see on the magnifying glass the object. What
happened to the size of the letter? The letter was magnified.
2. Is there a point in which you were not able to see any image from the
magnifying glass? Where is it? Yes, the distance, in which there is no image
can be formed, cannot be identified without computing or ray diagramming.
3. Does the quality and characteristics of the image constant? Where does the
quality and characteristics of the image depend? The quality and
characteristics of the image produced is not constant. It depends on the
distance of the magnifying glass and the object.

Teacher’s Notes
This activity introduces the capability of converging lenses to form images with
different characteristics, depending on the focal length. You can process the
findings of the students later on during the discussion.

Option B: The Sun and The Magnifying Glass

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 Unit 9: Refraction of Light in Lenses • Grade 10

In this activity, students will observe the effect of a focused light ray

Duration: approximately 5 minutes

Teacher’s Preparation:
● reminder to the students to bring the necessary materials

Materials:
● magnifying glass
● dry leaf
● water/ fire extinguisher

Procedure:
1. Go to an open field or to the school ground without a lot of fire hazard
objects around you (e.g. cemented ground).
2. Ask the students to get a piece of dry leaf and go back to the venue within 2
minutes.
3. Using the magnifying glass, focus the light ray of the sun to form a very
small point on to the dry leaf by moving the magnifying glass. Observe
4. Make sure that the students will not look at the sun using the magnifying
glass. Do not let them put their hands on the way of the path of the focused
light ray.
5. Submerge the dry leaves into the bucket of water.

Guide Questions:
1. What happened to the light rays from the sun as it entered the magnifying
glass? The magnifying glass focused the light ray into one small point.
2. What happened to the dry leaf when you put it under the focused light ray?
The dry leaf started to be very hot and was ignited with fire in a few
seconds.
3. What is the shape of a magnifying glass? Its middle is wider than its ends.
4. Do you think if the magnifying glass was not shaped as you describe in
number 3, will it still be able to focus light? Depending on the way it is
shaped. As long as it is a convex lens, it can still focus light.

Teacher’s Notes
Make sure before going back to the classroom, for processing, that all of the dry
leaves are submerged into the water to avoid fire disaster.

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Option C: Microscope
In this activity, students will observe the image produced by a microscope.

Duration: approximately 10 minutes

Quipper Reference: Lesson 9.2: Converging Lens; warm-up activity on pages 14.

Teacher’s Preparation:
● acquisition of materials

Materials:
● an objective lens of a microscope (10x or 4x)
● printed letter “e”

Procedure:
1. Observe the letter “e” under the objective lens of a microscope.
2. Compare the actual letter “e” (object) to the image that you can see using
the lens.

Guide Questions:
1. What are the differences between the actual letter “e” and the image of the
letter “e” formed by the lens? The letter which was viewed on the lens is
inverted and laterally reversed.
2. What happened to the size of the letter? The letter was magnified
3. What is the orientation of the letter vertically? Horizontally? It was vertically
and horizontally reversed.

Teacher’s Notes
You can already set the microscope up before the start of the class. From here,
let the students discuss among themselves why they see the cutout letter in such
a way.

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Web Box
1. As an alternative, ask the students to visit the following website:

● Applications of Converging Lens

TutorVista.com. 2019. ‘Applications of Lenses’.
https://physics.tutorvista.com/light/applications-of-lenses.html

2. In this activity, the students will read several applications of lenses. They
can also watch a video explaining how lenses produce an image.
3. Let the students explore the website for several minutes by taking notes of
the necessary information.
4. After 10 minutes, ask them to create a table such as below:

Application Object-lens Image-lens Image

distance distance description

camera

projector

magnifying glass

B. Discussion
Start the discussion of the lesson by using the flow below. You can do the suggested
activities which are incorporated below.
1. Start with the definition of a convex lens and how it is different from other lenses.
Discuss the different parts of a converging lens. Use Slides 3 to 6 of the
presentation file to supplement the discussion. What is a convex lens? What is the
shape of a convex lens?
a. Converging lenses bulge at the middle and thins at the edges. They are also
called convex lenses.
b. A converging lens focuses parallel light rays from infinity to a single
converging point. This is known as the focal point or focus.

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c. A convex lens has different parts:

i. Vertex – the center of the lens
ii. Principal axis – the horizontal line that intersects the vertex
iii. Focal point – the point where all of the light rays are focused on
iv. Focal length (F) – distance from the focal point to the vertex
v. Center of curvature (2F) – twice the distance of the focal point from
the vertex. It is the radius of the circle which the lens was derived
from.
d. Use Option A for the students to label the parts of a convex lens.

Option A: Label Me!

In this activity, the students will label the different parts of a convex lens.

Duration: approximately 5 minutes

Teacher’s preparation:
● printing of a blank diagram of a converging lens (alternatively, a blank
diagram can be shown in a slide projected to the class or can be drawn on
the board)

Procedure:
1. Show the following diagram to the class
2. Ask one student to label a part in the diagram
3. Call another student until the diagram is fully labeled.
4. You can ask the students to explain each part after they have labeled
it.

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Answer Key:

Teacher’s Notes
After the activity, you can already highlight the parts by repeating the
explanations of the students in a clearer manner.

2. Recall at this point that the image formed by a lens can be characterized in terms of
its LOST. Use Slide 7 to 8 of the presentation guide. What does the acronym LOST
mean in optics?
a. Location is the image’s position relative to the object and the lens.
b. Orientation is either upright or inverted.

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c. Size of the image can be reduced, magnified, or the same as the object.
d. Type can either be real or virtual.
i. A real image is an image formed with the actual rays of light.
ii. A virtual image is an image formed from imaginary extensions of
these rays of light.

3. Discuss ray diagramming on convex lenses. Use slides 9 to 21 of the presentation

file to facilitate the discussion. How to use ray diagramming in determining the image
formed by a convex lens?
a. The image formed by a converging lens can be predicted using also the ray
diagram method
i. First, a simple outline of the lens is drawn with a horizontal axis
passing through the middle of it or the principal axis.

ii. The positions of the focuses F, with equal distances from the lens, on
both sides of the lens was marked.

iii. The first ray was drawn parallel to the axis from the top of the object
to the lens and deflected down towards the focal point. This is known
as the principal ray.

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iv. The second ray is drawn passing through the focal point to the lens.
This ray is then deflected through the lens in a direction parallel to the
principal axis. This is known as the focal ray.

v. The third ray was drawn straight from the top of the arrow (the object)
through the middle of the lens without deflection. This is also known
as the central ray.

vi. The image is formed at the point where the three rays intersect.

vii. Describe the image using LOST. In the given example, the image can
be described as real, inverted, reduced in size, and formed at the
image side of the lens.

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b. Use the following examples:

Example 1:
Determine the location and characteristics of the image of the arrow using
ray diagramming techniques in the given illustration below.

Solution:
Step 1 Draw the principal ray.

Step 2 Draw the focal ray.

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Step 3 Draw the central ray.

Step 4 Draw the image formed on the intersection of lines.

Therefore, the image which is inverted, real and reduced is formed at the
other side of the lens.

Example 2:
What is the orientation, size, and type of image formed from the object
positioned in front of a converging lens below?

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Solution:
Step 1 Draw the principal ray.

Step 2 Draw the central ray.

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Step 3 Extend rays using imaginary lines to see if there is an

intersection.

Therefore, placing the object at the focal point of the lens will
not produce an image.

Example 3:
What is the orientation, size, and type of image formed from the object
positioned in front of a converging lens (biconvex lens) if the object’s distance
from the mirror is 20 cm and the focal point of the lens is 40 cm?

Solution:
Step 1 Draw the diagram for the situation.

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Step 2 Draw the principal ray.

Step 3 Draw the central ray.

Step 4 Extend rays using imaginary lines to see if there is an

intersection.

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Step 5 Draw the image on the intersection of lines.

The image is formed at the same side of the lens as the object.
It appears upright, magnified and it is a virtual image.

c. Use Option B as a practice exercise in class.

Option B: Ray It Again!

In this activity, the students will show the image formed by a convex lens using ray
diagrams.

Duration: approximately 10 minutes

Teacher’s Preparation:
● prepare a blank convex lens diagram

Materials:
● chalk or pens (different colors: red, green and blue)
● ruler

Procedure:
1. For each problem, ask three students to draw the principal ray, focal ray,
and central ray.
2. For each ray, make sure to use different colors of chalk or pen.

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a. red for principal ray

b. blue for focal ray
c. green for central ray
3. You can give the following problems:

a. Given the illustration below, determine the location and

characteristics of the image of the arrow using ray diagramming
techniques.

b. What is the orientation, size, and type of image formed from the
diagram below?

c. What is the orientation, size, and type of image formed from the
diagram below?

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Answer Key
a. At the left of the lens, inverted, enlarged and real.
b. No image will form.
c. At the right of the lens, upright, enlarged and virtual.

Teacher’s Notes
You can ask a student if there is any pattern that he can see with the image
produced by a convex lens.

d. Alternatively, you can use Option C to show more scenarios easily in a

quicker span of time.

Option C: E-lens!
In this activity, the students will describe the image formed by a converging lens.

Duration: approximately 10 minutes

Teacher’s Preparation:
● The teacher may reserve the computer laboratory room for this activity.

Materials:
● laptop/ tablet
● paper
● pen

Procedure:
1. Ask the students to be grouped with three members each.
2. Access the following link:

● Converging Lens
Nerd Island Studios. 2014. “Lenses and Mirrors”.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Refrac
tion-and-Lenses/Optics-Bench/Optics-Bench-Refraction-Interac
tive

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3. Once they click the link, ask them to select converging lens. A screenshot of
the simulation is shown below.

4. Change the distance of the object from the lens and fill out the following
table.

Location of object Description of image

Between F and vertex L

O
S
T

At F L
O
S
T

Between F and 2F L
O
S

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At 2F L
O
S
T

Beyond 2F L
O
S
T

Answer Key:

Location of object Description of image

Between F and vertex L left of the lens

O upright
S enlarged
T virtual

At F No image formed

Between F and 2F L right of the lens

O inverted
S enlarged
T real

At 2F L right of the lens

O inverted
S same size
T real

Beyond 2F L right of the lens

O inverted
S reduced
T real

Teacher’s Notes
After the activity, you can ask five groups to share their findings to the class.

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Web Box
Converging Lens
Before watching the video, ask students the
following pre-viewing questions:
1. Why type of lens is used for different
eye problems?
2. What phenomenon governs lenses?

Instead of just watching the video, ask the

students to take down notes, respond to
questions posted after watching the video
offline or online using forms, focus group
discussions, or other possible strategies.

The teacher may also pause the video to add

additional details or ask questions to check
understanding.

After the video, ask students the following

post-viewing questions:
1. Why are lenses necessary in
correcting eye defects?
2. What happens to light as it passes
through a converging lens?
3. What are the characteristics of the
image formed by a converging lens?

Link to the downloadable presentation slides: 9.2: Converging Lens

C. Practice & Feedback

Use the following strategies to assess student understanding.

1. Ask the students to draw the ray diagram of the following object’s location and
ask them to describe the image using LOST. You can go around the room in order to
provide feedback on their work and to guide them about their diagrams.

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a.
Image description: ____________________________________________________

b.
Image description: ____________________________________________________

c.
Image description: ________________________________________________

Assess Performance
Use the following strategies to assess student understanding.

1. Ask the students to draw the ray diagrams of the following situations.
Afterwards, it will be checked and graded.
a. Draw the ray diagram of an object placed 2 cm away from a lens with a 1 cm
focus. Determine the image’s location, orientation, size and type.

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 Unit 9: Refraction of Light in Lenses • Grade 10

b. Draw the ray diagram of an object placed 2 cm away from a lens with a 2 cm
focus. Determine the image’s location, orientation, size, and type.
c. Draw the ray diagram of an object placed 2 cm away from a lens with a .5 cm
focus. Determine the image’s location, orientation, size, and type.

Answer key:
a. Right of the lens, inverted, the same, real
b. Right of the lens, inverted, enlarged, real
c. Right of the lens, inverted, reduced, real

2. Use the Check Your Understanding section in the study guide pages 25 to 26.
Students may answer it in their notebooks and will be checked and graded
afterwards. Choose only selected items if not possible due to time.
A. Given the following diagrams of the object in each situation, identify which
region will the image appear. Also, describe the characteristic of the image
according to orientation, size, and type. Encircle the correct answer in each
item. (Note: the focal point is located at the intersection of the principal axis
and region boundary)

1. Orientation upright / inverted

2. Size magnified / diminished / same height
3. Type real / virtual
4. Region the image will appear A/B/C/D

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5. Orientation upright / inverted

6. Size magnified / diminished / same height
7. Type real / virtual
8. Region the image will appear A/B/C/D

9. Orientation upright / inverted

10. Size magnified / diminished / same height
11. Type real / virtual
12. Region the image will appear A/B/C/D

B. Complete the following anagram.

1. mirror: reflection :: lens: refraction
2. type (convex): real :: orientation (convex): inverted
3. real: actual rays :: virtual: extension of rays

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3. If time permits, you can ask the students to answer the following assessments:
Recall Worksheet (Level 1) 10-item recall quiz
Appendix A1. Assess-Recall Worksheet

Comprehension Worksheet 10-points guided assessment

(Level 2) Appendix A2. Assess-Comprehension Worksheet

Application Worksheet (Level 10-points Essay

3) Appendix A3. Assess-Application Worksheet

Synthesis
Use the following strategies to the end of the session.
1. Summarize the lesson by asking the following questions.
a. How can refraction applies to lenses? Air and lens have different refractive
indices. Light will bend as it passes through the lens from air, as well as when
it exits the lens.
b. What are the uses of lenses in real life? Lenses are used in optical devices
such as cameras, microscopes, and telescopes.
c. What happens to light as it passes through converging lenses? Light bends as
it passes through any lens. Light rays converge when they pass through a
converging lens. Ray diagramming can be used to trace the path travelled by
light in converging lenses.
2. To further deepen understanding, you may also ask the following.
a. How do converging lens form images? Converging lens or convex lens form
images by converging light at a point.
b. What are the common applications in devices of converging lens? Converging
lens are usually used in microscopes and eyeglasses (for hyperopic eye).
c. Can converging lenses form an upright image? How? Yes. The eyepiece lens
of a microscope actually forms an upright image of the image formed by the
objective lens.
d. What is the difference between a converging lens and diverging lens? A
converging lens converges light while a diverging lens diverges light.
e. Where will the image of an object which is located at the focal point of a
biconvex lens appear? Prove your answer by drawing the ray diagram. When
the object is located at the focal point of a biconvex lens, no image will be
formed.

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3. As an assignment, ask your students to research on how converging lenses in the

following items are used.
a. Human eye: Humans can see because of the lens in the eye. It is a
transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps
to refract light to be focused on the retina.
b. Camera: A camera lens is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in
conjunction with a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects.
c. Projector: An optical device that projects an image (or moving images) onto a
surface.
d. Microscope: A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too
small to be seen by the naked eye.

Bibliography
Breithaupt, Jim, et.al. 2015. Essential Physics for Cambridge IGCSE. Oxford University Press.

Glover, Francisco and Quirino, Sugon. 2017. An Introduction to Physics. C&E Publishing Inc.

Hewitt, Paul G. 2010. Conceptual Physics (11th ed). New York: Pearson Education.

Laurel-Sotto, Rosario. 2005. Science in Today’s World Series. SIBS Publishing House, Inc.

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Appendix A1. Recall Worksheet (with Answer

Key)
Instructions: Choose the best answer.

Question 1 The point on the lens’ surface

What do you call the point on the lens’ surface where the principal axis meets the
where the principal axis meets the mirror? mirror is known as the vertex.

vertex
focal point
center of curvature
focal length

Question 2 The line passing through the center

What do you call the line passing through the of the sphere and through the
center of the sphere and through the centers of centers of curvature of all the
curvature of all segments of the lens? segments of the lens is called the
principal axis.
principal axis
vertex
center of curvature
focal point

Question 3 The lens is a light gathering device.

What do you call a piece of glass or other It is a transparent piece of glass
transparent substance with curved sides? that is used for dispersing or
converging light rays.
lens
mirror
medium
curved transparency

Question 4 The two types of lenses are called

Which of the following correctly describes the two converging and diverging lenses.
types of lenses? These two lenses are used

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 Unit 9: Refraction of Light in Lenses • Grade 10

converging and diverging differently depending on its

convex and converging application.
concave and diverging
converging and dispersing

Question 5 A magnifying glass is a convex lens

Which of the following is an example of a that is used to produce a magnified
converging lens? image of an object.

magnifying glass
curved mirror
convex mirror
microscope

Question 6 The three types of converging

Which of the following is not a type of converging lenses are bi-convex, plano-convex,
lenses? and meniscus convex lens. These
lenses can converge light rays
plano-concave lens towards its focus.
plano-convex lens
bi-convex lens
meniscus convex lens

Question 7 When light rays pass through a

Which of the following does the converging lens converging lens, the lens focuses
do when light passes through it? the parallel light rays on one point.
This point is called the focus.
The lens focuses the parallel light rays on one
point.
The lens moves the light ray away from one point
The lens will focus all of the light towards its
center
The lens disperses the parallel light rays to
prevent them from meeting at one point.

Question 8 When the object is placed at the

At which point are you going to place an object in focus, all the light rays that will
order for the lens not to produce an image? pass through the lens will be

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at F parallel. Therefore, there will be no

between F and 2F image.
at 2F
at the vertex

Question 9 For objects located between the

What happens to the image formed by light rays
from an object placed at a location between the
converging lens and the focus point?
The image will be upright and magnified.
The image will be inverted and reduced in size.
The image will be upright and reduced in size.
The image will be inverted and magnified.
focus point and the lens, the image
produced is a virtual image. It will
be upright and enlarged since the
image will be located behind the
object, situated somewhere further
from the lens.

Question 10 The central ray is the second ray to

Where does the central ray immediately pass be drawn in the ray diagram. It
through? passes through the vertex or the
center of the lens.
vertex
focus
center of curvature
principal axis

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Appendix A2. Comprehension Worksheet

(With Answer Key)
Instructions: Describe the characteristics of the images formed in each setup by fill out the
table below. Remember that L is location, O is orientation, S is size, and T is the type of the
image.

Location of object Description of image

At F L
O
S
T

Between F and 2F L
O
S
T

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Beyond 2F L
O
S
T

Answer Key:

Location of object Description of image

At F No image formed.

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Between F and 2F L right of the lens

O inverted
S enlarged
T real

Beyond 2F L right of the lens

O inverted
S reduced
T real

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Appendix A3. Application Worksheet (With

Answer Key)
Instructions: Answer the following questions.

1. Draw the ray diagram of an object placed at the focus of a biconvex lens.
Afterwards, describe the image.

When the object is located at the focal point of a biconvex lens, no image will be
formed.

2. Identify applications of a converging lens. Where are the objects located in these
applications?

Answers may vary (e.g. projector: object-lens distance is between F and 2F).

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