Chapter 9 Magnetism

Attracted?
Magnets
Properties
Have magnetic .. or not?
fields around
them.
N S
 Attracted?
Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
Have magnetic attract. .. may be?
fields around
them.
N S
 Attracted?
Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
attract.
Have magnetic .. possibly?
fields around
them.
N S Exert little or
no force on a
non-magnetic
material.
 Attracted?
Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
attract.
Have magnetic .. hopefully?
fields around
them.
N S Exert little or
no force on a
non-magnetic
Attract magnetic
materials by N material.
inducing magnetism
in them.

Iron Steel
 Attracted?
Magnets
Have two opposite poles (N & S)
Properties – like poles repel, unlike poles
attract.
Have magnetic .. mmmm?
fields around
them.
N S Exert little or
no force on a
non-magnetic
Attract magnetic
material.
materials by
inducing magnetism
S
N S
in them.
N N
Poles induced in both iron and steel.
 Attracted?
Magnets
Properties Have two opposite poles (N & S)
– like poles repel, unlike poles
Have magnetic attract. YES!!!
fields around
them.
N S Exert little or
no force on a
non-magnetic
Attract magnetic
material.
materials by
inducing magnetism N S

N
in them.
Iron loses
Steel retains magnetism
magnetism – it was
– it became a permanent
only a temporary
Magnets – make your own!
How strong is it?

N S
Not very. S

Placing a piece of steel near a magnet

makes it permanently magnetised,
but its magnetism is usually weak.
Magnets – make your own! S
How strong is it?

Wide sweep away

N
Getting stronger. from the steel

N S
Induced poles
The magnet can be magnetized more
strongly by stroking it with one end
of a magnet
Magnets – make your own!
How strong is it?

Steel

Strongest!
Coil

The best way of magnetizing is to

place the steel bar in a long coil of
wire and pass a large, direct (one
way) current through the coil. The
coil has a magnetic effect which
magnetizes the steel.
 Magnets – how do they work?

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic?
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it
magnetic?
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it In an unmagnetized material,
magnetic? the tiny electrons, or atomic
magnets point in random
directions.
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it When the material becomes
magnetic? magnetized, more and more
of the tiny atomic magnets
line up with each other. They
act as one BIG magnet.
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it If a magnet is hit with a hammer,
magnetic? the tiny atomic magnets get
thrown out of line again, so the
material becomes demagnetised.
 Magnets – how do they work?
We need to look closely at what
is happening to the particles
(electrons) inside the magnet.

Just what is N S
happening inside
the magnet to
make it If a magnet is hit with a hammer,
magnetic? the tiny atomic magnets get
thrown out of line again, so the A magnet will also
material becomes demagnetised. become demagnetized
if heated to high
Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic material – can be
magnetized, and is attracted to
magnets. Strongly magnetic
materials contain iron, nickel or
cobalt (eg. Steel is mainly iron).
 Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic material – can be
magnetized, and is attracted to
magnets. Strongly magnetic
materials contain iron, nickel or
cobalt (eg. Steel is mainly iron).

Ferromagnets
Hard magnetic materials, eg. Steel,
alloys (Alcomax, Magnadur). Difficult
to magnetise, but do not lose their
magnetism. Used for permanent
magnets.
 Magnetic and non-magnetic
Magnetic material – can be
Non-magnetic materials.
magnetized, and is attracted to
Metals (brass, copper,
magnets. Strongly magnetic
zinc, tin and aluminium);
materials contain iron, nickel or
non-metals.
cobalt (eg. Steel is mainly iron).

Ferromagnets
Hard magnetic materials, eg. Steel,
alloys (Alcomax, Magnadur). Difficult
to magnetise, but do not lose their
magnetism. Used for permanent
magnets.
Soft magnetic materials, eg. Iron,
Mumetal. Relatively easy to
magnetise, but magnetism is
temporary. Used in electromagnets
and transformers.
Magnetic fields
Magnetic fields
Iron filings sprinkled
around a magnet

Magnetic field lines

around the magnet
Magnetic fields
Iron filings sprinkled
around a magnet

Field lines run from the

north pole (N) to the
south pole (S). The
magnetic field is
strongest where the field
Magnetic field lines lines are closer together.
around the magnet
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.

.
.
.
.
N S
Magnetic fields
Using a plotting compass to find
the field lines.
 Magnetic fields
Interactions between magentic
fields

When unlike poles are placed near

each other, their magnetic fields
combine to produce a single field of
almost uniform strength.
http://www.homofaciens.de/technics-magnetic-field-energy_en_navion.htm
 Magnetic fields Neutral point

Interactions between magentic fields

When like poles are placed near each

When unlike poles are placed near other, their magnetic fields cancel
each other, their magnetic fields each other, and there is a neutral
combine to produce a single field of point where the combined field
almost uniform strength. strength is zero.
 Homework
Textbook pg 296 Qs 1 -4
Workbook - Pg 184 - 187
 WB pg 184
1. W

X X
S N

(a)
N S

(b) N N or S S
 9.1B
1.(a) The area where the effects of magnet can
be detected
(b) a magnetic compass will turn according to
the position of the magnetic object. The
needle will point in the direction of magnetic
field line.
 9.1 B
2(a) As the magnet is moving towards direction A,
the strength will decrease

(b) the magnetic strength will get weaker as it

moves towards the center of the magnet. But it will
get stronger again when it arrives at another pole.
 9.1 C
1.Repel, attract
2.Place two magnets on a surface with the two
south poles facing each other. Place a piece of
paper over both magnets and sprinkle iron filings
on the paper. The magnetic field can be seen.
 The Earth’s Magnetic Field
geomagnetic field - the magnetic field that
extends from Earth's interior out into space
 Magnes the shepherd -
mythological figure
Magnes was herding his sheep through the mountains.
Suddenly he noticed the ferrule of his stick and nails in
his sandals got stuck to a rock.
The iron in his stick and nails had become attracted to
the magnetic rock.
The stone was named magnetite (natural occurring
magnet)
 The Chinese
Discovered that a small needle of lodestone, split
off the rock can be made to float on water.
When allowed to float, the needle of lodestone
always turned to point in the same direction.
Magnetite is one of the three
natural occurring oxides of
iron.

It gets attracted to magnets

and can be easily
magnetized to form a
permanent magnet.

Naturally magnetized pieces

of magnetite are called
loadstone.
The Earth’s magnetic field
The Earth’s magnetic field is like
that around a very large, but very
weak, bar magnet.
The Earth’s magnetic field
The Earth’s magnetic field is like
that around a very large, but very
weak, bar magnet.

A compass ‘north’ end points

north. But a north pole is always
attracted to a south pole, so the
Earth’s magnetic south pole must
actually be in the north.
The Earth’s magnetic field
The Earth’s magnetic field is like
that around a very large, but very
weak, bar magnet.

A compass ‘north’ end points

north. But a north pole is always
attracted to a south pole, so the
Earth’s magnetic south pole must
actually be in the north.

The Earth’s magnetic north is

actually over 1200km away from
the true geographic north pole.
 The Earth’s magnetic field
Over a period of
time the Earth’s The Earth’s magnetic field is like
magnetic pole will that around a very large, but very
‘flip’. weak, bar magnet.

A compass ‘north’ end points

north. But a north pole is always
attracted to a south pole, so the
Earth’s magnetic south pole must
actually be in the north.
The Earth’s magnetic north is
actually over 1200km away from
the true geographic north pole.
 The Earth’s magnetic field
Over a period of The Earth’s magnetic field is like
time the Earth’s that around a very large, but very
magnetic pole will weak, bar magnet.
‘flip’.
A compass ‘north’ end points
north. But a north pole is always
attracted to a south pole, so the
Earth’s magnetic south pole must
actually be in the north.

The Earth’s magnetic north is

In the last 10 million years, there actually over 1200km away from
have been, on average, 4 or 5 ‘flips’ the true geographic north pole.
per million years.
The Earth’s magnetic field
The Earth’s magnetic field causes
natural appearance of light visible
in the night sky.
 Textbook Page 303
1. Compass
2. North because the pole of the Earth’s magnetic field
close to the geographical north is a south pole.
3. It is so small that it can be ignored
4. (a) Inner core
(b) iron
5. (b) The magnetic lines will point from Earth’s magnetic
south to north and the magnetic compass will point
towards the geographical north poles.
 Workbook pg 187
Exercise 9.2 A
1.The …… not always been in the same positions
The ….are similar to the poles of a bar magnet
2.The Earth’s ……. all around the earth.
3.Inner core / core
4.(a) Iron
(b) Nickel
 Workbook pg 188
Exercise 9.2 B
1. Geographical north

2. South (opposite poles attract)

3. (a) stroking method can be used. The needle can be stroked

with the magnet in the same direction for several times.

(b) float the magnetised needle on a cork or suspend it
horizontally using a thread. The needle will point towards
the poles opposite to the Earth magnetic field for attraction.
The direction can be further confirmed with a compass.
1.Attach the string to the middle
of the magnet using adhesive
tape.
2.Hang the bar magnet so it is
horizontal and supported from
the wooden clamp stand.
Allow the magnet to turn.
3.The magnet will slowly align
close to the geographic north-
south direction.
 Wkbk pg 191 - Exercise 9.2C
1.The strength of magnetic field 1 cm from the
end of a bar magnet
Reason: the Earth’s magnetic field will not
make a paper clip move but when 1 cm from
the end of a bar magnet, a paper clip will
move
 Wkbk pg 192
2. (a) 4
(b) 10 000 / 4 = 2500
(e) 41 000 units
Electromagnets
Distinguish between
the design and use
of permanent
magnets and
electromagnets
Electromagnets

Unlike bar magnets, which are

permanent magnets, the
magnetism of electromagnets
can be turned on and off.
 Electromagnets

Unlike bar magnets, which are

permanent magnets, the
magnetism of electromagnets
can be turned on and off.
Permanent magnet uses:
1. Needles of compasses.
2. Fridge door seals, holding the doors
closed.
3. Loudspeakers and microphones.
 Electromagnets
When a current flows through the
coil it produces a magnetic field.
This field is temporary and is lost
when the current is switched off.

switch battery
Unlike bar magnets, which are
permanent magnets, the coil
magnetism of electromagnets
can be turned on and off. Soft iron
core

Permanent magnet uses:

1. Needles of compasses.
2. Fridge door seals, holding the doors closed.
3. Loudspeakers and microphones.
 Electromagnets
Permanent magnet uses:
1. Needles of compasses.
2. Fridge door seals, holding the doors
closed.
3. Loudspeakers &microphones.

switch battery
Unlike bar magnets, which are
permanent magnets, the
magnetism of electromagnets coil
can be turned on and off. Soft iron
core
When a current flows through the coil it produces Strength increased by:
a magnetic field. This field is temporary and is - Increasing the current
lost when the current is switched off. - Increasing number of turns
 Electromagnets When a current flows through the coil it
produces a magnetic field. This field is
temporary and is lost when the current is
switched off.
Uses: scrapyard electromagnets, circuit
breakers, relays, electric bells.
battery
switch
Unlike bar magnets, which are
permanent magnets, the coil
magnetism of electromagnets
can be turned on and off. Soft iron
core
Permanent magnet uses:
Strength increased by:
1. Needles of compasses.
- Increasing the current
2. Fridge door seals, holding the doors closed.
- Increasing number of turns
3. Loudspeakers & microphones.
 How to determine the poles?

Method 1: Use a magnetic compass

- The magnetic compass will point along a magnetic field
lines, from North pole to South pole
Method 2: Use a bar magnet with known poles
- Opposite poles attract and like poles repel
 [For your knowledge only: NOT EXAMINATION]
Method 3: Right-hand grip rule
- In an electric circuit, the current flows from
positive to negative terminal. (Electrons are
negative, it is attracted to the positive terminal!)
 Can you reverse the poles?
Method 1: Wrap the coil around in opposite direction

Method 2: Reverse the connection on the cell or power supply in opposite

direction
Electromagnets
 Txtbk Pg 309
1.Iron and steel
2.Magnetic means that it can be attracted to a
magnet
Magnetised means that it can be turned into a
temporary magnet
3.Electromagnet requires the use of electricity / flow
of current and it can switch on and off
Permanent magnet does not need electricity and it
works all time
4. 5.
(a) Electric bell, toaster, MRI
scanner, controlling a fire door,
lifting scrap metal

(b)Electric bell is not suitable with

permanent magnet because it
will constantly ring.
 Workbook pg 193 - Ex 9.3A
1. (a) (1) Iron nail / steel nail
(2) wire to make the coil
(b) steel paperclips

2. Steel and iron

3. The electromagnet uses current / electricity to work. It can
be switch on and off.
Permanent magnet does not need electricity and it cannot
be switch on and off
 Workbook pg 194 - Ex 9.3B
1.toaster / lifting or sorting scrap metal/ electric
bell/ electric motor/ holding fire door open.
2.(a) When the switch is close, current will be
able to pass through and the iron nail is
magnetised. The pins are magnetic and will be
attracted to the nail.
 Workbook pg 194 - Ex 9.3B
2. (b) When the switch is opened, the iron nail is no longer
magnetised and hence, the pins will fall off the nail.

(c) He can bring compasses near to the magnet and if the needle
points towards the end of the nail, it is south. If the compasses point
away from the end of the nail, it is north.

Or
Bring an identified poles of magnet closed to it. If it attracts, it is
south, if it repels, it is north (vice versa)
 Workbook pg 196 - Ex 9.3C
1.(a) This is because unless we tested it with
compass or another magnet, it could be south
pole too.
(b) Bring the north pole of a bar magnet
towards the end of the iron nail. If they repel,
then the end of iron nail is north. If they
attract, the end of iron nail is south.
 Workbook pg 196 - Ex 9.3C
(c) The coil could be coiled in a reverse way to
reverse the poles of magnet

The battery could also be inserted in an opposite

direction.
 Investigating electromagnets
Three things needed to make an electromagnet:
- A coil of wire
- A magnetic core inside the coil
- An electric current flowing in the coil.
 Investigating electromagnets
Three factors affecting electromagnet:
- The number of turns in the coil

The more turns in the coil, the stronger the electromagnet

- A magnetic core inside the coil

Iron and steel - strongest electromagnets

- An electric current flowing in the coil.

The greater the current, the stronger the electromagnet

Ways to increase the strength of an
electromagnet
Increase the number of turns

Independent V:
The number of turns on the coil
Control V:
The size of current and the type of
core
Ways to increase the strength of an
electromagnet
Increase the number of cells

Independent V:
The number of cells
Control V:
The no of turns and the type of core
Ways to increase the strength of an
electromagnet
Use a soft iron core in place of steel
core

Independent V:
The type of core
Control V:
The no of turns and the current
 Homework
WB page 197 - 202
TB page pg 313, 318 - 320
 TB pg 313
1.This is because scrap metals are heavier. Hence, more
force is needed to lift the metal compare to toast.
2.The current, the number of turns in the coil and the
material of the core.
3.C
4.This is because they want to create/ form stronger
electromagnet. The larger the current, the stronger the
electromagnet.
 Check Your Progress (pg 318)
9.1 B
9.2 N -> S
9.5 C
9.6 (a) electromagnet
9.7 (a) the strength will be doubled
(b) (i) the current passing through the electromagnet
(ii) The number of paperclips attached
 Check Your Progress (pg 318)
C (i) The size of current and the number of turns in
the coil.
(ii) D
 WB page 197
Exercise 9.4 A
(a)Increase; stronger.
(b)20 turns / 5 clips
(c)Repeat the experiment to make it more reliable
(d)Size of paperclips, current in the coil, material in
the core
 WB page 199
Exercise 9.4 B
(a)Material in the core; number of turns in the coil;
the size of paperclips
(b)(i) You can switch the size of current easily; the
power supply will not run down
(ii) the wire in the coil may get too hot.
(c) (i) 50 pins (ii) 12 / 13 pins
 WB page 200
Exercise 9.4 C
1.(a) the size of the current; material of core
(b) Small paperclips. It can detects smaller changes in
electromagnet strength

2.(a) The reading on the digital balance will decrease because

the iron block will be attracted up to the electromagnet.
Hence, the force down on the balance is less.
 WB page 202
Exercise 9.4 C
2. (b) decrease / get smaller

(c) This is not true because when the connection is

reversed, the current will be reversed and the poles on
the electromagnet will also be reversed. The iron block
will still be attracted to the pole close to it. Hence, the
weight will still decrease.