PreIB

physics
Topic 4:
4.1 simple phenomena of
magnetism

Dr. A.ISNARD
AAO Tle IB Physics Scolar year 2020-2021 12/11/2021
 4.1 simple phenomena of magnetism

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forces between magnets
A magnet has 2 poles (called north and south)
it is called a dipole
Opposit poles attract ➔ earth’s north is a magnetic
« south » pole and earth’s south is magnetic « north » pole

The space surrounding a magnet where it produces a

magnetic force is called a magnetic field.

3 AAO Tle IB Physics Forces are due to interactions between magnetic fields 12/11/2021
Magnetic field lines experiment

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forces between magnets and magnetic materials
Magnets attract strongly only certain magnetic materials such
as iron, steel, nickel and cobalt.
Iron The word “magnetic materials” is used only for ferromagnetic
filings materials
Materials not attracted to magnets are non magnetic materials
Hard (permanent) magnetic Soft (temporary) magnetic materials
materials
Cannot be easily magnetized and Are easily magnetized and demagnetized
demagnetized
Used to make permanent magnets Used to make electromagnets
Steel, Iron-nickel-aluminum alloys copper- Soft Iron, Iron-silicon alloys, ferrite
nickel-iron alloys, copper-nickel-cobalt Fe2O3XO (WhereX is Mn,Zn, Co, Ni, etc.
alloys ).
Induced magnetism : happens when a non magnetized material is put in a magnetic field.
After the seperation, the material either goes back to its magnetized state or
AAO Tle IB Physics remains magnetized (permanently or temporarily). 12/11/2021
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Magnestim is also induced when an electric current flows through a conductor
Permanent magnets and electromagnets

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 Methods of mangetisation
❑ Stroking : A bar of steel can
be magnetised by stroking it
with a bar magnet. The N pole
and a S pole are induced.

❑ Hammering : If a steel bar is placed so that it lies in the direction of the magnetic field lines of a strong
magnet and then hammered gently, its internal structure will begin to line up in the direction of the
field. The steel bar itself becomes magnetized. The effect can be increased by slightly heating the steel
bar first.
❑ Electrical method : A bar of steel or iron can be magnetised by placing
it in a coil of wire (solenoid). Passing a d.c. (direct current) through the
wire will magnetise the bar.

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Methods of demagnetisation

❑ Hammering : a magnet in the absence of a magnetic field causes demagnetization.

❑ Heating : beyond a certain temperature (Curie temperature)

❑ Electrical method : using an externally applied, alternating decreasing current

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