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EFFECT OF THE BACTERIA ON THE POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY ON SELF

HEALING CONCRETE

Article in Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · April 2020

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 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS
ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 05, 2020

EFFECT OF THE BACTERIA ON THE POROSITY

AND PERMEABILITY ON SELF HEALING
CONCRETE

V Narasimha Bharadwaj Kumar1 B Ramesh2 S. Amrithaganesan3

bharadwajkumarv@gmail.com
1
UG Student, department of civil engineering
2
Professor, department of civil engineering
3
Professor, department of chemistry
123
Saveetha School of Engineering(sse), Saveetha School of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai
– 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India

Received: 28 February 2020 Revised and Accepted: 06 March 2020

ABSTRACT
This review focused the studies on self-healing concrete and recorded various studies towards the
effects of bacteria on the porosity and permeability. Healing efficiency takes the lead and discussing about the
permeability, porosity, water penetration which are the causes for the damage in concrete. The self-healing
reagent makes the concrete less permeable and heals the porous layers, which in return strengthen the concrete.
Porosity, permeability, healing efficiency and water penetration of self-healing concrete in conventional areas
are getting involved. Effect of bacterial usage in healing towards the hardening concrete due to the effect on
water penetration and porosity nature of concrete and how the water take place in strength difference and crack
healing with the bacterial usage. It leads to decrease in porosity consequential in increased at strength dynamic
modulus as well as reduction at water up take. In terms of pressure loads more porosity leads to damage at
concrete structure, so we are using self-healing reagents for the improvement of concrete life and strength.
Healing efficiency may increase and also it made the precipitation of CaCo3.
Keywords Bacillus subtilis, Bacterial concrete, Crack healing, Permeability, Pore healing Porosity,
Self-healing, Water penetration

1. INTRODUCTION
As per current strategy, India is the second utmost cement usage country in world, Whereas, China
stands first. In India so many cement industries are installed up to now, as major constructions are built using
cement and other materials In concrete structure we should maintain the durability of concrete using the main
techniques in our fast moving world. Concrete is a structure material that is utilized around the world on account
of its top-notch properties. Presence of cracks not only decrease the mechanical strength and durability of
material but also affect the structure safety. Recently, many different types of bacteria have been incorporated in
the concrete formulation for crack reparation and durability improvement. The type of nutrients in the culture
media as well as bacteria have a great effect on the urease activity and therefore microbial calcite precipitation
[1]. Unless these micro-cracks can be effectively repaired, these will continue to be detrimental to the
performance and durability of concrete structures, which can lead to catastrophic failure. Permeability is also an
important index to measure self-healing efficiency. Therefore, to obtain the best and most economical self-
healing effect, and to minimize the harm of corrosive ion penetration, the study of the permeability of self-
healing concrete is necessary [2].

2. DISCUSSION:
The discussion of this study, highlighted the investigations of previous reports on the self-healing
concrete and to understand the effect of permeability, porosity and healing efficiency of the concrete. In the

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basis of the literature survey the outputs were given that, the permeability and porosity reports are decreased and
the strength of the concrete were increased. All the cracks are also filled with the calcium carbonate. The
healing efficiency were also increased as the per the proportionating of cell concentrations, the study of self-
healing of concrete is fully done and examined in laboratory. When the rate of bacterial concentration increases
simultaneously the healing rate also increases. In this study, so many authors were given the results of porosity
of the surface pores and internal voids are healed with self-healing reagents. The self-healing reagents made the
result in the form of filling with CaCO3. The Self-healing of concrete can useful in the major constructions like
harbours, ports, bridges, subterranean concrete because of its having a great healing ability.

2.1. FACTORS AND TESTS

PEMEABILITY
There are various strategies to allot the Concrete Permeability of them beneath referenced tests are
most regularly utilized
1. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test
2. Water Permeability by pressure
3. Ponding with a salt solution
During the parting test some liquid leave the cylinder and emigrated into the breaks and afterward the
example put in the relieving space to hold up till the arrangement become gel and the polyurethane froth shaped
after this chamber were inundated into the water for 3 days. Take out chamber following 3 days and dried it.
The dry chamber was fitted inside the PVC ring. During the water porousness test the vacuum immersion
permits to build up a consistent stream condition in an example which was first vacuumed in the vacuum
chamber for 2-3 hours and afterward de-mineralized water was included into the chamber. The chamber was
kept submerged totally into the water for 24 hours because of the totally drenched example the vacuum halted.
At that point chamber was taken out and get ready for the water porousness test. The entire arrangement kept
watertight with the goal that the example was in soaked state all through the entire procedure of the estimation.
The ideal opportunity for the decline the water level from h0tillhfin the glass tube was estimated for 30 days of
testing this water related with the water porousness of the broke example.
K=atln ( h0/ hf) At (1)
2.1.1 Rapid chloride permeability:
The quick chloride penetrability test was examined by methods forCTH fast trial as indicated by NT
Build 492 Nordtest strategy.
The non-steady-stade migration coefficient is obtained through Eq.2:

Eq. (2)
2.1.2 Air permeability
Air permeability was measured by using a CEMBUREAU permeameter according to XP P 18–463 and
Darcy's Law .The principle of the permeameter is based on the measurement of the flow of gas at the inlet and at
the outlet, after the pressure stabilization. The apparent permeability, Ka, is calculated as given by Eq.(3)

(3)
Where p2 is the atmospheric pressure [N/m2], Q is the volumetric gas flow rate [m3/s], L is the
thickness of specimen [m], S is the cross section of specimen [m2] and p1is the applied oxygen pressure
[N/m2].The intrinsic permeability K int is deduced from the apparent permeabilities with a correction proposed
by Klnkenberg (Eq.(4)):

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(4)
Coefficient of Klinkenberg, β, is a constant that depends mainly on the porous structure of concrete[1].
The water level of 30mm over the plastic help was chosen to build the pace of water assimilation into the
example since this water profundity could give a significant contrasts in penetrability of mortar produced using
various conditions. Noticed that the modification in water level was likewise found in different examinations for
getting the best outcomes [4].
Pitcha Jongvivatsakul[4] et.al. discussed about the water porousness estimation as far as the profundity
of water infiltration into mortar test. The mean of the most extreme infiltration porosity got from three examples
are exhibited in Fig. The results are good agreement with the graph.

2.1.3 Crack water permeability test

The fixing productivity of the recuperating operator was at first explored through stereomicroscopic
pictures has been concluded. [5]. A study on the fact of stereomicroscopic perceptions can give an sign, noted
the outcomes ought to be joined with a break porousness test all together to interface the practical property
(water porousness) with pictorial perceptions. Sphaericus bacteria with the strain number of (LMG22257), used
for self-healing concrete and grade of concrete is M10. Composition at concrete mix cement and sand are
perfectly maintained the ratios and aggregates are reduced to use for the experimental purpose. In this concrete
mix self-healing methodology makes the increase in permeability and porosity decreased for 72% .In his Exp
study majorly crack health 5.6mm.Here they concentrated in the porosity and water permeability. Each test kept
going around 10 min, so as to ensure that the water stream out of the break was steady. After the consummation
of the break porousness tests, the RWT for each arrangement of the three mended examples was determined as
follows:

(5)

Another discussion [6] deals on improvement of concrete durability with the aid of bacteria, Here they
used “Bacillus Sphaericus” he given the effects of bacterial CaCO3 precipitation on parameters affecting the
transport processes and durability of concrete and mix This research was done by the using bacteria from
Bacillus family, and the Bacteria which is most at the authors are used .The Bacillus family Bacteria’s are
mostly used in the healing as per the previous investigations .The grade of concrete is used is M10 ,In the grade
of concrete the compositions are mainly used because of strengthen and auto healed concrete transport process
and degradation process is used. The porosity and permeability level is increased. The decline in water
absorption, compared to the untreated cubes, amounted to 85%, 90% and 75% respectively for the mortar
specimens with w/c 0.5, w/c 0.6 and w/c 0.7 and the overall observations from SEM and µCT analyses indicated

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that the thickness of the calcite layer is at least between 50 and 100 µm. bio-deposition treatment resulted in an
increased resistance of mortar specimens towards degradation processes.
An investigation on the Bacterial self-healing of concrete and durability assessment made with the
usage of peptone, yeast extract and Bacillus Subtilis mixer as microbial adjuvant in concrete mix design [1] was
reported. Substantial decrease in gas permeability 70% at 210 days was found. Gas permeability decreased by
adding Bacillus sphaericus, urea and nutrients of 32% at 28 days. While in this study a 50% relative decreased.
He used bacillus subtilled Bacteria for his experimental calculation and his availability. In the state/position at
concrete .From the M20 grade at concrete. From his researches permeability decreased for the resultant method.
Another report [7] , deals with the self- healing concrete in the grade of M20 and with the usage of
bacteria the test is performed by clamping the cube specimens 152.4 mm height and 165 mm diameter in size
between two flanges with special circular gaskets. Using both conventional concrete and bacterial concrete and
the water penetration is measured by breaking the specimens The decrease in water absorption was found to be
0.45%.The depth of penetration of water in bacterial concrete is also decreased when compared to conventional
concrete due to the filling of micro-pores by calcite.
A paper [6] describes the use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete for M25 grade of concrete. Results
highlighted the usage of Bacillus sphaericus bacteria as a crack healing agent with the precipitation of CaCO3 in
the crack formed areas and its makes the concrete durable. In this research, it was stated that the Bacterial
concrete increases the strength parameters .This was starts from the Bacterial selection and grade at concrete.
Both the components are given unique to others and the materials are in M15 grade and the Bacteria naming the
Bacillus sphaericus, and discussion about decrease in the water absorption and permeability and reported as
porosity decreased to high level. It was noted that sol gel polymer used for mixing.
A research work [8] deals permeability and self-healing of cracked concrete as a function of
temperature and crack width and study with a type of high-performance concrete (HPC). The investigations deal
with the preparation of the cracked specimens, the experimental method and the results of the permeability
measurements. Three categories of cracks were produced, i.e., with crack widths of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mm. It
has been shown that the decrease of the flow rate depends on crack width and temperature. He selected bacillus
family for his experimental calculations. He obtained crack healing of width 0.15mm as a result of this
approach. They used high performance concrete (HPC) and made into healing with temperatures at different
concentrations. Therefore, permeability got increased and no change in porosity was observed. Thus 0.15mm
width of crack got cured.
Permeability due to the increase of damage in concrete diffuses to localized damage. And distributions
several regimes of growth of permeability was discussed [9]. The grace of data with the slow increase of
permeability due to the increase of the density of distributed micro crack was noted. The experimental study in
peak stress, a fast increase of the permeability is observed in the work. The report on permeability matching law,
diffuse damage, localized damage-crack opening versus permeability and matching law. The average
permeability increases by 20 orders of magnitude almost for the COD at peak.
2.2 POROSITY
The pore has an influence on many properties of concrete, such as strength, deformation, water
absorption, permeability, etc. self-healing technology can repair cracks and pores caused by the damage, thus
reducing the influence on the mechanics and permeability of concrete. For the microstructure of concrete.
2.2.1 Pore structure analysis
Pore structure parameters such as porosity, critical pore size, pore volume, and capillary porosity can
be obtained by pore size distribution measured by the MIP test. Among them, the influence of critical pore size
and capillary porosity on permeability is very significant. The capillary porosity was calculated from the total
pore volume and the porosity, as

(6)
where /c is the capillary porosity (%); V1 signifies the volume of pores with sizes in the range of 10–
10,000nm (mL/g); / represents the total porosity (%).

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To investigate the self-healing efficiency at the pore structure level, a series of definitions of the healing
rate and recovery rate are given as:

(Eq.7,8,9)
Report on Bacteria-based self-healing concrete, using Alkaliphilic bacteria of the genus bacillus [10].
Noted the state/position of concrete the grade of concrete used was M10. Increase in permeability was recorded
as a part of their observation. This study demonstrated the crack healing of bacterial concrete based on expanded
porous clay particles loaded with bacteria and calcium lactate. And it healed the crack width of 0.5mm.
Permeability and pore structure of microcapsule-based self-healing cementitious composite was
reported[2]. The effects of adding organic microcapsules having various particle sizes and composition on the
permeability, carbonation resistance, pore structure, and self-healing efficiency of cementitious composite
material were studied using rapid chloride migration, water pressure penetration, carbonation, and mercury
intrusion porosimetry tests. It was found that increasing microcapsule content to 3% improved pore structure
and impermeability. However, with 6% microcapsule content, the material impermeability became even lower
than that of a specimen without microcapsules. Predominantly, negative impact on impermeability was noted
whereas improved in pore structure. Increasing microcapsule content and particle size enhanced impermeability
pore structure, and self-healing efficiency of specimens.
Investigation into the optimal bacterial concentration for compressive strength enhancement of
microbial concrete[11], given the result of higher cell concentrations have made the accelerated the rate of filling
of pores. Thus, the maximum pore filling is achieved at cell concentration 107 cells/ ml, which is also reflected
from the pixel analysis (Table 1). It is noted that for bacterial concentration 107 cells/ml, pixel ratio from 1 day
to 7 days is 63% and from 7 days to 28 days is 97%. As a part of their investigation she used Bacillus subtilis. In
return it cured a crack width of 5mm to 20mm. The outcome of their investigation was the rate of filling of
pores accelerated by higher cell concentration. And no change in permeability and porosity was observed.
Sporoscarcina pasteurii bacteria used in an experiment [12]. Results proved the state of concrete mix
with M20 grade of concrete and it was found that increasing permeability and decreasing porosity. In his
investigation used fly ash material in order to increase the compressive strength of concrete.
2.3 CRACK HEALING
The investigations recorded about optimal bacterial concentration for compressive strength
enhancement of microbial concrete Optimum compressive strength enhancement at intermediate Crack healing
and water absorption most efficient at highest cell concentration. Three different bacterial concentrations of
Bacillus subtilis used , namely 103 cells/ml, 105 cells/ml and 107 cells/ml of water. Results indicate that though
the higher bacterial concentration of 107 cells/ml is more efficient for crack healing. Microscopy (SEM) is
employed to examine the calcite precipitation at the inner concrete matrix. After 3 days of incubation, the crack
width is almost completely healed at 107 cells/ml concentration. After 3 days of curing, the cracks are healed by
70% and 30% respectively at 105 cells/ml and 103 cells/ ml. Further, after 7 days, the cracks are healed by 85%
and 50% at 105 cells/ml and 103 cells/ml respectively and after 28 days, the cracks are healed by 90% and 60%
at 105 cells/ml and 103 cells/ml respectively. It is further noted that after 28 days, the maximum Crack width up
to 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm can be healed with the bacterial concentration 103 cells/ml and 105 cells/ml respectively,
whereas by using 107 cells/ml the crack width is healed up to 1.2 mm.
An investigation [13], deals on Crack healing in concrete using various bio influenced self-healing
techniques, here they use to identify the effectiveness of bacteria namely, ‘‘Bacillus subtilis”, introduced in
concrete by different incorporation techniques they added to the concrete mix with four different types of mixes
and in first mix no bacteria is added to the concrete mix and in the mix 2 the bacteria is directly added to the mix

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and in mix 3 the bacteria is added to the mix by adding LWA (light weight aggregates) as a protective core and
mix 4 specimen GNP (Graphite Nano Platelets) as a mean to the bacteria was used and addition of
superplasticizer is common to all the four mixes. it results the mine the efficiency of self-healing process of all
mixes. And his results include the crack width measurements, visual inspection of cracks, compressive strength
of self-healing concrete samples, micro structural study through SEM images and mineral composition of
healing compounds through XRD analysis.in testing results of crack healing,28 days curing makes the major
healing of 0.81mm and the 14 days curing healed 0.52mm this is the highest healing ratio in all 4 mixes.
A report [14], deals on self-healing capability of early-age concrete using crystalline admixture and
studies by means of permeability and crack closing tests, materials used are Gravel (4–12 mm), Natural sand,
Fibres, Dra mix 65/35, Limestone powder (LP), Crystalline admixture (CA). two types of concrete qualities are
used the first class of concrete can be considered as a usual high-quality/performance mix for precast concrete
elements, with water/cement ratio of 0.45 and a cement content of 350 kg/ m3, for a target strength class
C45/55. The second class features a standard composition for building constructions, with water/cement ratio of
0.60 and a cement content of 275 kg/m3 for a target strength class C30/37. The results of each type, it was
observed that the addition of CA resulted in a higher compressive strength at 28 days for both classes of
concrete: 15% higher than control concrete for precast concrete(C45/55) and 8% higher for standard
concrete(C30/37). The best healing exposure condition among the ones herein investigated is water immersion
at 30 C with the crystalline admixture. Under this exposure, specimens achieved an average Healing Ratio equal
to 0.99 with the smallest standard deviation, and average Closing Ratio of 0.98, for cracks up to 0.40 mm after
42 days of healing.
The healing of a crack was studied previously by many scientists.
 According to Parks, the width of 60µm of a crack can be healed, by natural healing
process.
 Whereas Elmoaty proved that a crack width below 200µm can be healed by adding
cementing substantials to self healing concrete.
 And a crack width of 138mm can be healed when polymers were added to it,
according to Snoeck.
 When bacteria and encapsulation/immobilization approaches were used by Van
Tittelboom, he observed a crack width healing of 0.970mm.

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AUTHOR ISSN- 2394-5125 GRAD
BAC VOL 7, ISSUE 05, 2020
PERMEABI POR HE RE
S.NO TERIA E LITY OSITY ALING MARKS
WIDTH
1 Thanh Ha Nguyen et,al Bacillus subtillus M20 Increased decreased 400µm Gas permeability
decrease by adding
bacillus sphaericus,
urea and nutrients
2 X.F. Wang, J.H. Zhang et, Micro capsule M25 Increased decreased -------- Epoxy resin was used
al. as core enclosed in a
urea
formaldehyde resin
shell.
3 Salmabanu Luhar et,al. Bacillus family ----- decreased -------- 0.46 mm
0.5 mm to 0.35 mm

4 Pitcha Jongvivatsakul et, Bacillus M10 Increased decreased 8.6mm They concentrate in
al. sphaericus the sopitivity ad
72%
(LMG 22257) water permeability
5 De muynck W et, al.(2007) Bacillus M10 Increased ------- ------- Transport processes
sphaericus and degradation
processes.
6 Kusuma K et, al. Bacillus M15 Decreased Decreased 0.8mm In her
Megaterium investigation,decreas
e in water absorption
and compressive
strengths are
involved.

7 Kim Van Tittelboom Bacillus sphaer M15 Decreased -------- 0.25mm - 0.4mm They used sol-gel
xv icus and other polymers
are used in this
paper.

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8 Hans-Wolf Reinhardt et, al (temperature gradient) --- Increased -------- 0.15 mm Thet used HPC con
crete and made into
healing with
temperature at
different
concentrations
9 Gilles Pijaudier-Cabot et, ------- ------ Increased --------- --------- Discussed about
al. testing methods and
derivative laws
10 H. M. Jonkers Alkaliphilic M10 Increased -------- 0.5 mm This study shows that
crack healing of
bacteria of the genus
bacterial concrete
Bacillus
based on expanded
porous clay particles
loaded with bacteria
and calcium lactate.
11 Aparna (Dey) Ghosh et, al Bacillus subtilis ----- -------- -------- 5 mm - 20 mm He given the result of
Higher cell
concentrations have
made the accelerated
the rate of filling of
pores.
12 Navneet Chahal et, al. Sporoscarcina pasteurii M20 Increased Decreased He used fly ash
material to increase
the compressive
strength ofconcrete
and he got a better
result for the
investigation.
13 Bacillus subtilis M20 ------------- ----------- 0.81 and 0.42 Discussed about rate
of healing of 4
Wasim Khaliq et, al
different samples

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4. Conclusion:
All the referred reports conclude the effect of bacterial mixing in various types of concrete
mixtures and with the combination of admixtures influence in the permeability, porosity and water
penetration. Moreover it concludes, the cost of self-healing concrete is high. By introducing self-healing of
concrete can reduce the maintenance cost of the structure. This phenomenon is mainly due to incorporating
of bacteria. In future the self-healing of concrete may be expected in construction field. For the
improvement of concrete about to permeability and porosity so many test had done before as represented in
many researches. Each test are having prominent mathematical calculation of the porousness tests about the
self- healing concrete, more over these tests are used for the both conventional and self- healing concrete. In
this study this self-healing concrete is giving the better result about the quality of the concrete
simultaneously these are managing the strength parameters. Totally the permeability and porosity of self-
healing concrete was decreased and also healing efficiency also increased. In this self-healing reagents
makes the concrete strengthen. Porosity, permeability and healing efficiency of self-healing concrete was
better than the conventional concrete. Harden concrete made the tested-on water penetration and porosity
nature of concrete and the water take place in strength difference and crack healing with the bacterial usage.
It decreased in porosity resulted in an increase in strength dynamic modulus as well as reduction at water up
take. so we were used self-healing reagents for the improvement of concrete life and strength. Healing
efficiency increased and also it made the precipitation of CaCo3 in cracked areas.

5. References:
1. Nguyen, T. H., Ghorbel, E., Fares, H. & Cousture, A. Bacterial self-healing of concrete and
durability assessment. Cem. Concr. Compos. 104, 103340 (2019).
2. Wang, X. F. et al. Permeability and pore structure of microcapsule-based self-healing cementitious
composite. Constr. Build. Mater. 165, 149–162 (2018).
3. Van Tittelboom, K. et al. Comparison of different approaches for self-healing concrete in a large-
scale lab test. Constr. Build. Mater. 107, 125–137 (2016).
4. Jongvivatsakul, P., Janprasit, K., Nuaklong, P., Pungrasmi, W. & Likitlersuang, S. Investigation of
the crack healing performance in mortar using microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation
(MICP) method. Constr. Build. Mater. 212, 737–744 (2019).
5. Tziviloglou, E., Wiktor, V., Jonkers, H. M. & Schlangen, E. Bacteria-based self-healing concrete to
increase liquid tightness of cracks. Constr. Build. Mater. 122, 118–125 (2016).
6. Van Tittelboom, K., De Belie, N., De Muynck, W. & Verstraete, W. Use of bacteria to repair cracks
in concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 40, 157–166 (2010).
7. Kumar Rai, A. & Kumar, P. Self-Healing Cocrete. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 9001, 3817–3822
(2008).
8. Reinhardt, H. W. & Jooss, M. Permeability and self-healing of cracked concrete as a function of
temperature and crack width. Cem. Concr. Res. 33, 981–985 (2003).
9. Pijaudier-Cabot, G., Dufour, F. & Choinska, M. Permeability due to the increase of damage in
concrete: From diffuse to localized damage distributions. J. Eng. Mech. 135, 1022–1028 (2009).
10. Mors, R. M. & Jonkers, H. M. Reduction of water permeation through cracks in mortar by addition
of bacteria based healing agent. Int. Conf. Self-Healing Mater. (2015).
11. Mondal, S. & Ghosh, A. (Dey). Investigation into the optimal bacterial concentration for
compressive strength enhancement of microbial concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 183, 202–214
(2018).
12. Chahal, N., Siddique, R. & Rajor, A. Influence of bacteria on the compressive strength, water
absorption and rapid chloride permeability of fly ash concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 28, 351–356
(2012).
13. Khaliq, W. & Ehsan, M. B. Crack healing in concrete using various bio influenced self-healing
techniques. Constr. Build. Mater. 102, 349–357 (2016).
14. Roig-Flores, M., Pirritano, F., Serna, P. & Ferrara, L. Effect of crystalline admixtures on the self-
healing capability of early-age concrete studied by means of permeability and crack closing tests.

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Constr. Build. Mater. 114, 447–457 (2016).

15. Muhammad, N. Z. et al. Tests and methods of evaluating the self-healing efficiency of concrete: A
review. Constr. Build. Mater. 112, 1123–1132 (2016).
16. https://concretecivil.com/self-healing-concrete/

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