Magnetism

Lodestones
 Properties of Magnetism
1.Magnets have the ability to attract
materials that are magnetic in nature.
2.Like poles repel and unlike poles
attract each other.
3.When allowed to hang freely,
magnets always align in one
particular direction.
4.Magnetic poles always occur in pairs.
The Earth as a Magnet
North and South Magnetic Pole
The north-seeking pole of such a magnet, or
any similar pole, is called a north magnetic
pole. The south-seeking pole, or
any pole similar to it, is called a south magnetic
pole. Unlike poles of different magnets attract
each other; like poles repel each other.
Pierre de Maricourt/Peter Peregrinus
discovered that a
magnet has two
poles.

found out that like

poles repel and unlike
attract/magnetism
appears to be
concentrated at the
poles.
Wilhelm Weber
theorized that
each atom of a
piece of magnetic

material is a
magnet itself.
Hans Christian Oersted
moving charge
produces a
magnetic field
William Gilbert
conducted experiments
and concluded that a
compass needle aligns
itself consistently.
John Michell
discovered that the
force of attraction or
repulsion between
poles varies
inversely with the

square of the
distance between
them.
 Ferromagnetic Materials
•Ferromagnetic materials– materials are strongly
attracted by a magnet. It includes iron, cobalt,
nickel and steel. All electrons are spinning in the
same directions. These materials make strong
permanent magnets. They lose their magnetic
properties when sufficiently heated in high
temperature. The temperature at which a
magnetic material loses its magnetism is called
Curie temperature. The Curie temperature for
iron is 770°Celsius.
Ferromagnetic Materials
Material TC [K] mm

Fe 1043 2.22

Co 1388 1.72

Ni 627 0.606

Gd 292 7.63

Dy 88 10.2
CrO2 386 2.03

MnAs 318 3.4

3.52
MnBi 630 + 3.6 Mn
–0.15 Bi

EuO 69 6.8

NiO / Fe
858 2.4
(Ferrit)

Y3Fe5O12 560 5.0

 Paramagnetic Materials
•Paramagnetic materials – materials include
the transition metals, palladium, platinum,
and the actinide elements. Majority of the
electrons spin in the same direction but not
all. They are weakly attracted to magnets.
When cooled, paramagnetic materials
become more magnetic.
 Paramagnetic Materials
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum

Manganese
 Diamagnetic Materials
• Diamagnetic materials – is a weak
response to a magnetic field. Instead of
being attracted, diamagnetic materials are
repelled by a magnetic field. Metals, like
bismuth, copper, gold, silver and lead, non-
metals, water and organic compounds are
diamagnetic. All substances in fact have an
inherent diamagnetism. Diamagnetism is
independent of temperature.
 Diamagnetic Materials
• Hydrogen, Helium, Silver,

• Tin, Gold
 Law of Magnetic Poles
In 1785 Charles Coulomb proposed that this force
between poles is similar to the force of attraction or
repulsion between electric charges. The force
between poles is directly proportional to the product
of the poles’ strengths and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them.
where F is the force in Newtons, and are the pole
strengths in ampere meter, d is the distance in
meters between poles, and k is the proportionality
constant and has a value of newton/ampere2
(N/A2).
 Sample Problem
Two magnets are separated by a
distance of 10 cm, with their south
poles facing each other . If each pole
has a strength of 2Am, what is the
force between them? What kind of
force is this?
Answer the following questions base on the concepts of
magnetism.
1. Which of the following does not belong to the group? iron,
gold, nickel or steel. Explain.
2. Majority of the electrons spin in the same direction but not all.
They are weakly attracted to magnets.
3. A material that loses their magnetic properties when
sufficiently heated in high temperature.
4. Which magnetic material when cooled became more
magnetic?
5. The temperature at which a magnetic material loses its
magnetism is called _____.
6. Solve the following word problem. (5 points)
Two similar bar magnets are held with their N poles 5 cm apart in
air. If they repel with a force of 80N, what is the strength of each
pole assuming they are identical? If the distance separating the
two poles were doubled, what is the force between them?
The Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle,

also known as the Devil's
Triangle, is a loosely
defined region in the
western part of the North
Atlantic Ocean, where a
number of aircraft and
ships are said to have
disappeared under
mysterious circumstances.
Magnetic field is a region where a magnet is
capable of exerting force on a magnetic
material. It is analogous to an electric
charge moving in a field.

where F is the force in newtons, q is the

charge in coulomb magnets, v is the velocity
of the charge in meter/second, and B is the
magnetic field, θ is the angle between v and
B.
Magnetic field lines point from
north pole to the south pole. You
can visualize the magnetic lines of
force when you place iron filing in
the piece of paper with a magnet.
The filings will align themselves in
patterns.
 Magnetic Field Lines,
Unlike Poles
 Iron filings are used to
show the pattern of
the magnetic field lines
 The direction of the
field is the direction a
north pole would point
 Compare to the
magnetic field produced
by an electric dipole
Magnetic Field Lines, Like
Poles
 Iron filings are used
to show the pattern
of the electric field
lines
 The direction of the
field is the direction
a north pole would
point
 Compare to the
electric field produced
by like charges
Units of Magnetic Field
 The SI unit of magnetic field is the
Tesla (T)
Wb N N
T 2  
m C  (m / s ) A  m

 Wb is a Weber
 The cgs unit is a Gauss (G)
 1 T = 104 G