COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
ELECTRICAL PRINCIPES
MAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Objectives
By the end of the sub module unit, the
trainee should be able to:
a) Describe the concept of magnetic
fields and field distribution
b) Explain leakage flux, fringing and
screening
c) Describe the basic laws of
electromagnetic induction
d) Explain the concepts of inductance
e) Explain B-H curve and hysteresis
loop
f) Solve problems relating to magnetic
circuits
MAGNETISM
A magnet is a body or an object that
has the property of attracting iron or an
object like itself. Magnetic materials
are those materials that are attracted
when brought closer to a magnet.
Definition of terms used.
 Magnetic field – this is the area
under influence of magnetic
forces. A magnetic field cannot
be seen, felt, smelt or heard.
 Magnetic flux – these are the
magnetic lines of force. Its unit
is Weber (Wb)
 Magnetic flux density – this is
the amount of magnetic flux
per unit area which is
perpendicular to the direction
of the flux.
 Permeability – this is the
ability of a material to be
magnetized.
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
 Reluctance – this is the
opposition of a material to be
magnetized.
Classification of magnetic materials
i. Ferromagnetic material – these
are materials that contain iron.
Their permeability is highly
greater than unity.
ii. Paramagnetic material – these
are materials whose
permeability is slightly greater
than unity.
iii. Diamagnetic material – these
are materials whose
permeability is less than unity.
iv. Ferrites – these are
semiconductor materials
whose permeability is greater
than unity.
A permanent magnet is a piece of
ferromagnetic material (such as iron,
nickel or cobalt) which has properties
of attracting other pieces of these
materials. A permanent magnet will
position itself in a north and south
direction when freely suspended. The
north-seeking end of the magnet is
called the North pole, denoted by
letter N, while the south-seeking end
the South pole, denoted by letter S.
Magnetic field.
This is the area under influence of
magnetic forces. A magnetic field
cannot be seen, felt, smelt or heard.
The distribution of a magnetic field
can be detected or investigated by
placing a bar magnet on a flat surface,
covering it with a pain paper then
spreading iron filings spread onto the
paper. The filings will then assume a
pattern similar to that shown in figures
below.
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

 They always repel each other.

Magnetic flux density (B).

This is the amount of magnetic flux per
unit area which is perpendicular to the
direction of the flux. Its symbol is B,
and its unit is Tesla (T).

That is, magnetic flux density

𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 Ф
B = = 𝑨 Tesla
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

Example 1
A magnetic pole face has a rectangular
section having dimensions 200mm by
100 mm. If the total flux emerging
from the pole is 150 μWb, calculate the
flux density.

The laws of magnetic attraction and Solution

repulsion can be demonstrated by
using two bar magnets as shown in
figure (a) above, where unlike poles
attract each other. The magnetic field
is strongest in between these two
magnets as it is seen the lines of force
are close together. On the other hand in
figure (b), the similar or like poles
repel each other. Example 2
The magnetic flux in a core of an
Magnetic flux. electromagnet is 1mWb and the flux
This is the amount of magnetic field density in the core is 0.5 T. If the cross
(or the number of magnetic lines of section of the core is circular,
force) produced by a magnetic source. determine its diameter in cm.
Its symbol is Ф (‘phi’), and its unit is
weber, Wb. Solution
Ф Ф 0.001
B = 𝑨 , therefore A = 𝑩 =
Properties of magnetic flux. 𝟎.𝟓
= 0.002m2
 Their direction is from the
𝜋𝑑2 4A 4A
north pole to the south pole. But A = , 𝑑2 = , d =√ 𝝅
𝟒 𝝅
 Lines of magnetic flux always
form a closed loops or path.
 They never intersect each Therefore d = √
4 x 0.002
=
𝝅
other.
= 0.00505 m or = 5.05 cm
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
Example 3
The maximum working flux density of
a lifting electromagnet is 1.8T and the
effective area of a pole face is circular
in cross-section. If the total magnetic
flux produced is 353 mWb, determine
the radius of the pole face.
Solution
Magnetomotive force (m.m.f.)
This is what causes the existence of a
magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit.
m.m.f, Fm = NI amperes
where N is the number of conductors
(or turns) and I is the current in
amperes. The unit of m.m.f is
sometimes expressed as ‘ampere-
turns’. However since ‘turns’ have no
dimensions, the S.I. unit of m.m.f. is
just therefore ampere.
NB, Just as e.m.f gives rise to an
electric current in an electric circuit, so
does the m.m.f give rise to magnetic
flux in a magnetic circuit.
Magnetic field strength (H)
This is the m.m.f per unit length of a
magnetic circuit. It is also known as
the magnetizing force or the magnetic
field intensity.
𝑭𝒎 𝑵𝑰
H= = amperes per meter
𝑳 𝑳
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
where L is the mean length of the flux
path in metres.
Example 1
A magnetizing force of 8000A/m is
applied to a circular magnetic circuit of
mean diameter 30 cm by passing a
current through a coil wound on the
circuit. If the coil is uniformly wound
around the circuit and has 750 turns,
find the current in the coil.
Solution
Example 2
A wounded coil has 2000 turns and
carries a current of 1.5A. If the mean
diameter of the coil is 8cm. Calculate
the value of the m.m.f and the
magnetic force.
Solution
Fm = NI = 2000 x 1.5 = 3000 Amperes–
turns.
Lenth L = πd = π x 8x10-2 = 0.2513m
𝑭
Therefore m.m.f (H) = 𝑳
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟑
= 11937.9 A/m
Permeability
This is the ability of a material to be
magnetized. In magnetism, the flux
density B is directly proportional to the
magnetic field strength H.
That is, 𝑯 = μ or B= μH Tesla
𝑩
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

Where μ is known as the absolute Example 2

permeability of the magnetic material Determine the magnetic field strength
and its dimension is Henrys per meter and the m.m.f. required to produce a
(H/m). flux density of 0.25T in an air gap of
The permeability of a free space or length 12 mm.
vacuum is given a special symbol μ0 Solution
Its value is taken to be μ0 = 4ℼ x 10-7 H/m
Therefore for vacuum, air, or any
non-magnetic medium, the ratio
changes to,
= μ0 or B= μ0H
𝑩
𝑯
Although all non-magnetic materials,
including air, exhibit slight magnetic
properties, these can be neglected.
For all media other than free space, Example 3
A coil of 300 turns is wound uniformly
the ratio again changes to,
on a ring of non-magnetic material.
= μ0μ r or B = μ0μ rH
𝑩
𝑯 The ring has a mean circumference of
Where μ r is the relative permeability, it 40 cm and a uniform cross-sectional
is dimensionless and it is defined as area of 4 cm2. If the current in the coil
is 5A, calculate:
μ r = 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙
𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒖𝒎
(a) the magnetic field strength.
(b) the flux density.
It is therefore noted that μ0μ r = μ (c) the total magnetic flux in the ring.

Solution
B–H curve
This is a magnetisation curve that is
obtained by plotting measured values
of flux density B against magnetic
field strength H. For non-magnetic
materials, the plotted values produces
a straight line.

Example 1
A flux density of 1.2T is produced in a
piece of cast steel by a magnetising
force of 1250A/m. Find the relative
permeability of the steel under these
conditions.
Solution

COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
Example 4
An iron ring of mean diameter 10 cm
is uniformly wound with 2000 turns of
wire. When a current of 0.25A is
passed through the coil a flux density
of 0.4T is set up in the iron. Find
(a) the magnetising force.
(b) the relative permeability of the
iron.
Solution
Reluctance (S)
This is the opposition or resistance of
a material to be magnetized. It is the
magnetic equivalent of resistance in an
electric circuit. Reluctance,
The unit of reluctance is 1/H (or H−1)
or A/Wb. Ferromagnetic materials
have a low reluctance and can be used
as magnetic screens to prevent
magnetic fields affecting materials
within the screen.
Example 1
Determine the reluctance of a piece of
mumetal of length 150mm and cross-
sectional area 1800mm2 when the
relative permeability is 4000. Find also
the absolute permeability of the
mumetal.
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
Solution
Example 2
A coil is wound on a wooden ring of
rectangular section with an axial
length of 2cm and a radial thickness of
2cm. If the mean diameter of the coil
is 15cm, calculate the reluctance of the
magnetic circuit. If the wooden ring is
replaced by an iron ring of the same
shape, whose relative permeability is
1000, calculate the reluctance of the
iron ring.
Solution
(i) The area of the ring is given by
A =(2 x 10-2 ) x (2 x 10-2 ) = 4 x 10-2 m2
The length of the ring,
L = 15 x 10-2 x ℼ = 0.471 m
Therefore Reluctance of the wooden
𝑳
ring is given by 𝜇0A ,
but μ0 A = 4ℼ x 10-7 x 4 x 10-2
= 5.0265 x10-8
𝑳 0.471
Hence 𝜇0A = 5.0265 x 10−8
= 0.937 x 109 A/Wb
(ii) Reluctance of the iron ring
𝑳 𝑳
= 𝜇0𝜇 rA , but 𝜇0A = 0.937 x 109
𝑳 0.937 x 109
Therefore 𝜇0𝜇 rA = 𝜇r
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

0.937 x 109 200 turns is wound around the 6cm

= = 0.937 x 106 A/Wb
1000 length of the circuit and a current of
Example 3 0.4A flows. Determine the flux density
A mild steel ring has a radius of 50mm in the 2cm path, if the relative
and a cross-sectional area of 400mm2. permeability of the cast steel is 750.
A current of 0.5A flows in a coil
wound uniformly around the ring and Solution
the flux produced is 0.1mWb. If the
relative permeability at this value of
current is 200 find:
(a) the reluctance of the mild steel
(b) the number of turns on the coil.

Solution

Series magnetic circuits NB. 7.54×10−5 Wb is the total flux in

For a series magnetic circuit having n
parts, the total reluctance ST is given
by: ST = S1 + S2 + S3· · · +Sn .This is a
similar concept to that used in the case
of resistors connected in series in an
electrical circuit.
Example 1
A closed magnetic circuit of cast steel
contains a 6cm long path of cross-
sectional area 1 cm2 and a 2cm path of
cross-sectional area 0.5 cm2. A coil of
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
the circuit.
Example 2
A silicon iron ring of cross-sectional
area 5 cm2 has a radial air gap of 2mm
cut into it. If the mean length of the
silicon iron path is 40 cm calculate the
magnetomotive force to produce a flux
of 0.7mWb. Given that the field
strength H in the circuit is set to be
1650 A/m.
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
Solution
There are two parts to the circuit - the
silicon iron and the air gap. The total
m.m.f. will therefore be the sum of the
m.m.f.’s of each part.
Therefore if H =1650A/m then the
m.m.f. for the iron path will be given
by Hl =1650×0.4=660A
For the silicon iron:
For the air gap:
The flux density will be the same in the
air gap as in the iron, i.e. assuming that
no leakage or fringing has occurred.
Therefore,
Hence the m.m.f. for the air gap
=Hl =1 114 000× 2×10−3 = 2228A.
Hence total m.m.f. to produce a flux of
0.6mWb will be
= 660 + 2228 = 2888A.
Hysteresis loop
This is a magnetisation graph showing
the resulting relationship between the
flux density B and the field strength H,
during the magnetisation and
demagnetization process.
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
It is obtained when a ferromagnetic
material which is completely
demagnetised, i.e. one in which
B=H=0, is subjected to increasing
values of magnetic field strength H
and the corresponding flux density B.
During magnetisation, the curve Oab
is obtained. At a particular value of H,
shown as Oy, it becomes difficult to
increase the flux density B any further.
At this point, the material is then said
to be saturated. Thus the line by is the
saturation flux density.
If the value of H is now reduced, the
flux density follows the curve bc.
When H is reduced to zero, flux called
remanent flux density or remanence
remains in the iron, and this is
represented by Oc. When H is
increased in the opposite direction, the
flux density decreases until it reaches
zero, at a value shown by Od. The
magnetic field strength Od required to
remove the residual magnetism, i.e. to
reduce B to zero, is called the coercive
force. Further increase in H in the
reverse direction causes the flux
density to increase again, though in the
reverse direction until another
saturation point is reached, as shown
by curve de. If H is varied backwards
from Ox to Oy, the flux density follows
the curve efgb, similar to curve bcde.
It is seen from graph that the flux
density changes, lag behind the
changes in the magnetic field strength.
This effect is called hysteresis. The
closed figure bcdefgb is therefore
called the hysteresis loop (or the B/H
loop).
Hysteresis loss
This is the energy (heat) loss in the
magnetic core due to hysteresis in a
ferromagnetic material. The energy
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
loss associated with hysteresis is
proportional to the area of the
hysteresis loop. The area of a
hysteresis loop also varies with the
type of material. Hence the energy
loss, is much greater for hard materials
than for soft materials.
The figures below shows typical
hysteresis loops for:
(a) hard material, which has a high
remanence Oc and a large coercivity
Od.
(b) soft steel, which has a large
remanence and small coercivity.
(c) ferrite, this being a ceramic-like
magnetic substance made from oxides
of iron, nickel, cobalt, magnesium,
aluminum and manganese. Its
hysteresis is very small.
NB. For a.c.-excited machines or
devices, the hysteresis loop is repeated
in every cycle of alternating current.
Thus a hysteresis loop with a large area
(as with hard steel), which is often
unsuitable since the energy loss would
be too high. Silicon steel has a narrow
hysteresis loop, hence a small
hysteresis loss. This explains why it is
suitable for transformer cores and also
in rotating machine armatures.
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
ELECTROMAGNETISM
A part from permanent magnet,
magnetic fields can also be set up by
electric currents. This can be
confirmed experimentally as described
below. Vertically pass a piece of wire
(conductor) through a horizontal sheet
of cardboard on which some iron
filings are spread, as shown figure (a)
below. If a current is passed through
the wire, and the cardboard is gently
tapped, the iron filings will form a
definite circular field pattern with the
wire at the center. The iron filings are
believed to be forming lines of flux
with a definite direction as shown in
figure (b).
If the current direction is reversed, the
direction of the lines of flux formed in
figure (b) also reverses, hence the field
direction depends on the direction of
the current flow. When the current is
switched off, the effect on the iron
filings and the compass needle (used to
indicate north and south poles) also
disappears. The magnetic flux
produced by electric current has the
same properties as the flux produced
by a permanent magnet. If the current
is increased the strength of the field
also increases.
When dealing with magnetic fields
formed by electric current, the
direction of the magnetic lines of flux
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
is best remembered by uses of screw
rule which states that:
If a normal right-hand thread screw is
screwed along the conductor in the
direction of the current, the direction
of rotation of the screw is in the
direction of the magnetic field.
A magnetic field set up by a long coil,
or solenoid, as shown in the figure
below is seen to be similar to that of a
bar magnet.
If the solenoid is wound on an iron bar,
as shown in the figure below, a
stronger magnetic field is produced,
the iron becomes magnetised and it
behaves like a permanent magnet.
The direction of the magnetic field
produced by the current I in the
solenoid can be found by either of the
two methods, i.e. the screw rule,
which has be stated above, or the
Fleming’s right-hand grip rule,
which states that if the coil is gripped
with the right hand, with the fingers
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
pointing in the direction of the current,
then the thumb, outstretched parallel
to the axis of the solenoid, points in the
direction of the magnetic field inside
the solenoid.
An electromagnet, based on the
solenoid, provides the basis of many
items of electrical equipment,
examples of which include electric
bells, relays, lifting magnets and
telephone receivers, among many
others.
Force on a current-carrying
Conductor.
If a current-carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field produced by
permanent magnets, then the fields due
to the current-carrying conductor and
the permanent magnets interact and
cause a force to be exerted on the
conductor.
The force on the current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field depends
upon:
(a) the flux density of the field, B teslas
(b) the strength of the current, I
amperes,
(c) the length of the conductor
perpendicular to the magnetic field, l
meters
(d) the directions of the field and the
current.
When the magnetic field, the current
and the conductor are mutually at right
angles then: Force F = BIl newtons.
When the conductor and the field are
at an angle θ◦ to each other then:
Force F = BIl sin θ newtons.
Example
A conductor carries a current of 20A
and is at right-angles to a magnetic
field having a flux density of 0.9T. If
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
the length of the conductor in the field
is 30 cm, calculate the force acting on
the conductor. Determine also the
value of the force if the conductor is
inclined at an angle of 30◦ to the
direction of the field.
Solution
B= 0.9T, I = 20A and l = 30 cm =
0.30m. Therefore when the conductor
is at right-angle to the field, as shown
in figure (a) below, Force F = BIl =
(0.9)(20)(0.30) F = 5.4N.
When the conductor is inclined at 30◦
to the field, as shown in figure (b)
above, Force F = BIl sin θ
= (0.9)(20)(0.30) sin 30◦ = 2.7N,
which is a lesser force as compared to
when the conductor is cutting the
magnetic flux at 90◦
As was mention earlier, that if a
current-carrying conductor is placed in
the magnetic field shown in figure (a)
below, the two fields interact and
cause a force to be exerted on the
conductor as shown in figure (b)
below.
The field is stronger above the
conductor and weaker below the
conductor, thus tending to move the
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
conductor downwards. This is the
basic principle of operation of the
electric motor and the moving-coil
instrument. The direction of the force
exerted on a conductor can be pre-
determined by use of Fleming’s left-
hand rule (often called the motor rule)
which states that: Let the thumb, first
finger and second finger of the left
hand be extended such that they are all
at right-angles to each other. The first
finger points in the direction of the
magnetic field, the second finger
points in the direction of the current,
the thumb points in the direction of the
motion of the conductor.
This can be summarized as: First
finger – Field, SeCond finger –
Current and the ThuMb – Motion, as
shown in the figure below.
Electromagnetic induction
When a conductor is moved across a
magnetic field so as to cut through the
lines of force (or flux), an
electromotive force (e.m.f.) is
produced in the conductor. If the
conductor forms part of a closed
circuit then the e.m.f. produced causes
an electric current to flow round the
circuit.
In this case, current is said to have
been ‘induced’ in the conductor as a
result of its movement across the
magnetic field. This effect is known as
‘electromagnetic induction’.
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
Figure (a) below shows a coil of wire
connected to a centre-zero sensitive
ammeter (galvanometer) with the
zero-current position in the centre of
the scale.
The following are then noticed:
(i) When the magnet is moved at
constant speed towards the coil as
shown in the figure above, a deflection
is noted on the galvanometer showing
that a current has been produced in the
coil.
(ii) When the magnet is moved at the
same speed as in (i) but away from the
coil the same deflection is noted but is
in the opposite direction as shown in
figure (b) below.
(iii) When the magnet is held
stationary, even within the coil, no
deflection is recorded.
(iv) When the coil is moved at the
same speed as in (i) and the magnet
held stationary the same galvanometer
deflection is noted.
(v) When the relative speed is, say,
doubled, the galvanometer deflection
also doubled.
(vi) When a stronger magnet is used, a
greater galvanometer deflection is
noted.
(vii) When the number of turns of wire
of the coil is increased, a greater
galvanometer deflection is also noted.
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
Figure (c) below shows the magnetic
field associated with the magnet.
As the magnet is moved towards the
coil, the magnetic flux of the magnet
moves across, or cuts, the coil.
It is the relative movement of the
magnetic flux and the coil that causes
an e.m.f. and thus current, to be
induced in the coil. This effect is
known as electromagnetic induction.
Laws of electromagnetic induction
Faraday’s laws state that:
(i) An induced e.m.f. is set up whenever
the magnetic field linking that circuit
changes.
(ii) The magnitude of the induced
e.m.f. in any circuit is proportional to
the rate of change of the magnetic flux
linking the circuit.
Lenz’s law states that:
The direction of an induced e.m.f. is
always such that it tends to set up a
current opposing the motion or the
change of flux responsible for inducing
that e.m.f.
An alternative method to Lenz’s law of
determining relative directions is
given by Fleming’s Right-hand rule
(often called the geneRator rule) which
states that, Let the thumb, first finger
and second finger of the right hand be
extended such that they are all at right
angles to each other. If the first finger
points in the direction of the magnetic
field and the thumb points in the
direction of motion of the conductor
relative to the magnetic field, then the
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

second finger will point in the

direction of the induced e.m.f.
Summarized as; First finger – Field,
ThuMb – Motion and SEcond finger –
E.m.f. as shown in the figure below.

Example 1
Determine the e.m.f. induced in a coil
of 200 turns when there is a change of
Inductance flux of 25mWb linking with it in 50
It is the name given to the property of ms.
a circuit whereby there is an e.m.f.
induced into the circuit by the change Solution
of flux linkages produced by a current
change. When the e.m.f. is induced in
the same circuit as that in which the
current is changing, the property is
called self-inductance, L.
When the e.m.f. is induced in a circuit Example 2
by a change of flux due to current Calculate the e.m.f. induced in a coil of
changing in an adjacent circuit, the inductance 12H by a current changing
property is called mutual inductance, at the rate of 4A/s.
M. The unit of inductance is the
henry, H. Solution
NB. A circuit has an inductance of one
henry when an e.m.f. of one volt is
induced in it by a current changing at
the rate of one ampere per second.

Example 3
A flux of 400 μWb passing through a
150-turn coil is reversed in 40 ms. Find
the average e.m.f. induced.

COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
Solution
Hence, the average e.m.f. induced,
E=−3 volts
Example 4
An average e.m.f. of 40V is induced in
a coil of inductance 150mH when a
current of 6A is reversed. Calculate the
time taken for the current to reverse.
Solution
Example 5
An e.m.f. of 1.5 kV is induced in a coil
when a current of 4A collapses
uniformly to zero in 8ms. Determine
the inductance of the coil.
Solution
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
Inductors
A component called an inductor is
used when the property of inductance
is required in a circuit. The basic form
of an inductor is simply a coil of wire.
Factors which affect the inductance of
an inductor include:
(i) the number of turns of wire - the
more turns the higher the inductance.
(ii) the cross-sectional area of the coil
of wire - the greater the cross-sectional
area the higher the inductance
(iii) the presence of a magnetic core -
when the coil is wound on an iron core
the same current sets up a more
concentrated magnetic field and the is
increased
(iv) the way the turns are arranged - a
short thick coil of wire has a higher
inductance than a long thin one.
Two examples of practical inductors
are shown in in figures (a) and (b)
below.
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
The standard electrical circuit diagram
symbols for air-cored and iron-cored
inductors are also shown in the figures
below.
An iron-cored inductor is often called
a choke since, when used in a.c.
circuits, it has a choking effect,
limiting the current flowing through it.
Inductance is often undesirable in a
circuit. To reduce inductance to a
minimum the wire may be bent back
on itself, as shown in the figure below,
so that the magnetising effect of one
conductor is neutralised by that of the
adjacent conductor. The wire may be
coiled around an insulator, as shown,
without increasing the inductance.
Energy stored in an inductor.
An inductor possesses an ability to
store energy. The energy stored, W, in
COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA
the magnetic field of an inductor is
given by:
Inductance of a coil
If a current changing from 0 to I
amperes, produces a flux change from
0 to Ф webers, then dI =I and d Ф = Ф.
It then follows that,
From which inductance of the coil is
given by;
It can also be given by;
Example 1
A flux of 25mWb links with a 1500
turn coil when a current of 3A passes
through the coil. Calculate;
(a) the inductance of the coil.
(b) the energy stored in the magnetic
field.
(c) the average e.m.f. induced if the
current falls to zero in 150 ms.
Solution
 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

Example 2
A 750 turn coil of inductance 3H
carries a current of 2A. Calculate the
flux linking the coil and the e.m.f.
induced in the coil when the current
collapses to zero in 20 ms.

Solution

Example 1
Calculate the mutual inductance
between two coils when a current
changing at 200A/s in one coil induces
an e.m.f. of 1.5V in the other coil.

Solution
Induced e.m.f.
Mutual inductance
Mutually induced e.m.f. in the second
coil is given by;
Remember the –ve part of M is simply
representing the direction, Therefore,
where M is the mutual inductance 1.5=M(200). Thus mutual inductance,
between two coils, in henrys, and
(dI1/dt) is the rate of change of current
in the first coil. The concept of mutual
inductance is the basis of principle
operation of transformers.

COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

 COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA

Example 2
The mutual inductance between two
coils is 18 mH. Calculate the steady
rate of change of current in one coil to
induce an e.m.f. of 0.72V in the other.

Solution

Example 3
Two coils have a mutual inductance of
0.2 H. If the current in one coil is
changed from 10A to 4A in 10 ms,
calculate;
(a) the average induced e.m.f. in the
second coil.
(b) the change of flux linked with the
second coil if it is wound with 500
turns.

Solution

*THE END*

COMPILED BY VICTOR OBORA