2

3.6 Series & Parallel Connected Sources

• Several voltage sources in series may be replaced
by an equivalent voltage source having a voltage
equal to the algebraic sum of individual sources.

• Ideal voltage sources in parallel are permissible only

when each has the same terminal voltage (not for
extended period of time).
Current Sources ! 
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Series & Parallel Connected Sources....contd
• Several current sources in parallel may be replaced by
an equivalent current source having a current equal to
the algebraic sum of individual sources.

i1 i2 i3 OR i 1 - i 2 + i3

• Ideal current sources in series are permissible only when each has the
same current and direction for every instant of time.
• To conclude the discussion of parallel and series source combinations, the
parallel combination of two voltage sources and the series combination of two
current sources. What is the equivalent of a 5 V source in parallel with a 10 V
source? By the definition of a voltage source, the voltage across the source
cannot change; then, 5 equals 10 and we have hypothesized a physical
impossibility. Thus, ideal voltage sources in parallel are permissible only
when each has the same terminal voltage at every instant. In a similar way,
two current sources may not be placed in series unless each has the same
current, including sign, for every instant of time.

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Series & Parallel Connected Sources....contd

Examples !


EXAMPLE Determine the current i in the circuit of Fig.a by first 5

combining the sources into a single equivalent voltage source.

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EXAMPLE Determine the voltage v in the circuit of Fig. a by first
combining the sources into a single equivalent current source.

3+i1 +i2 = 0
3+v/5+v/5=0
v = -7.5 V
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Example : Series & Parallel Connected Sources

• Find v1 ?

+ + 1 mA
12 mA 1 kΩ
10 kΩ V1 Vx
3.5 mA
.03 Vx A - 3 mA
_ _

• Solution !

 8

Example : …contd

+ + 1 mA
12 mA 1 kΩ
10 kΩ V1 Vx
3.5 mA
.03 Vx A - 3 mA
_ _

+ +
1 kΩ Vx = 1 kΩ Vx
- 2 mA 2 mA
_ _

• So vX = - 2 volts
• Solution…contd !

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Example : ….contd

+ + 1 mA
12 mA 1 kΩ
10 kΩ V1 Vx
3.5 mA
.03 Vx A - 3 mA
_ _

.03 Vx = - .06 A i

12 mA +
10 kΩ V1
3.5 mA - 60 mA
_
i
• So i = 12 – 3.5 – 60 = – 51.5 mA and v1 = – 515 volts because : _
+ v R
• Resistors !


3.7 RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL 10
 It is possible to replace complicated resistor combinations with a single
equivalent resistor. This is useful when we are not interested in the
current, voltage, or power associated with any of the individual resistors.
All the current, voltage, and power relationships in the remainder of the
circuit will be unchanged.
 Consider the series combination of N resistors shown in Fig. 3.26a. We
want to simplify the circuit with replacing the N resistors with a single
resistor Req so that the remainder of the circuit, does not realize any
change. The current, voltage, and power of the source must be the
same before and after the replacement. First, apply KVL:
EXAMPLE 3.11 Use resistance and source combinations to determine 11
the current i in Fig. 3.27a and the power delivered by the 80 V source.
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Examples : Series & Parallel Resistances
• Find Rab for the circuit? All resistances are in ohms.

20
8
a
5
18 20 1
9
b 2

• Step 1 : 20 // 5 = 4
• Step 2 : 1 + 4 = 5
• Step 3 : 20 // 5 = 4
• Step 4 : 2 + 4 = 6
• Step 5 : 6 // 9 = 3.6
• Step 6 : 18 // 3.6 = 3
• So R = 3 + 8 = 11 Ω


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Examples : Series & Parallel Resistances
• Find Rab for the circuit? All resistances are in ohms.

6
5

10 8
a b

20 3

• Rab = 24 Ω

• Voltage Division !

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3.8 Voltage Division
This is another useful tool for circuit analysis.
• Voltage division is used to express the voltage across one of
several series resistors in terms of the voltage across the
combination.
• Consider the following circuit :

• Applying KVL : R1
i
v = v1 + v2 = iR1 + iR2 = i (R1 + R2)
+ + v1 _
• So i = v / (R1 + R2) +
• Now v2 = iR2 = vR2 / (R1 + R2)
v v2 R2
• Or v2 = {R2 / (R1 + R2)  v
• And v1 = {R1 / (R1 + R2)  v
_ _
• Generalizing :
vk = {Rk / (R1 + R2+…RN)  v
where R1 through RN are
resistances in series.


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Current Division
• Current division is used to express the current
through one of several parallel resistors in terms of
the current through the combination.
• The current flowing through R2 is
i2 = v / R2 = i (R1 // R2)
R2
• Because v = i (R1 // R2)
• And i2 = i/R2 {R1R2/(R1 + R2)}

• So i2 = i {R1/(R1 + R2)}
• And i1 = i {R2/(R1 + R2)}


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Practice
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Current Division

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THANKS