Report File -

QUINCKE’S TUBE
METHOD

Submitted to-
Dr. B.R.Behera Sir
Department of Physics
Submitted by-
Arushi Mittal
Bsc Physics (5th Semester)
19040434
 ATOM – A TINY MAGNET

Magnetism is a physical phenomenon caused by the motion of electric

charges by virtue ofwhich they attract or repel each other.
Electrons and protons are charged particles whereas neutrons are uncharged
or neutral particles.
Protons and neutrons form the nucleus of an atom and electrons revolve
around the nucleus.
In atoms, electrons move in circular orbits around the nucleus which is
equivalent to a circular current carrying coil.
Thus this gives rise to orbital magnetic moment. Also, the electrons spin
around their own axes which results in a spin magnetic moment. The total
magnetic moment of an atom is the vector sum of the orbital and spin
magnetic moment.
Thus atom acts as a tiny magnet.

Only the atoms with unpaired electrons acts as magnets though.

As every material consists spinning electrons, thus each of them should be

amagnet but this is not so because –
• According to Pauli exclusion rule, two electrons with same
energy level must haveopposite spins – thus so are their
magnetic moments, which cancel out each other.
• Orbital moments of electrons also cancel out each other – thus no net
magnetic moment.
 IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED WITH
MAGNETISM
• Magnetizing field – The magnetic field which causes magnetization of a
substance placedin it is called magnetizing field.

It is denoted by H. Its SI units are Tesla (T).

• Intensity of Magnetization – The magnetization acquired by a

substance when placed in amagnetizing field is called intensity of
magnetization.

It is denoted by I. Its SI units are Ampere/meter (A/m).

Mathematically, it is defined as magnetic moment per unit volume

of the magnetizedmaterial.
𝐼=M/𝑉

Here, M is the magnetic moment acquired by the substance and its SI

units are A*m2.

• Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Induction – It is a measure of the

magnetic field withina material considered as a concentration of
magnetic field lines or flux per unit cross- sectional area.
It can also be defined as measure of the strength of a magnetic field at a
given point, expressed by the force per unit length on a conductor
carrying unit current at that point.
It is denoted by B. Its SI units are Tesla (T).

• Magnetic Permeability – The degree or extent to which magnetic field

can permeate i.e.spread through a material is called magnetic
permeability.
It is denoted by μ. It is a unitless and dimensionless quantity.
 Mathematically, it is defined as the ratio of magnetic induction B to the
magnetizing fieldH.
μ = 𝐵/𝐻

• Magnetic Susceptibility – Magnetic susceptibility is a quantity which

indicates the degreeof magnetization of a material in response to an
applied magnetic field i.e. how easily a substance can be magnetized
when placed in the magnetizing field.

Mathematically, it is defined as the ratio of magnetization, M

produced in the substanceto the ratio of the magnetizing field, H in
which it is placed.
Xv = M/H
Here, intensity of magnetization, I is defined as magnetic moment per
unit volume thus X𝑣 is the the volume susceptibility of the material.

Xv = u/HV

Xv = up/mH
Xv = Xmp

This 𝜒m is called mass susceptibility. So we can define it as volume

susceptibility per unitdensity of the material.
 TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
To study the magnetic properties of magnetic materials, the material is
usually placed in a uniform magnetic field and then the magnetic field is
varied as different materials have differentatomic structures and properties
thus they interact differently with the magnetic field.

They are broadlyclassified into three categories –

▪ Diamagnetic Materials – Diamagnetic substances are those

substances which get feebly magnetized in the opposite direction of
the magnetizing field. Such substances are feeblyrepelled by magnets
and tend to move from stronger to weaker part of the magnetic field.

Diamagnetic materials do not possess a permanent dipole moment and

align themselves opposite direction in the presence of magneticfield.
Their susceptibility is small , negative and independent of temperature.

Examples - Bismuth, copper, lead, zinc, tin, gold,silicon, nitrogen and

silver

▪ Paramagnetic Materials – Paramagnetic substances are those which

get weakly magnetized when placed in an external magnetic field. They
have tendency to move froma region of weak magnetic field to strong
magnetic field. They get weakly attracted to a magnet.

Their susceptibility is small , positive and inversely dependent on

temperature
 Examples – Manganese, Aluminium, Chromium, Platinum, Sodium,
Copper Chlorideand Oxygen at STP.

▪ Ferromagnetic Materials – Ferromagnetic substances are those

which get strongly magnetized when placed in an external magnetic
field. They have tendency to move froma region of weak magnetic field
to strong magnetic field. They get strongly attracted to a magnet.

Examples - Iron, Cobalt, Nickel and alloys like ALNICO.

In ferromagnetic materials there are domains. Typical domain

size is 1mm and thedomain contains about 1011 atoms.

In the absence of magnetic field, these domains are randomly oriented

and there is no netmagnetization. But in the presence of magnetic field,
these domains orient themselves in the direction ofapplied magnetic
field and produce strong magnetization.
Their magnetic susceptibility is positive, large and decreases with
increase in temperatureaccording to Curie’s law.
 COMPARISON OF FERRO, PARA AND DIA
MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Ferromag- Paramag- Diamag-

Properties
netic netic netic
Materials Materials Materials
They can be solid, They can be solid,
State They are solid.
liquid or gas. liquid or gas.
Strongly attracted by Weekly attracted by Weekly repelled by a
Effect of Magnet
a magnet. a magnet.
magnet.
Tend to move Tend to move Tend to move
Behavior under
fromlow to high fromlow to high fromhigh to low
nonuniform field
field field field
region. region. region.
They do not They do not
They preserve the
Behavior preservethe preservethe
magnetic properties
after external magnetic magnetic
after the external
field is properties after properties after
fieldis removed.
removed the external field is the external field is
removed. removed.
With the rise
Above Curie point,
of
Effect of itbecomes No Effect
temperature
temperature paramagnetic.
it becomes
diamagnetic.
Little greater than Little lesser than
Permeability Very High
unity. unity.
Little greater than Little lesser than
Susceptibility Very High & Positive
unity & positive. unity & negative.
 QUINCKE’S TUBE METHOD

Quincke's Tube Method is designed for the determination of magnetic

susceptibility of asolution.

Principle – This
method is based on
thephenomena of
force experienced by
a magnetized
material in a non-
uniform magnetic
field.

Construction - The apparatus consists of a pair of electromagnets and a

Quincke's tube in whichthe sample is taken.

Quincke’s Tube - This tube is U shaped and has two limbs, one with very narrow
width compared to the other. So, the change in the level of the liquidin the
narrow limb does not affect the level in the wider limb.
The magnetic field is measured by a digital gauss meter. The rise in liquid by the
application of magnetic field is measured using a traveling microscope.

Working – A liquid sample in a narrow tube is placed between the poles of a

magnet. It experiences a force when the field is turned on as when an object is
placed in a magnetic field, amagnetic moment is induced in it.
The meniscus in the narrow tube on applying magnetic field, either rise or fall.
If the liquid isparamagnetic with respect to the surrounding air, the liquid
level will rise and if it is diamagnetic, then the liquid level will fall.
In laboratory we usually use paramagnetic liquid so the liquid level will rise
by an amount h,relative to its zero-field position.
Measuring this rise, h enables us to determine the susceptibility of the solution.
EXPERIMENT – To determine the susceptibility of a solution by
Quincke's Tube method.
Apparatus – Quincke's tube fitted on stand, Electromagnet capable of
producing magnetic fieldof about 10 K gauss with power supply, Gauss meter,
Travelling microscope and experimentalsolutions.

Formula used :-

Procedure – The experimental solution of known density is placed in a

Quincke's tube consisting of a wide and narrow limb. The wide limb is placed
outside the field and the narrowlimb inside the magnetic field provided by an
electromagnet.
The field varies rapidly along the vertical direction due to the wedging of the
pole pieces. Thus the force on the specimen will be vertical.

1. Put the tube on stand and fix it with clamp.

2. Insert the narrow limb of the Quincke’s tube vertically between the
pole pieces of theelectromagnet such that the meniscus is in the
central region of the uniform magneticfield or in the center of the
poles and the wide limb is placed outside the field.

3. Illuminate the meniscus level with an ordinary bulb and view it

with a travellingmicroscope.

4. Adjust the horizontal cross wire of the eye piece of microscope on the
meniscus and notethis reading of the microscope. It will be the initial/
reference position of the meniscus.

5. Switch ON the electromagnet power supply and adjust the current

0
 say at 0.5 Ampere.In Electromagnets, B = n I
No. of turns, n is known from the construction of the
electromagnet. Thus, from current value we can find
the corresponding magnetic field.

6. Bring the cross wire again on the meniscus and note the
reading by moving themicroscope.

7. Increase the power supply current in steps of 0.5 amp and note
position of the level of theliquid.

8. Repeat the experiment for different concentration of the solution.

Precautions –

1. Adjust the microscope properly to get clearer picture of meniscus.

.
2. Let the liquid rise and become steady before taking readings of
meniscus.

3. While dissolving the solution it should be seen that the magnetic salt
is completely anduniformly dissolved.

4. Use lamp and magnifying glass while taking readings.

5. Only prescribed values of magnetizing current should be used and the

current should notexceed the prescribed limit.

6. The joints between the rubber tubing and the glass capillary must be
tight so that there isno leakage of solution from the joints.

7. The initial level of the liquid meniscus in the tube should be noted for
each observation asit is liable to change due to residual magnetism.