Dynamics  Kinematics & Kinetics

Kinematics is that branch of dynamics which describes the motion of bodies without reference to
the forces which causes motion.
Kinetics relates the action of forces on bodies to their resultant motion.
Kinematics  Rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion
Rectilinear motion

Problem 2/1
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The position coordinate of a particle which is confined to move along a straight line is given by s = 2t 3
– 24t + 6 where s is measured in meters from a convenient origin and where t is in seconds. Determine
(a) the time required for the particle to reach a velocity of 72 m/s from its initial condition at t = 0, (b)
the acceleration of the particle when v = 30 m/s, and (c) the net displacement of the particle during the
interval from t = 1 s to t = 4 s.

Determine
a) t = ? at v = 72 m/s t0 = 0
b) a = ? at v = 30 m/s
c) S4 – S1 = ?

Solution

Problem 2/3
The spring-mounted slider moves in the horizontal guide with negligible friction and has a velocity v 0
in the s-direction as it crosses the mid position where s = 0 and t = 0. The two springs together exert a
retarding force to the motion of the slider which gives it an acceleration proportional to the
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displacement but oppositely directed and equal to a = -k 2s where k is constant. (The constant is
arbitrarily squared for later convenience in the form of the expressions.) Determine the expressions for
the displacement s and velocity v as functions of the time t.

Here
i) Determine expression for s and v as a function of t.

Solution:

When t = 0, s = 0, c2 = 0

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Problem 2/5
A projectile is fired vertically with an initial velocity of 240 m/s. Calculate the maximum altitude h
reached by the projectile and the time t after firing for it to return to the ground. Neglect air resistance
and take the gravitational acceleration to be constant at 9.81 m/s2.
Given
V0 = 240 m/s
s=? t=?
a = -9.81 m/s2
Solution

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Problem 2/15
The spring-loaded body oscillates in the vertical direction with a y-coordinate specified by y = y 0 sin
2πnt where y is measured from the equilibrium position. The maximum value of y is y 0, and n is the
constant number of complete cycles per unit of time t. Determine the velocity v 1/4 and acceleration a1/4
of the body when t = 1/(4n) which is the time for ¼ of a complete oscillation.

Solution

Problem 2/22
A motorcycle starts from rest at point A and travels 300 m along a straight horizontal track to point B
where it comes to a stop. If the acceleration of the motorcycle is limited to 0.7g and its deceleration is
limited to 0.6g, calculate the least possible time t to cover the distance. What maximum velocity v is
reached?

Solution

Let velocity after reaching at C = v, t is time to reach at C

u = 0, a = 0.7g v = u + at = 0.7gt

For traveling from A to C.

For from C to B , initial velocity = v and Final velocity = 0 a = -0.6g

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Time taken to reach C

Time taken to B from C

Problem 2/39
The steel ball A of diameter D slides freely on the horizontal rod which leads to the pole face of the
electromagnet. The force of attraction obeys an inverse-square law, and the resulting acceleration of
the ball is a = K/(L-x)2 where K is a measure of the strength of the magnetic field. If the ball is
released from rest at x = 0, determine the velocity v with which it strikes the pole face.

Solution

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 Plane Curvilinear motion

Formula:
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Problem 2/57
A rock is thrown horizontally from a tower at A and hits the ground 3.5 s later at B. The line of sight
from A to B makes an angle of 500 with the horizontal. Compute the initial velocity u of the rock.

Given
t = 3.5 sec
u =?
Solution

Problem 2/64
For a certain interval of motion the pin A is forced to move in the fixed parabolic slot by the
horizontal slotted arm which is elevated in the y-direction at the constant rate of 30 mm/s. All
measurements are in millimeters and seconds. Calculate the velocity v and acceleration a of pin A
when x = 60 mm.
Given
at x = 60 mm, v and a = ?

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Solution

Problem 2/66
In the cathode-ray tube electrons traveling horizontally from their source with the velocity v 0 are
deflected by an electric field E due to the voltage gradient across the plates P. The deflecting force
causes an acceleration in the vertical direction on the sketch equal to eE/m where e is the electron
charge and m is its mass. When clear of the plates the electrons travel in straight lines. Determine the
expression for the deflection  for the tube and plate dimensions shown.

Given

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a= Required:  = ?

where e = electron charge

m= mass of electron

Solution

after time t

Problem 2/69
Calculate the firing angle θ of the anti-aircraft gun with a muzzle velocity of 540 m/s if a direct hit is
to be scored on an aircraft flying horizontally at 1000 km/h at an altitude of 6000 m. The gun is fired
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at the instant when the aircraft is directly overhead. Find the time t required for the shell to reach the
aircraft.
Given
v = 1000 km/h, h = 6000 m, bullet velocity 540 m/s

Solution
Let after time t sec of firing plane crushes at a horizontal distance of s
s = 540 cosθt

Problem 2/79
At time t = 0 an electron is emitted at A with a velocity u in the x-direction into an electric fields E =
E0 sin pt at right angles to u. The electron has an acceleration in the y-direction equal to eE/m, where e

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is the electron charge and m is its mass. Find the x-and y-coordinates of the electron at the end of the
first complete cycle of E. The field frequency f = p/2π is constant.

Solution

Again

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Problem 2/84

The muzzle velocity for a certain rifle is 600 m/s. If the rifle is pointed vertically upward and fired
from an automobile moving horizontally at a speed of 72 km/h, determine the radius of curvature ρ of
the path of the bullet at its maximum altitude. Neglect air resistance.

Solution

Problem 2/112
The motion of the pin A in the fixed circular slot is controlled by the guide B which is being elevated
by its lead screw with a constant upward velocity v 0 = 2 m/s for an interval of its motion. Calculate
both the normal and tangential components of acceleration of pin A as it passes the position for which
θ = 300.

Solution
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 putting t = 0.0625 sec. and r = 0.25

Again

Therefore,

Kinetics of Particle

According to Newton’s Second Law, a particle will accelerate when it is subjected to unbalanced
forces.

Kinetics is the study of the relations between unbalaned forces and the changes in motion which they
produce.

It relates force, mass and acceleration.

When a particle of mass m is subjected to the action of current forces.

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Example Problem 3/1
A 75-kg man stands on a spring scale in an elevator. During the first 3 s of motion from rest the
tension T in the hoisting cable is 8300 N. Find the reading R of the scale in newtons during this
interval and the upward velocity v of the elevator at the end of the 3 seconds. The total mass of the
elevator, man, and scale is 750 kg.

Solution
From the Free body diagram of the elevator, scale and man together, the acceleration is found to be:

Again the scale reads the downward force exerted on it by the man’s feet. The equal and opposite
reaction R to this action is shown on the free body diagram

The velocity reached at the end of the 3 seconds is

Example Problems 3/3

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The 125-kg concrete block A is released from rest in the position shown and pulls the 200-kg log up
the 300 ramp. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the log and the ramp is 0.5, determine the
velocity of the log as the block hits the ground at B.

Solution

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Problem 3/1
Calculate the vertical acceleration a of the 150 kg cylinder for each of the two cases illustrated.
Neglect friction and the mass of the pulleys.

Solution

From Fig: (a)

From Fig:(b)

Problem 3/13
The block shown is observed to have a velocity v1 = 20 m/s as it passes point A and a velocity v 2 = 10
m/s as it passes pint B on the incline. Calculate the coefficient of friction μ between the block and the
incline if x = 75 m and θ = 150.

Solution

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Problem 3/23

Calculate the acceleration a of the 50-kg block up the incline if P = 200 N.

if P = 200 N then calculate a = ?\

Solution

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Problem 3/24

Determine the tension P in the cable which will give the block shown with prob. 3/23 and acceleration
of 2 m/s2 up the incline.

if a = 2 m/s2 P=?
Solution

Problem 3/31
A heavy chain with a mass ρ per unit length is pulled along a horizontal surface consisting of a smooth section
and a rough section by the constant force P. If the chain is initially at rest on the smooth surface with x = 0 and
if the coefficient of friction between the chain and the rough surface is μ, determine the velocity v of the chain
when x = L. Assume that the chain remains taut and thus moves as a unit throughout the motion. What is the
minimum value of P which will permit the chain to remain taut ? (Hint: The acceleration must not become
negative.)

Solution

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Problem 3/32
If the rough and smooth surfaces of Prob. 3/31 are reversed, as shown her, determine the velocity v of
the chain when all of it is transferred to the smooth surface. What is the minimum velocity v
corresponding to the least value of P to initiate motion?

Solution

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 Work & Energy

dU = Fds

work = Force x distance

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Example Problem 3/10
Calculate the velocity v of the 50-kg crate when it reaches the bottom of the chute at B if it is given an
initial velocity of 4 m/s down the chute at A. The coefficient of friction is 0.30.

Solution

Problem 3/90

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The 10-kg cylinder is released from rest in position (a) with the spring unstretched. Determine the
distance h in position (b) where the cylinder has reached its lowest position. The stiffness of the spring
is k = 450 N/m.

Solution

k = 450 N/m, s = h-1

Total work done by the cylinder

U = F.S
= 109.81 (h-1)
= 98.1 (h-1)

Work done by the spring

Total work done

Problem 3/93
The 6-kg cylindrical collar is released from rest in the position shown and drops onto the spring.
Calculate the velocity v of the cylinder when the spring has been compressed 50 mm.
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k = 12 kN/m. δ = 50 mm m = 6 kg

Solution

Work done by the collar = U = F.S

S = 500 + 50 = 550mm = 0.55 m.
U = 6  9.81  0.55 = 32.37 Nm

Problem 3/106
The pulleys around which the cables pass have negligible mass and friction. Determine the velocity v
of the 20-kg block after it has moved 4 m from rest under the action of the 80-N force. The coefficient
of kinetic friction is 0.40.
Solution

T = 80 N, s= 4 m μk = 0.40

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Work done by the block

Problem 3/115
The 7-kg collar A slides with negligible friction on the fixed vertical shaft. When the collar is released
from rest at the bottom position shown, it moves up the shaft under the action of the constant force F =
200 N applied to the cable. Calculate the stiffness k which the spring must have if its maximum
compression is to be limited to 75 mm. The position of the small pulley at B is fixed.

Solution

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Problem 3/102
Slider A and B are of equal mass and are confined to move, respectively, in the vertical and horizontal
guides. Their connecting link has negligible mass. If they are released from rest in the position for
which x = y and if they slide with negligible friction, calculate the velocity v A of A as it passes the
horizontal line through B.

Solution

Problem 3/116
Calculate the horizontal velocity v with which the 20-kg carriage must strike the spring in order to
compress it a maximum of 100 mm. The spring is known as a “hardening” spring, since its stiffness
increases with deflection as shown in the accompanying graph.
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 x = 100 mm
= 0.1m.
F = 10x + 20x2

Solution

Work done by the spring

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Problem 3/121
The 6-kg cylinder is released from rest in the position shown and falls on the spring which has been
initially precompressed 50 mm by the light strap and restraining wires. If the stiffness of the spring is
4 kN/m, compute the additional deflection  of the spring produced by the falling cylinder before it
rebounds.

Solution

k = 4000 N/m
Total distance covered by collar = 0.1+δ
Work done by the collar

as spring pre compressed by 0.05 m (50 mm)

Problems 3/122

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The 50-kg cylinder is released from rest in the position for which the spring is under a tension of 45 N.
Compute the velocity of the cylinder after it has fallen 150 mm and determine the maximum
downward displacement δ of the cylinder. Neglect the mass of the pulleys.

Solution

k = 450 N/m
T = 45 N
2T = 90 N.
 = 0.15
i) Work done by the cylinder = (50 x 9.81 – 2T)
(50 x 9.81 – 90)0.15 = 400.5 x 0.15 = 60.075 N.m.

ii) Let max. displacement is δ

W.D by cylinder = (50 x 9.81 – 90)  = 400.5 x 
W.D by spring = -225 (2)2 = - 9002
Total W.D = 400.5 - 9002 = 0
900 = 400.5
 = 0.445 m = 445mm.

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