POWER DISTRIBUTION AND

UTILIZATION
UTILIZATION PART
ILLUMINATION
(LECTURE SLIDES-1)
Instructor: Nisma Saleem
 Contents
• Introduction
• Electrical Lighting
• Terms used in Illumination
– Light
– Luminous flux
– Lumen
– Plain Angle
– Solid Angle
– Steradian
– Candle Power
– Luminous Intensity
– MSCP and MHCP
– Lamp Efficiency
• Laws of Illumination
 Introduction
• As we know that almost all human activities
depends on light. Sun is a prime natural source
of light but artificial lighting plays almost main
role in our daily life. These artificial lights are
produced by mechanical lamps and electrical
lamps.
• But due to poor performance the mechanical
light are totally replaced by electrical lights. The
electrical lighting are mainly used for decorative
purpose, advertising, traffic control , medical
field and street lighting etc.
 Electrical Lighting

Electrical lighting has following advantages:

1. Cleanliness
2. Easy to control
3. Economical
4. Easy to handle
5. Steady output
6. Better reliability
7. Suitable for almost all purposes etc.
Electrical Lighting
 Sensitivity of Human Eye
• As we know natural light consists of seven colors
having different wavelengths. The average human
eye is most sensitive to a wavelength of 5500 0A.
• The relative sensitivity of eye for a particular wave
length is the visual effect produced by the light on
the average human eye as compared with the
effect of light having wave length 5500 0A on
human eye.
 Sensitivity of Human eye

This is also known as Relative

luminosity Factor.
 Terms used in Illumination
1. Light
2. Luminous flux
3. Lumen
4. Plane angle
5. Solid angle
6. Steradian
7. Candle power
8. Luminous intensity reduction factor
9. Glare
10. Lamp efficiency
 Light
• That part of radiant energy from a hot body which
produced the visual sensation on human eye is called
light.
 Luminous Flux
• The total quantity of radiant energy per second
responsible for visual sensation from a luminous body
is called Luminous Flux.
• It is represented as F or Ø and measured in lumens.
• It is defined as the rate of luminous energy.
• If Q lumens hour is the luminous output of source of light
and energy radiated is for t hours then flux
ɸ = Q/t lumens
 Lumen

• It is the unit of luminous flux.

• One lumen is defined as the amount of luminous flux
emitted per unit solid angle from a source having
intensity of one candle power in all directions.
Lumens = candle power x solid angle
= C.P x ɷ
Or
• Total lumens given out by source of one candla is 4ᴨ
lumens.
 PlaneAngle

• The angle subtended at a point by two converging lines

lying in the same plane is called plane angle.
• It is measured in radians and equal to the ratio of the
length of the arc to its radius,
θ = arc/ radius = l/ r radians
• One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a
circle by an arc whose light is equal to
the radius of the circle.
• One radian = 180/ᴨ degrees
• Largest plane angle subtended at a
point may be 2ᴨ radians.
 Solid Angle
• The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a
sphere at its centre is called as solid angle.
• It is measured in steradians and equal to the ratio of
area of the surface to the square of radius of sphere,
ω = area of surface/ square of radius = A/ r 2 steradians
 Steradian

• It is the unit of solid angle.

• One steradian is defined as the solid angle that is
subtended at the centre of a sphere by its surface having
area equal to radius square,
• ω=area of surface/ square of radius
=A/ r2 steradians
• Total solid angle subtended at a point in space is
obtained by taking surface area of sphere as:
• ω=area of sphere surface/ square of radius
• = 4 ᴨ r2 / r2 = 4 ᴨ steradians
 Candle Power
• The light radiating capacity of a source in a given
direction is called its candle power. It is defined as:
• The number of lumens given out by a source per unit
solid angle in a given direction is called its candle
power.
• It is denoted by C.P.
• Total flux emitted =CPXsolid angle
• i.e. C. P = Lumens / ɷ
 Luminous Intensity
• Luminous intensity in any particular direction is the
luminous flux emitted by the source per unit solid angle
in that direction.
• It is denoted by I and its unit is candela.
• Luminous intensity of source in a particular
direction, I =F/ω = φ / ω Lumens/steradian or candela
 Illumination
• When light falls on a surface, it becomes visible, the
phenomenon is called as illumination.
• It is defined as luminous flux falling on a surface per
unit area.
• It is denoted by E and measured in lumen per square
meter or meter- candle.
• If a flux of Ф lumens falls on a surface of area A, then
the illumination of that surface is:
E= Ф / A lux
 Meter candle or Lux
• One meter candle or lux is the unit of illumination
and is defined as the illumination produced by a
uniform source of one CP on the inner surface of a
sphere of radius one meter.
 Mean Spherical Candle Power (MSCP)
• Mean Spherical Candle Power is a unit of measure
that represents the average output of a light source
measured in all directions (360°)
• M.S.C.P = total flux in lumens / 4 ᴨ

Mean Horizontal Candle Power (MHCP)

• The average value of the candle-power of a light
source in all directions in a horizontal plane through
the source,
 Lamp Efficiency
• It is defined as the visible radiations emitted by it in
lumens per watt.
• It is also defined as the ratio of luminous flux to the power
input.
Lamp efficiency = Lumens emitted by source / wattage of
source of light
• Usually, the light sources do not radiate energy only in the
visible spectrum.
• The radiant energy is also accompanied with infrared and
ultra violet radiations.
 Laws of Illumination

• The illumination on a surface depends upon the

luminous intensity, distance between the source and
surface and the direction of rays of light.
• It is governed by following laws :
1. Inverse square law
2. Lambert’s cosine law
 Inverse square law
• It states that the illumination of a surface is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
of the surface from the source.
Eα I/d2
 Lambert’s Cosine law
• This law states that the illumination on any surface
is proportional to the cosine of angle between the
direction of the incident flux and perpendicular to
the area.
• i.e. E ∞ Cos ϴ

• In normal surface case:

E = Ф / Area
• In inclined surface case:
E = Ф / Area x cos ϴ
 Take Home Task

• Differentiate between Light and

Illumination
• Identify some common
0 examples
of producing light from electrical
energy from your daily life