MAGNETIC MATERIALS

What is magnetism??

A physical phenomenon produced by the motion of

electric charge, which results in attractive and repulsive
forces between objects.
Electrons movement
 Terminologies related to magnetism
 Magnetic field strength (H): The amount of
magnetizing force is called Magnetic field strength
which is denoted by (H).
 Magnetic induction (B): The magnitude of the
internal field strength within a substance that is
subjected to an H field.
 B = µ○ . H
 Magnetic permeability: Ratio between magnetic
induction and magnetic field strength
 Magnetization: Magnetic moments / volume
 Magnetic susceptibility: Ratio of M and H
 Types of magnetism

Magnetism is based on susceptibility

 Diamagnetism
 Para magnetism
 Ferromagnetism
 Anti ferromagnetism
 Ferrimagnetism
 What is Domain…?
 Ferromagnetic materials consists small-volume regions in
which there is a mutual alignment in the same direction of
all magnetic dipole moments.
 Such a region is called a domain.
 Normally these domains are random in directions until a
field intensity H is applied.
 Hysteresis Loop
It is defined as the lag in a variable property of a system with
respect to the effect producing it as this effect varies.
 In ferromagnetic materials the magnetic flux density B lags
behind the changing external Magnetizing field Intensity H.
 As an H field is applied, the domains change shape and size
by the movement of domain boundaries.
 As the external field is applied, the domains are oriented in
directions favourable to the applied field.
 Hysteresis Loop
 Saturation is achieved when this domain, by means of
rotation, becomes oriented with the H field.
 A hysteresis effect is produced in which the B field lags
behind the applied H field, or decreases at a lower rate.
 At zero H field (point R on the curve), there exists a residual
B field that is called the remanence, or remanent flux
density, Br the material remains magnetized in the absence
of an external H field.
Hysteresis Loop
 Hysteresis Loop
The loop is characterised by three parameters:
 Bs saturation magnetisation; the maximum B is obtained
when all domains and atomic magnets are aligned.
 Br remanence; the magnetisation remaining after the applied
magnetic field H has been turned off.
 Hc coercive field, the field needed to remove the remanence
magnetisation, i.e. to demagnetise the material.
Hysteresis Loop
 Two Types Of Ferromagnetic Material
SOFT MAGNETS:
 Soft magnetic materials are those materials that are easily
magnetised and demagnetised.
 They typically have intrinsic coercivity less than 1000 Am-1.
HARD MAGNETS:
 Hard magnets, also referred to as permanent magnets, are
magnetic materials that retain their magnetism after being
magnetised.
 Practically, this means materials that have an intrinsic
coercivity of greater than 10kAm-1.
 Applications
 Soft magnets are used in electric circuits and primarily in
transformers converting one AC voltage into another.
 Soft magnetic materials also play an important role in
electric motors where they enhance the field produced by
the motor windings.
 Hard magnets as Starter motors, Anti-lock braking
systems (ABS), Motor drives for wipers, Injection pumps,
Fans and controls for windows, seats etc. Loudspeakers,
Eddy current brakes, Alternators.
 Hard magnets as Loudspeakers, Microphones, Telephone
ringers, Electro-acoustic pick-ups, Switches and relays.
 Electromagnets
 The magnetic field is caused by the flow of an
electric current
 The simplest example is a coiled piece of wire
 Using the right hand rule, it is possible to determine
the direction
 An advantage over permanent magnets is that the
magnetic field strength can be changed by changing
the current
 Ways to Magnetically Levitate an
object

 Mechanical constraint
 Direct diamagnetic levitation
 Superconductors
 Diamagnetically stabilized levitation
 Rotational stabilization
 Servo stabilization
 Rotating conductors beneath magnets
 High-frequency oscillating electromagnetic fields
 Direct Diamagnetic Levitation – How
it Works
 Diamagnetic materials repel a magnetic field
 All materials have diamagnetic properties, but the
effect is very weak, and usually overcome by the
object‘s paramagnetic or ferromagnetic properties,
which act in the opposite manner
 By surrounding a diamagnetic material with a
magnetic field, it can be held in a stationary position
(the magnetic force is strong enough to counteract
gravity)
 Applications
 MagLev Trains- The magnetized coil running along
the track, repels the large magnets on the train's
undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate
 Biomagnetism- in MRI and SQUID (measures slight
magnetic fields)
 Particle accelerators to accelerate sub-atomic particles
to nearly the speed of light
 Electric generators- made with superconducting wire:
They have a 99% efficiency and have about half the
size of conventional generators.
 Really fast computers- In "petaflop" computers.
 Rotational Magnetism
 Also known as spin stabilized magnetic levitation
 Happens when the forces acting on the levitating
object- gravitational, magnetic, and gyroscopic- are in
equilibrium
 Earnshaw’s theorem says it is impossible
 Super Levitron

 Two opposing neodymium-iron-boron permanent

magnets.
 The rotation of a spinning object’s axis of spin creates
a toroid of genuine stability in a way that does not
violate Earnshaw’s theorem, but that went completely
unpredicted by physicists for more than a century.
 The top remain levitating in a central point in space
above the base where the forces acting on the top-
gravitational, magnetic, and gyroscopic- are in
equilibrium
 Stops due to air resistance.
 Ferrofluid
 A ferrofluid resembles a ferromagnetic liquid.
 A colloidal suspension of tiny superparamagnetic
particles in oil or water.
 In order to stabilize the colloid, it is necessary to
weaken the dipole–dipole forces.
 Each particle has a thermal energy of order 4× 10−21 J
at room temperature. Besides the Néel-type
superparamagnetic relaxation, the particles are
subject to normal Brownian motion, which helps to
stabilize the colloid.
 References
 Magnetism and magnetic materials by J.M.D Coey.
 Fundamentals of materials science and engineering
by William D. Callister Jr.
 http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/levitron/spinstab.
 http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-
eps/metallurgy/research/Magnetic-Materials-
Background/Magnetic-Materials-Background-4-
Classification-of-Magnetic-Materials.
 http://www.gitam.edu/eresource/Engg_Phys/semester
_2/magnetic/soft.htm