Batangas State University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Electronics, Instrumentation, and Mechatronics Engineering Department

Vector Analysis – Part 1

Presented for the course
ECE 401 Electromagnetics

ENGR. RAYNELL ANDAL INOJOSA, MSEEE

raynell.inojosa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph

Scalars and Vectors | Rectangular Coordinate System | Dot Product | Example Problems
Lecture 2
COURSE OUTLINE 05
Time-varying Fields
Maxwell Equation’s in Different Forms
Teaching, Learning, and Assessment Activities Chapter 4
FINAL EXAM
Major Examination

03
Maxwell’s Equation MIDTERM EXAM 06
Plane-wave Propagation
Major Examination
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics Reflection and Transmission of a Plane Wave
Chapter 2 Chapter 5

02
Vector Analysis 04
EM Fields in Materials 07
Transmission Lines
Vector Algebra and Vector Calculus
Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Media and Boundary Conditions Wave propagation in transmission lines
Chapter 3 Chapter 6
01
Introduction
Introduction to Electromagnetics
Chapter 0

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18

August September October November December

2
 ▪ Scalar refers to a quantity
whose value may be
represented by a single
(Positive/Negative) real
number.
Scalars and o Has magnitude but no
Vectors direction
▪ Vector is a quantity who
has both a magnitude and
direction in space.
o has both magnitude and
direction

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics We adopt the convention that “magnitude” infers “absolute value”; therefore is always positive.
Scalars and Vectors
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Mass Weight
Energy Acceleration
Density Force
Power Impulse
Length, Area, Volume Pressure
Time Momentum
Temperature Gravity
Work Drag

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

How about voltage?

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑀 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) → 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑀 ∠𝜙
time domain phasor domain
▪ amplitude and phase angle (real and imaginary part)
 Vector Algebra

▪ vectorial addition follows parallelogram law → two vectors from common origin
▪ or by beginning the second vector from the head of the first by completing a triangle

Associative Law: 𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 = 𝐴+𝐵 +𝐶

Distributive Law: 𝑟+𝑠 𝐴+𝐵 =𝑟 𝐴+𝐵 +𝑠 𝐴+𝐵

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Vector Algebra
Subtraction
▪ 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 + (−𝐵)

Multiplication
▪ Obeys associative and distributive laws
▪ 𝑟+𝑠 𝐴+𝐵 =𝑟 𝐴+𝐵 +𝑠 𝐴+𝐵
▪ = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵 + 𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝐵

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 ▪ Most of the quantities
that we deal in the study
of Electromagnetics are
functions of both space
and time.
▪ Variations in space are
represented with the
proper coordinate
system.
▪ One must be able to
define all points and
Vector Analysis vectors uniquely in space
Orthogonal Coordinate in the appropriate
manner.
System
Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
 Orthogonal
Coordinate
System
A point can be represented using
orthogonal or non-orthogonal
coordinate system.

Orthogonal system
coordinates are mutually
perpendicular
Non-orthogonal
hard to work on and practically
neglected.
Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
Orthogonal Coordinate System
A position vector defines the position of a point in space relative to the
origin.

These three reference directions are referred to as coordinate directions

or base vectors, and are mutually perpendicular (orthogonal).

In this class, we mainly use three Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical

coordinate systems:

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Rectangular
Coordinate
System
In rectangular (cartesian)
coordinate system, a point
𝑃 is represented by
coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).
Rectangular Coordinate System
▪ All the three coordinates
represent the mutually
perpendicular plane
surfaces

▪ The range of coordinates

are:
−∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
−∞ < 𝑦 < ∞
−∞ < 𝑧 < ∞

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Rectangular ▪ right-handed coordinate system
Coordinate System

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Point Locations
in Rectangular
Coordinate
System
right-handed coordinate system

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Vector Components
and Unit Vectors

To describe a vector in the

cartesian coordinate system, let
us first consider a vector
𝒓 extending outward from the
origin.

unit vectors

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

The desired vector from P (1,2,3) to

Q(2,-2,1) is therefore

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Vector General Vector,
Expressions 𝐁: 𝐁 = 𝑩𝒙 𝒂𝑥 + 𝑩𝑌 𝒂𝑦 + 𝑩𝑧 𝒂𝑍
in
Rectangular Magnitude of 𝐁,
Coordinates 𝐁 = 𝑩2𝑥 + 𝑩2𝑦 + 𝑩2𝑧

Unit Vector in the direction of 𝐁,

𝐁 𝐁
𝒂𝑩 = =
𝐁
𝑩2𝑥 +𝑩2𝑦 +𝑩2𝑧

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 1. Specify the unit vector extending from the origin toward the
point 𝐆 (𝟐, −𝟐, 𝟏).

▪ Step 1: Construct the vector extending from the origin to point 𝐆.

𝐆 = 2𝒂𝑥 − 2𝒂𝑦 − 𝒂𝑧
▪ Step 2: Continue by finding the magnitude of 𝐆,
Example
𝐆 = (𝟐)𝟐 + −𝟐 𝟐+ (−𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟑
▪ Step 3: Express the desired unit vector as the quotient,

𝐆 2𝒂𝑥 − 2𝒂𝑦 − 𝒂𝑧
𝒂𝐆 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝒂𝑥 − 0.667𝒂𝑦 − 0.333𝒂𝑧
𝐆 𝟑

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 2. Find the unit vector of 𝐕 where 𝐕 (𝟒, −𝟑, 𝟎).

▪ Step 1: Construct the vector extending from the origin to point 𝐕.

𝐕 = 4𝒂𝑥 − 3𝒂𝑦 + 0𝒂𝑧

▪ Step 2: Continue by finding the magnitude of 𝐆,
Example
𝐕 = (𝟒)𝟐 + −𝟑 𝟐+ (𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟓

▪ Step 3: Express the desired unit vector as the quotient,

𝐕 4𝒂𝑥 − 3𝒂𝑦
𝒂𝐕 = = = 0.8𝒂𝑥 − 0.6𝒂𝑦
𝐕 𝟓

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 3. Given points 𝐌(−𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟏), 𝐍(𝟑, −𝟑, 𝟎), and 𝐏(−𝟐, −𝟑, −𝟒), find the
following:
a) 𝐑 𝑴𝑵
b) 𝐑 𝑴𝑵 + 𝐑 𝑴𝑷
c) 𝒓𝑴
d) 𝒂𝑴𝑷

▪ Solution for (a)

Example 𝐑 𝑴𝑵 = 3 − −1 𝒂𝑥 + (−3 − 2)𝒂𝑦 + (0 − 1)𝒂𝑧
𝐑 𝑴𝑵 = 4𝒂𝑥 − 5𝒂𝑦 − 𝒂𝑧

▪ Solution for (b)

𝐑 𝑴𝑵 = 4𝒂𝑥 − 5𝒂𝑦 − 𝒂𝑧 → solved in (a)
𝐑 𝑴𝑷 = −2 − −1 𝒂𝑥 + (−3 − 2)𝒂𝑦 + (−4 − 1)𝒂𝑧
𝐑 𝑴𝑷 = −𝒂𝑥 − 5𝒂𝑦 − 5𝒂𝑧
𝐑 𝑴𝑵 + 𝐑 𝑴𝑷 = 3𝒂𝑥 − 10𝒂𝑦 − 6𝒂𝑧

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 3. Given points 𝐌(−𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟏), 𝐍(𝟑, −𝟑, 𝟎), and 𝐏(−𝟐, −𝟑, −𝟒), find the
following:
a) 𝐑 𝑴𝑵
b) 𝐑 𝑴𝑵 + 𝐑 𝑴𝑷
c) 𝒓𝑴
d) 𝒂𝑴𝑷

▪ Solution for (c)

Example 𝑴 = −𝒂𝑥 + 2𝒂𝑦 + 𝒂𝑧
𝒓𝑴 = (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟐+ (𝟏)𝟐 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟒𝟓

▪ Solution for (d)

−𝒂𝑥 −5𝒂𝑦 −5𝒂𝑧 −𝒂𝑥 −5𝒂𝑦 −5𝒂𝑧
𝒂𝑴𝑷 = =
(−𝟏)𝟐 + −𝟓 𝟐 +(−𝟓)𝟐 𝟓𝟏

𝒂𝑴𝑷 = −0.14𝒂𝑥 − 0.7𝒂𝑦 − 0.7𝒂𝑧

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 4. Given the vectors 𝐌 = −10𝒂𝑥 + 4𝒂𝑦 − 8𝒂𝑧 and 𝐍 = 8𝒂𝑥 + 7𝒂𝑦 − 𝟐𝒂𝑧 , find
the following:
a) unit vector in the direction of −𝐌 + 𝟐𝐍
b) magnitude of 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝐍 – 𝟑𝐌
c) 𝐌 𝟐𝐍 (M+N)

▪ Solution for (a)

Example
−𝐌 + 𝟐𝐍 = − −10𝒂𝑥 + 4𝒂𝑦 − 8𝒂𝑧 + 2(8𝒂𝑥 + 7𝒂𝑦 − 𝟐𝒂𝑧 )
−𝐌 + 𝟐𝐍 = 10𝒂𝑥 − 4𝒂𝑦 + 8𝒂𝑧 + 16𝒂𝑥 + 14𝒂𝑦 − 4𝒂𝑧
−𝐌 + 𝟐𝐍 = 10 + 16 𝒂𝑥 + (−4 + 14)𝒂𝑦 + (8 − 4)𝒂𝑧 = 26𝒂𝑥 + 10𝒂𝑦 + 𝟒𝒂𝑧
26𝒂𝑥 +10𝒂𝑦 +𝟒𝒂𝑧 26𝒂𝑥 +10𝒂𝑦 +𝟒𝒂𝑧
𝒂−𝐌 +𝟐𝐍 = = = 0.92𝒂𝑥 + 0.36𝒂𝑦 + 0.14𝒂𝑧
(𝟐𝟔)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 +(𝟒)𝟐 𝟕𝟗𝟐

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 4. Given the vectors 𝐌 = −10𝒂𝑥 + 4𝒂𝑦 − 8𝒂𝑧 and 𝐍 = 8𝒂𝑥 + 7𝒂𝑦 − 𝟐𝒂𝑧 , find
the following:
a) unit vector in the direction of −𝐌 + 𝟐𝐍
b) magnitude of 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝐍 – 𝟑𝐌
c) 𝐌 𝟐𝐍 (M+N)

▪ Solution for (b)

Example 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝐍 – 𝟑𝐌
= 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + (8𝒂𝑥 + 7𝒂𝑦 − 𝟐𝒂𝑧 ) − 3 −10𝒂𝑥 + 4𝒂𝑦 − 8𝒂𝑧
𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝐍 – 𝟑𝐌 = 5 + 8 + 30 𝒂𝑥 + (7 − 12)𝒂𝑦 + (−2 + 24)𝒂𝑧
𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝐍 – 𝟑𝐌 = 43𝒂𝑥 − 5𝒂𝑦 + 22𝒂𝑧

𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝐍 – 𝟑𝐌 = (𝟒𝟑)𝟐 + −𝟓 𝟐+ (𝟐𝟐)𝟐 = 48.6

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 4. Given the vectors 𝐌 = −10𝒂𝑥 + 4𝒂𝑦 − 8𝒂𝑧 and 𝐍 = 8𝒂𝑥 + 7𝒂𝑦 − 𝟐𝒂𝑧 , find
the following:
a) unit vector in the direction of −𝐌 + 𝟐𝐍
b) magnitude of 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝐍 – 𝟑𝐌
c) 𝐌 𝟐𝐍 (M+N)

▪ Solution for (c)

Example
𝐌 = (−𝟏𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐+ (−𝟖)𝟐 = 13.42
𝟐𝐍 = 𝟐 (𝟖)𝟐 + 𝟕 𝟐+ (−𝟐)𝟐 = 21.63
(𝐌 + 𝐍) = −10𝒂𝑥 + 4𝒂𝑦 − 8𝒂𝑧 + (8𝒂𝑥 + 7𝒂𝑦 − 𝟐𝒂𝑧 )
(𝐌 + 𝐍) = −2𝒂𝑥 + 11𝒂𝑦 − 10𝒂𝑧
𝐌 𝟐𝐍 (M+N) = ? → please solve on your own (asynchronous activity)

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 ▪ Function, which specifies a
particular quantity everywhere
in the region

▪ Two types:
▪ Scalar Field has only magnitude
e.g., temperature
▪ Vector Field has a direction
feature pertaining to it, e.g.
gravitational field → function of
a position vector.
Field
Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
The Dot Product
▪ Given two vectors 𝐀 and 𝐁, the dot product, or scalar product, is
defined as the product of the magnitude of 𝐀, the magnitude of 𝐁,
and the cosine of the smaller angle between them,

• -→ commutative law

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Vector Projections using Dot Product
▪ One of the most important application of the dot product is that of
finding the component of a vector in a given direction.

The scalar component of 𝐁 in the The vector component of 𝐁 in the

direction of the unit vector 𝐚 direction of the unit vector 𝐚

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Operational Use of the Dot Product
𝐀 = 𝑨𝒙 𝒂𝑥 + 𝑨𝑌 𝒂𝑦 + 𝑨𝑧 𝒂𝑍
Given
𝐁 = 𝑩𝒙 𝒂𝑥 + 𝑩𝑌 𝒂𝑦 + 𝑩𝑧 𝒂𝑍

Find 𝐀 ⋅ 𝐁 = 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝑌 + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝑧

𝒂𝑥 ⋅ 𝒂𝑦 = 𝒂𝑦 ⋅ 𝒂𝑧 = 𝒂𝑥 ⋅ 𝒂𝑧 = 0
Note
𝒂𝑥 ⋅ 𝒂𝑥 = 𝒂𝑦 ⋅ 𝒂𝑦 = 𝒂𝑧 ⋅ 𝒂𝑧 = 1

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 5. The three vertices of a triangle are located at 𝐀(𝟔, −𝟏, 𝟐),
𝐁(−𝟐, 𝟑, −𝟒), and 𝐂(−𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟓), find the following:
a) 𝐑 𝑨𝑩
b) 𝐑 𝑨𝑪
c) angle 𝜭𝑩𝑨𝑪 at vertex 𝑨
d) the vector projection of 𝐑 𝑨𝑩 on 𝐑 𝑨𝑪

Example

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Solution

Example 5

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Solution

Example 5

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Relevant Activity
For Asynchronous Learning

Study Example 1.2, page 12 (30 minutes):

• Dot product
• Vector projection
Reference:
• Hayt Jr., William H, and Buck, John A., Engineering Electromagnetics, 7th ed.,
McGrawHill Publishing Company, Inc., USA.

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

For this lecture
Vector Analysis

✓ Scalars and Vectors

✓ Vector Algebra
✓ The Cartesian Coordinate
System
✓ Vector Components and Unit
Vectors
✓ The Vector Field
✓ The Dot Product QUESTIONS?
▪ The Cross Product
▪ Circular Cylindrical Coordinate
System
▪ Spherical Coordinate System

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

ECE 401 ELECTROMAGNETICS

Sir Ino
raynell.inojosa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph
09292410093

Contact Hours: Saturday (1:00 pm – 6: 00 pm)

Batangas State University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Electronics, Instrumentation, and Mechatronics Engineering Department