Some Important terms related to magnetic properties of materials:

1.Intensity of Magnetization (𝑰Ԧ ) :

It is the measure of extent to which the material is magnetized and depends upon the nature of
material. The intensity of magnetization of magnetic material is defined as magnetic moment
developed per unit volume of material.
Ԧ𝐼 = 𝑀 and it’s unit is A/m
𝑉

2. Magnetizing Field Intensity (𝑯 ) or Magnetic Intensity :

The ability of magnetizing field to magnetize a material is called magnetizing field intensity and
denoted by 𝐻 .It’s unit in S.I system is A/m .
3. Magnetic Induction (𝑩 ) :
When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field , the material gets magnetized .The total
magnetic field inside a magnetic material is the sum of the external magnetizing field and the
additional magnetic field produced due to magnetization of the material , called magnetic
induction .It’s unit is tesla.
𝐵 = 𝐵0 + 𝐵𝑀 = 𝜇0 H + 𝜇0 I
Where 𝐵0 = Flux density in air or magnetic induction in vacuum due to H.
𝐵𝑀 = magnetic induction in vacuum due to I .
𝜇0 = permeability of free space.

4. Magnetic Permeability ( 𝝁 ) :
The magnetic permeability is the measure of ability or extent of how penetrable a material is for
passing magnetic lines of force i.e. measure of the extent to which a material can be penetrated by
a magnetic field. It may be defined as the ratio of it’s magnetic induction to the magnetizing field
𝐵
intensity. 𝜇 = It’s unit is SI system is T𝐴−1 m .
𝐻
5.Relative Permeability ( 𝝁𝒓 ) :
It is defined as the ratio of permeability of the medium to the permeability of free space or
vacuum
𝜇
𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇0
( no unit )

7. Magnetic Susceptibility ( 𝝌𝒎 ) :
Magnetic Susceptibility measures the ability of a substance to get magnetized when placed in a
magnetic field. It is the ratio of intensity of magnetization to the magnetizing field intensity .
𝐼
𝜒𝑚 = (I and H have same unit so it is unit less and depends upon temp. and material)
𝐻
Relation between relative permeability 𝝁𝒓 and magnetic Susceptibility 𝝌𝒎 :
When magnetic material is placed in magnetizing field, the total magnetic field or magnetic
induction 𝐵 inside the magnetic material is the sum of magnetic induction in vacuum due to H and
magnetic induction in material due to I .
𝐵 = 𝐵0 + 𝐵𝑀
𝐵 = 𝜇0 H + 𝜇0 I
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (H + I)
𝐵 𝐼
𝐻
= 𝜇0 (1 + 𝐻 )
𝜇 = 𝜇0 (1 +𝜒𝑚 )
𝜇
= (1 +𝜒𝑚 )
𝜇0
∴ 𝜇𝑟 = (1 +𝜒𝑚 ) which is the required relation.
Classification of Magnetic Materials :
On the basis of their behavior in external magnetic field Faraday classified magnetic materials
into three categories.
Diamagnetic Materials
Are those in which the individual
atoms/molecules / ions don’t posses any
net magnetic moment on their own.
e.g. cu, Zn, Ag , Air, water, hydrogen ,All
inert gas, He , Ne , Ar ,superconductors.
Weakly repelled in external magnetic
field i.e. magnetization occurs opposite
to magnetizing field.
It’s susceptibility has a small negative
value. -1 < 𝜒𝑚 < 0
Paramagnetic Materials
Are those in which the individual
atoms/molecules / ions has a net non
zero magnetic moment
e.g. Al , Na , O, Chromium , Tungsten etc.
Weakly attracted in external magnetic
field. Magnetization occurs in the
direction of magnetizing field .
It’s susceptibility is small but positive
value. 𝜒𝑚 > 1
Ferromagnetic Materials
Are those in which the individual
atoms/molecules / ions has a net non
zero magnetic moment (as in
paramagnetic subs. but in much greater
degree)
e.g. Iron, cobalt, Nickel etc.
Strongly attracted in external magnetic
field. i.e. strongly magnetized in the
direction of field.
It’s susceptibility is very greater than 1
𝜒𝑚 >> 1
It’s relative permeability is 𝜇𝑟 is slightly greater than 1 𝜇𝑟 > >1
slightly less than one and 𝜇𝑟 > 1
positive 0 < 𝜇𝑟 < 1
B<H B>H B >> H

Magnetic lines prefer not to Magnetic lines prefer to pass Magnetic lines tends to
pass through the specimen. through the specimen. crowded.

May be solid liquid and gas. May be solid liquid and gas. They are solids .

𝜒𝑚 is independent with 𝜒𝑚 is inversely proportional 1

𝜒𝑚 ∝
temperature. with absolute temperature. T − 𝑇𝑐
Domain Theory of Ferromagnetism :
The ferromagnetic material contain permanent magnetic moment arranged in very small
region even in the absence of external magnetic field such regions are called domains ( i.e. the
region or space over which the magnetic dipole moments of the atoms are aligned in the same
direction is called a domain )
The magnetic moment within the domain aligned parallel with each other
whereas magnetic moment in the different domains are randomly oriented so that the net
magnetization becomes zero.
When such material is placed in external magnetic field , the domains start to magnetize in the
direction of external magnetic field .If the external field is strong enough all the domains align in
the direction of external field and the material attains magnetic saturation .
Curie Temperature :
Ferromagnetism decrease with the increase in temperature because random thermal
motion tend to destroy the alignment of domains .At sufficiently high temperature
the ferromagnetic property of the substance suddenly disappears and the substance
becomes paramagnetic .
The temperature at which Ferromagnetic substance becomes
paramagnetic is called Curie Temperature. e.g. for iron 1043k and for Ni , 631k
Magnetic Hysteresis :
The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction 𝑩 behind the magnetizing field 𝐻 in a
ferromagnetic material subjected to cycle of magnetization is called magnetic hysteresis.
When a ferromagnetic substance is subjected to a
magnetizing field whose intensity 𝐻 gradually
increases from zero , the corresponding magnetic
induction 𝑩 is found to follow a curved path
OAS as shown in fig.
As the field increases the magnetic induction 𝑩
becomes maximum ( point S ) and further increase is
not possible even if we increase 𝐻 . This state is
called magnetic saturation.
If we decrease the value of 𝐻 , 𝑩 also decreases but the path it takes (SRC) is not same . When
𝐻 becomes zero 𝑩 doesn’t come down to zero i.e. 𝐵 lags 𝑯 in the reverse cycle. The value of 𝑩
at R (when 𝐻 =0 ) is called retentivity .
If we continue decrease the value of 𝐻 from zero ( i.e. apply 𝐻 in opposite direction ) the
residual magnetism in the material decreases further and at certain vale of 𝐻 , 𝐵
becomes zero (point C ) .The value of 𝐻 for which 𝐵 becomes zero is called coercivity of the
substance. After that the magnetization in the specimen is reversed and further increase in 𝐻
saturates it in the opposite direction ( point 𝑆 ′ ).
Again reversing the direction of 𝐻 , 𝐵 lags as before and a retentivity is shown by the specimen
( at point 𝑅 ′ ) when 𝐻 becomes zero. This retentivity is cancelled completely when 𝐻 is further
increased to it’s coercivity and then the material is again magnetized in positive direction and
returns to S .
This complete one cycle of alternating magnetism of the substance .The 𝐵 - 𝐻 curve for one
complete cycle is called Hysteresis Loop of the material.
During magnetizing, energy is dissipated as heat and
it’s temperature rises. This loss of thermal energy is
called Hysteresis Loss.
The area covered by Hysteresis Loop represents energy loss.