Magnetism & Matter

Lect-03
 Today’s Goal
Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity

DiaMagnetism,ParaMagnetism
& FerroMagnetism

HYSTERISIS
1. We all know that matter is made up of Atoms.

2. When e- revolves around the nucleus of an

atom, it constitutes a current loop.

3. This current loop behave as a Magnetic

Dipole (Atomic Dipoles) & has Magnetic
Moment M=iA
Note: The Magnetic Moment of e- in an atom is
due to
i. Orbital motion of e-
ii. Spin motion of e-
iii. Magnetic moment of nucleus
But only (i) is the major contributor for Magnetic moment of
an atom.
Cause of Diamagnetism & Paramagnetism +
Ferromagnetism
1. In certain materials, all e- are paired. The Magnetic
moment of paired e- cancel each other. The Net Magnetic
moment is ZERO.

2. In other e- are unpaired. Net Magnetic moment is NOT

ZERO.
Consider a sample of a material which contains
thousands of atoms.

In the absence of an external Magnetic Field, the Magnetic

moments (atomic dipoles) are randomly oriented & Net
Magnetic Moment is still ZERO.
When this sample is kept in an external Magnetic
Field, Torque acts on atomic dipoles (Magnetic dipole)
& tries to align dipole in direction of the applied field.

Now, Net Magnetic Moment is NOT ZERO.

The alignment of Magnetic Dipole is more at
a) Strong External Magnetic Field (H)
b) Low Temperature
Magnetisation(𝑰Ԧ)
Q) For the BAR Magnet shown here, Find Magnetisation (I)
Magnetic Intensity or Magnetizing Field (𝑯)
Consider a solenoid carrying a current i and a soft
iron bar (core) is placed in it.
Magnetic Suspectibility(χ)
1. The Magnetisation of a Material is influenced by external
factors.
2. Stronger the Magnetizing Field (H) , more is
Magnetisation (I)
Absolute Permeability (𝝁𝒐), Magnetic
Permeability (𝝁) & Relative Permeability(𝝁𝒓)
Recap
𝑴
Ԧ
1. Magnetisation 𝑰 = units A/m.
𝑽

2. Magnetic Intensity / Magnetizing Field (H) units A/m.

3. 𝑩𝒎 = 𝝁𝒐(𝑯 + 𝑰)

4. 𝑰 = χ 𝑯
Susceptibility Dimensionless
5. 𝑩𝒐 = 𝝁𝒐𝑯
Absolute permeability
6. 𝑩𝒎 = 𝝁𝒎𝑯
Magnetic permeability
7. 𝝁𝒎 = 𝝁𝒐(𝟏 + χ)

𝝁𝒎 𝑩𝒎
8. 𝝁𝒓 = =𝟏+χ =
𝝁𝒐 𝑩𝒐

Relative
permeability
Q) For a Solenoid with ‘n’ turns per unit length and carrying
current ‘i’, Find Magnetizing Field (H)

a) 𝝁𝒐𝒏𝒊
b) 𝒏𝒊
c) 𝒏𝟐𝒊
d) 𝝁𝒐𝒊
Q ) A solenoid of 500 turns/m is carrying a current of 3A. Its
core is made of iron which has a relative permeability of
5000. Determine the magnitudes of the magnetic intensity,
magnetisation and the magnetic field inside the core.
Q ) An iron rod of 10-4m3 and relative permeability 1000 is
placed inside a long solenoid wound with 5 turns/cm. If a
current is 0.5 A is passed through the solenoid, then the
magnetic moment of the rod is
a) 10 Am2
b) 15 Am2
c) 20 Am2
d) 25 Am2
DiaMagnetism,ParaMagnetism
& FerroMagnetism
 DiaMagnetism
1. In atoms of some materials ,e- are in pairs. The
Magnetic Moment of paired e- cancel each other and
Net Magnetic Moment of atom is ZERO.

2.
Examples of Diamagnetic Materials:-
Bismuth, Copper, Gold, Quartz, Mercury, Water,
Alcohol, Air, Hydrogen , etc.
When an external Magnetic Field is applied across any
Material, there are two effects-:
1. If there are Atomic Dipoles in material, they
align with external Field ⇒ Magnetisation.

2. There is an Induced Magnetic Dipole

Moment in each atom of material. The
Magnetic Field due to these induced dipoles
always opposes the applied Field. (Lenz’s
Law)
In DiaMagnetic Substances
i. There are NO Atomic diploes , so NO alignment
occurs
ii. The induced dipole Moment occurs which weakly
opposes the applied Field.

Hence Diamagnetic Substances are

weakly repelled by Applied Magnetic
Field.
Properties of DiaMagnetic Substances
1. The Magnetisation(I) is slightly negative due to
induced Magnetic Moment.
2. Magnetic Susceptibility χ is small –ve .(χ<0)
for example χ≈ -10-5 for copper.
3. When a diamagnetic substance is kept in an external
Magnetic Field, the Magnetic Field inside the
diamagnetic is slightly less than external magnetic
field.
4. When a diamagnetic substance is placed
inside a magnetic field, the magnetic field
lines become slightly less dense in the
diamagnetic material

5. In a non-uniform magnetic field , a

diamagnetic material tends to move from
stronger part to the weaker part of the
magnetic field.
6. The behaviour of diamagnetic material is
independent of temperature. Susceptibility does
not change with temperature

7. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is slightly less than 1.

 ParaMagnetism
1. In some materials, e- are unpaired & net Magnetic
Moment of atom is Not ZERO.

2. So there are Atomic Dipoles in Paramagnetic

substances
But, In the absence of an external Magnetic
Field, the atomic dipoles are Randomly
aligned & net Magnetic Moment of material is
ZERO.

On applying Magnetic Field, the atomic

dipoles align with applied field due to Torque
acting on it.

Hence Paramagnetic Substances are

weakly attracted by Applied Magnetic
Field.
The alignment of atomic dipoles increases with
i. Stronger External Magnetic Field.
ii. Low Temperature
Examples of Paramagnetic Substances are:-
Aluminium, Platinum, Chromium, Manganese, Copper
Sulphate, O2 (STP)
Properties of Paramagnetic Substances
1. The Magnetisation (I) is positive due to dipole
alignment.

2. Magnetic Susceptibility χ is small +ve (χ >0) for

example χ= +2.3 x 10-5 for Aluminium.

3. When a ParaMagnetic Substance is kept in an

external Magnetic Field, the Magnetic Field inside
the Paramagnetic substance is slightly greater than
external Magnetic Field.
4. When a paramagnetic substance is placed
inside a magnetic field, the magnetic field
lines become slightly more dense in the
paramagnetic material

5. In a non-uniform magnetic field , a

paramagnetic substance tends to move from
weaker part of the field to the stronger part.
6. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is greater than 1.

7. The behaviour of paramagnetic material is

temperature dependent.
Susceptibility (χ ) varies inversely with temperature
Q) Which of the following best represents variations of ‘𝑰’ v/s
𝑯
‘ ’ for Paramagnetic materials.
𝑻
 FerroMagnetism
1. There are Atomic dipoles in ferromagnetic
material just like paramagnetic material.

2. Domain Theory:
In Ferromagnetic materials , the atomic dipoles
interact with each other in such a way that they
spontaneously align themselves in some direction in
small volumes (called domains).
When external Magnetic Field is applied,
two things occur-:
i. Domain Growth: The domains aligned with external
field grows in size & other domains reduce in size.

ii. Domain Orientation: The domains tend to align in

the direction of applied field.
Examples of Ferromagnetic Substances are:-
Iron , Nickel, Cobalt, alloys like Alnico ,etc.

Hence Ferromagnetic Substances are

Strongly Attracted by Applied Magnetic
Field.
Properties of Ferromagnetic Substances
1. The Magnetisation (I) is large positive due to
domain formation

2. Magnetic Susceptibility (χ) is very large +ve

χ= 103

3. When a FerroMagnetic material is kept in an

external Magnetic Field, the Magnetic Field inside
the Ferromagnetic material is greatly enhanced.
4. When a Ferromagnetic substance is placed inside
a Magnetic Field , the Magnetic Field lines
become highly dense in the ferromagnetic
material.

5. In a non-uniform Magnetic Field , a

Ferromagnetic substance tends to move quickly
from weaker part of the field to the stronger part.
6. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is much greater than 1.

7. The behaviour of ferromagnetic material is

temperature dependent.(Next Page)
1. The ferromagnetic behaviour of a substance becomes
temperature dependent.

2. With the rise of temperature , susceptibility of

ferromagnetic materials decreases.

3. At a certain temperature, ferromagnetics pass over to

paramagnetics. This transition temperature is called
Curie temperature or Curie Point (Tc).

4. For example, Curie Temperature for iron is 770oC

1. At a temperature above the Curie Point, a
ferromagnetic becomes an ordinary paramagnetic
whose magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie-
Weiss Law.

2. According to Curie-Weiss law, at temperatures above

Curie temperature to the magnetic susceptibility of
ferromagnetic materials is inversely proportional to
(T-Tc)
HYSTERISIS
HYSTERISIS
1. A specimen of ferromagnetic material is placed in a
magnetizing field whose strength and direction can
be changed.

2. Suppose that the specimen is unmagnetized initially

3. When the magnetizing Field (H) is increased, the

intensity of magnetization (I) of the material of the
specimen also increases.
4. It is found that when the magnetizing Field is made
Zero, the intensity of magnetization does not
become zero but still has some finite value.

5. It becomes zero only, when magnetizing field is

increased in reverse direction.
6. The relationship between I & H in a Ferromagnetic
substance is not linear and is quite complex.

7. In order to study this relation, let us take a

Ferromagnetic substance through a cycle of
Magnetisation.
Hysteresis: Greek word meaning lagging or
delayed.
The phenomenon of the lagging of Intensity of
Magnetisation (I) behind the Magnetising Field (H) in
Ferromagnetic materials.

‘I’ does not retrace its path when ‘H’ is reversed, that is
value of ‘I’ is not unique for unique ‘H’, instead it
depends on history of the sample.
SOFT Ferromagnetic HARD Ferromagnetic
Materials Materials
SOFT Ferromagnetic HARD Ferromagnetic
Materials Materials
Examples:- Examples:-
Soft iron core, mu metal Steel, Alnico(alloy of
(nickel iron alloy) Al,Ni,Co)

Used in:- Used in:-

Cores of Solenoid
(electromagnets), core of Making permanent
transformers magnets
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