Physics Project

Session 2023 –
2024
Submitted by Gowshik.S
Class XII A Under
the guidance of
ROLL NO:
Mr.Robert Tamilselvan sir

To
Study the
Magnetic properties
Of materials
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and
gratitude my project guide Mr.Robert Tamilselvan
sir for guiding me immensely through the course
of the project. He always envinced keen intrest in
my project. His constructive advice & constant
motivation have been responsible for the
successful completion of his project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his

co-ordination in extending every possible support
for the completion of this project. I must thanks
to my classmates for their timely help and support
for completion of this project. Last but not the
least, I would like to thank all those who had
helped directly or indirectly towards the
completion of this project.

This is to certify that Gowshik.S student of class XII th (Sci.) has

successfully prepared the report on the Project entitled

"Magnetic properties of materials" under the guidance of Mr.

ROBERT TAMILSELVAN

TAMILSELVAN (PGT Physics).

The report is the result of his efforts & endeavours. The report is

found worthy of acceptance as final Project report for the subject

Physics of class XIIth (sci.).

Signature of Physics Teacher

Signature of External Examiner

Signature of Principal
 DECLARATION
Hereby I declare that the projected work entitled
“Magnetic properties of material”
Submitted to department of physics Vel’s
vidyalaya is prepared by ME

Gowshik.S
XII – ‘A’
Table of Contents

 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of Project
 What is a magnet
 Types of magnetism
 List of magnetic materials
 Properties
 Magnetisation and susceptibility
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
What is a Magnet?
A magnet is a material or object that can produce a magnetic field.
This magnetic field is invisible. However, it is mainly responsible for
the most notable property of a magnet. According to these magnetic
properties, a magnet possesses a force that pulls on other
ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other
magnets.

Types of Magnetism:
The magnetic behaviour of the materials is different at changed
temperatures into their magnetic fields. The types of magnetism are
classified into five types.
(i) Paramagnetic Substance
Paramagnetic substances have a little magnetic moment. This is
because the magnetic moment does not cancel out completely. The
magnetic moments in the paramagnetic material are randomly
aligned. Example of paramagnetic materials includes Al, Cr, Mo, Ti,
Zr.
 (ii) Ferromagnetic Substance
Unlike diamagnets or paramagnets, you can magnetize ferromagnetic
substances, even when you remove the magnetic field. This
phenomenon is called Hysteresis. However, at one point or
temperature, the ferromagnetic materials lose their magnetic
(iii) Ferri-Magnetic Substance
The main difference between a ferromagnetic material and ferri-
magnetic material is based on the alignment of the magnetic
domains. While some magnetic domains in ferri-magnetic material
points in the same direction, some point in the opposite direction. In
the case of ferromagnetic material, all the magnetic domains point in
the same direction.

(iv) Anti-Ferromagnetic Substance

In Anti-Ferromagnetic substances, the magnetic moments
of atoms or molecules are usually related to the spin of the electrons.
Therefore, they align in a regular pattern with neighbouring spins in
opposite directions. MnO or Manganese Oxide is an example of an
anti-ferromagnetic substance.

List of magnetic materials

Now, to summarise the different types of magnetic materials, here we have given a
list of magnetic materials.

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Gold Liquid Oxygen Iron

Water Sodium Cobalt

Mercury Platinum Neodymium

Salts of Iron and Nickel Nickel
Property 1: Intensity of magnetization (I)
Electrons move around the nucleus, and these electrons
possess magnetic properties. The external magnetic field
creates an impact on the materials. A material held in an
external magnetic field will have its magnetic moments aligned
in a specific direction. The result is a non-zero dipole moment.
Magnetic flux or intensity per unit volume is defined as net
dipole moment per unit volume.

Property 2: Magnetic Field (H) or Magnetic

intensity
The intensity in the magnetic field is produced by the electric
current flowing through a solenoid. Magnetic property is caused
as a result of the external magnetic field.

Property 3: Magnetic susceptibility

An intensified magnetization of material occurs directly
proportional to the magnetic field intensity for a small
magnetizing field. A material with a small magnetizing field
acquires a greater degree of magnetization as a direct result of
the intensity of the magnetic field. The intensity of
magnetization is represented as (I), and material directly
proportional to the magnetic field is represented as (H) and it
can be represent as

I∝H

I = χmH, χm the susceptibility of the material. Magnetic

susceptibility refers to the material’s ability to absorb liquid.
Property 4: Retentivity
Magnetism can be retained or resisted by materials because of
their retentivity. It is known as retentivity when a material can
retain or resist magnetization.

Property 5: Coercivity
A material’s coercivity measures its ability to resist the external
magnetic field without becoming demagnetized. The increase
or decrease of the resultant magnetic field inside a metal
compared to the magnetic field in which the metal is situated is
magnetic permeability.

Magnetization and susceptibility

The magnetic susceptibility, χ, of a solid depends on the
ordering of spins. Paramagnetic, ferromagnetic,
antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic solids all have χ > 0, but
the magnitude of their susceptibility varies with the kind of
ordering and with temperature. We will see these kinds of
magnetic ordering primarily among the 3d and 4f elements and
their alloys and compounds. For example, Fe, Co, Ni, Nd2Fe14B,
SmCo5, and YCo5 are all ferromagnets, Cr and MnO are
antiferromagnets, and Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 are ferrimagnets.
Diamagnetic compounds have a weak negative susceptibility (χ
< 0).
Q) Are chlorine atoms paramagnetic or diamagnetic?

Solution
Step 1: Find the electron configuration

For Cl atoms, the electron configuration is 3s23p5

Step 2: Draw the valence orbitals

Ignore the core electrons and focus on the valence

electrons only.

Step 3: Look for unpaired electrons

There is one unpaired electron.

Step 4: Determine whether the substance is paramagnetic or

diamagnetic

Since there is an unpaired electron, Cl atoms are

paramagnetic (but is quite weak).
Conclusion
Magnetic properties of materials is one of the most essential
concepts of physics. The magnetic properties are
Ferromagnetism (they form a magnet), Paramagnetism (They
are attracted towards the magnetic field), Diamagnetism (They
are repelled from the magnetic field). Also we learnt, the
magnetic susceptibility is negative for diamagnetic materials
only

Bibliography
https://unacademy.com/content/cbse-class-12/study-material/
physics/112285-2/
https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/magnetism-and-
matter/magnetic-properties-of-materials/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/
Saint_Marys_College_Notre_Dame_IN/
CHEM_431%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Haas)/
CHEM_431_Readings/14%3A_Magnetism/
14.02%3A_Magnetic_Properties_of_Materials