chemical  

-IS A PROCESS THAT LEADS TO THE CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

OF ONE SET OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES TO ANOTHER. THE CHANGE OF A SUBSTANCE INTO A NEW ONE

•
reaction
THAT HAS A DIFFERENT CHEMICAL IDENTITY.

Substan
Reactant
- IS A CHEMICAL ELEMENT OR A COMPOUND

ce
• - ARE THE SUBSTANCE(S) TO THE LEFT OF THE ARROW IN A CHEMICAL

s
EQUATION. A REACTANT IS A SUBSTANCES INITIALLY PRESENT IN A CHEMICAL REACTION THAT

•
produc
ARE CONSUMED DURING THE REACTION TO MAKE PRODUCT.
-ARE THE SUBSTANCE(S) TO THE RIGHT OF THE ARROW . A PRODUCT IS A

t
SUBSTANCE THAT IS PRESENT AT THE END OF A CHEMICAL REACTION
 Rate of
Reaction
• RATE OF REACTION IN CHEMICAL KINETICS IS STUDIED TO SEE HOW FAST
REACTIONS TAKE PLACE. MANY FAMILIAR REACTIONS HAPPENS ALMOST
INSTANTANEOUSLY LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS. OTHER CHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE
VERY SMALL IN COMING LIKE RUSTING OF IRON OR THE PRODUCTION OF WINE.
• KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMICAL KINETICS (UNDERSTANDING THE RATES
OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS) IS IMPORTANT IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING.
INDUSTRIAL CHEMIST USUALLY WORK TO INCREASE THE RATE OF REACTION
RATHER THAN FIND A NEW PROCESS OR INCREASE THE YIELD. IN THIS LESSON.
 Types of Chemical
Reactions
Combination Reaction
• IN A COMBINATION REACTION, ALSO CALLED SYNTHESIS REACTION, TWO OR
MORE SUBSTANCES COMBINE TO FORM A NEW COMPOUND. THIS TYPE OF
REACTION TAKES THE FOLLOWING GENERAL REPRESENTATION.

General: A + B AB
2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl (s)
Types of Chemical Reactions
• Decomposition Reaction
• DECOMPOSITION INVOLVES THE BREAKING DOWN OF A SINGLE COMPOUND TO
PRODUCE TWO OR MORE SIMPLER SUBSTANCES. DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS ARE
THE OPPOSITE OF SYNTHESIS REACTIONS. THIS TYPE IS REPRESENTED BY THE
FOLLOWING GENERAL EQUATION.
General: AB A+B

: 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

 Types of Chemical Reactions
• Single Replacement Reaction
• IN SINGLE REPLACEMENT, OR SUBSTITUTION REACTION, ONE ELEMENT
REPLACES ANOTHER ELEMENT IN A COMPOUND. MANY SINGLE REPLACEMENT
REACTIONS TAKE PLACE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
INVOLVED IN THIS TYPE OF REACTION IS USUALLY SMALLER THAN THE AMOUNT
INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIS OR DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS. SINGLE
REPLACEMENT REACTIONS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY THE FOLLOWING GENERAL
EQUATION. General: AB + C AC+B
2KBr (aq) + Cl2 (g) 2KCl (aq) + Br2 (g)
Types of Chemical Reactions
• Double Replacement Reaction
• IN A DOUBLE REPLACEMENT REACTION, ALSO CALLED METHATHESIS OR DOUBLE
DECOMPOSITION REACTION, THE IONS OF TWO COMPOUNDS EXCHANGE PLACES IN AN
AQUEOUS SOLUTION, FORMING TWO NEW COMPOUNDS. ONE OF THE COMPOUNDS
FORMED IS USUALLY EITHER A PRECIPITATE OR A MOLECULAR COMPOUND. THE OTHER
COMPOUND IS OFTEN SOLUBLE AND REMAINS DISSOLVED IN SOLUTION. A DOUBLE
REPLACEMENT REACTION IS REPRESENTED BY THE FOLLOWING GENERAL EQUATION.
General: AC + BD AD + BC
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Representing Chemical
+ 
Reactions
Symbol Function
Written between the symbols and/or formulas of
reactants or products. Left side: read as “combines with”
or “reacts with”

Separates reactants from products

(s) Indicates a solid reactant or product
(l) Indicates a liquid reactant or product

(g) Indicates a gaseous reactant or product

Indicates that the reactant or product is in aqueous
 (aq)
solution (homogenously dispersed in water)
Indicates that heat must be supplied to reactants
before a reaction occurs.
Chemical
Equation
 Balancing Chemical
Equation
• THE REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS IN A CHEMICAL EQUATION CAN BE BALANCED
AS LONG AS YOU KNOW HOW TO COUNT THE NUMBERS OF ATOM. THE NUMBER
OF ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT IN THE REACTANT SIDE AND THE PRODUCT SIDE
MUST BE EQUAL. TAKE AS AN EXAMPLE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:
H2 + Cl2 HCl
• BY COUNTING THE NUMBERS OF H ATOMS AND CL ATOMS IN THE TWO SIDES OF
THE EQUATION, YOU KNOW THAT THEY ARE NOT BALANCED. WRITE THE
NUMBER OF ATOMS OH H AND CLside
Reactant IN A TABLE.
Product side
2H 1H
2Cl 1Cl
 Balancing Chemical Equation
• BALANCE THE NUMBER OF H AND CL ATOMS IN THE PRODUCT BY MULTIPLYING
THE NUMBER OF HCL MOLECULE BY 2, SO YOU GET:

H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
• THE COEFFICIENT 2 MUST BE WRITTEN IN FRONT IF THE FORMULA HCL. SO
COUNTING AGAIN THE NUMBER OF ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT IN EITHER SIDE OF
THE EQUATION, YOU NOW HAVE A BALANCED EQUATION.

Reactant side Product side

2H 2H
2Cl 2Cl
 Hints for Balancing
Equations:
• COUNT ATOMS ON EACH ELEMENT ON THE TWO SIDES OF THE EQUATION.
• DETERMINE WHICH ATOMS NEEDED TO BE BALANCED.
• BALANCE ELEMENTS ONE AT A TIME BY PLACING THE CORRECT COEFFICIENT IN
FRONT OF THE CHEMICAL FORMULA.
• RECHECK THE NUMBER OF THE ATOMS IN THE TWO SIDES OF THE EQUATION.
REPEAT IF THERE ARE DISCREPANCIES IN THE RESULT.

H2 + CL2 HCL
S2 + O 2 SO2
C + SO₂ CS₂ + CO
 BALANCE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION

C + SO₂ CS₂ + CO

NO + O ₂ NO₂

Fe ₂ O₃ + C Fe + CO
 Stoichiometry:
Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations
A BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION AND THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
HELP DETERMINE EITHER THE AMOUNT OF A PRODUCT THAT CAN BE FORMED
FROM A GIVEN AMOUNT OF REACTANT, OR THE AMOUNT OF REACTANT REQUIRED
TO PRODUCE A CERTAIN QUALITY OF A PRODUCT. THESE QUANTITATIVE
RELATIONSHIPS IN A REACTION ARE STUDIED IN STOICHIOMETRY.
250G RICE + 250G WATER 500G BOILED RICE
LAW CONSERVATION OF MASS
• MASS OF REACTANTS = MASS OF PRODUCT

500 g = 500g
 Mass Relationships
• RELATING THE MASS OF ANY SUBSTANCE A TO THE MASS OF ANOTHER SUBSTANCE B IN
A REACTION MAY BE DONE IN THREE STEPS AS DEPICTED IN THE DIAGRAM.

Mass of Mole of Mole of Mass of

Substance 🡨 MM OF A 🡪 Substance
🡨 MOLE OF RATIO BETWEEN A AND B 🡪 Substance
🡨MM OF B 🡪 Substance
A A B B
1. CONVERT THE MASS OF THE GIVEN SUBSTANCE A TO THE NUMBER OF MOLES USING ITS MOLAR
MASS.
2. CALCULATE THE MOLE OF THE SOUGHT SUBSTANCE B FROM THE MOLE OF THE GIVEN SUBSTANCE A
USING THE MOLE RATIO DERIVED FROM THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE INVOLVED SUBSTANCES IN A
BALANCED EQUATION. FOR INSTANCE, I THE REACTION
2H₂(g) + O₂(g) 🡪 2H₂O (l)
2 mol H₂: 1mol O₂
2 mol H₂: 2 mol H₂O
1 mol O₂ : 2 mol H₂O

3. CONVERT THE MOLE OF SOUGHT SUBSTANCE B TO MASS USING ITS MOLAR MASS.
• THE COMBUSTION OF THE MINERAL PYRITE (FeS₂ PRODUCES ANOTHER MINERAL
)
HEMATITE (Fe₂O₃ AND SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO₂)
)

FeS₂ (s) + O₂ (g) 🡪 Fe₂ O ₃ (s) + SO₂ (g)

• A. HOW MANY GRAMS OF O₂ (MM= 32.0 G/MOL) WILL COMPLETELY REACT WITH 75.0
GRAM OF FES₂ (MM= 119.85 G/MOL)
• THE COMBUSTION OF THE MINERAL PYRITE (FeS₂ PRODUCES ANOTHER MINERAL (Fe₂O₃
) )
HEMATITE (SO₂) AND SULFUR DIOXIDE

FeS₂ (s) + O₂ (g) 🡪 Fe₂ O ₃ (s) + SO₂ (g)

• HOW MANY GRAMS EACH OF (MM= 159.7G/MOL) AND SO₂ (MM= 64.0 G/MOL) WILL BE
PRODUCED FROM THE REACTION OF 75.0 GRAMS OF FES₂ WITH 55.1 GRAMS OF O₂ .
The neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2] produces calcium chloride (CaCl2)
HCl (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (s) 🡪H2O(l) + CaCl2 (aq)

1. If 0.75 grams of Ca(OH2) is used in the reaction, determine the number of moles of HCl (MM=
36.46 g/mol) needed to completely react with Ca(OH2) . The molar mass of Ca(OH2) is 74.10g/mol.

2. If 0.75 grams of Ca(OH2) is used in the reaction, determine mass of CaCl2 (MM= 110.98g/mol)