SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND UNIT CONVERSION

LENGTH VOLUME MASS TEMP.

1in = 2.54cm 1gal = 3.7853L 1pint = 2cups 1kg = 2.2046lb F=1.8C+32
1mi = 1.6093km 1fl oz = 29.574ml 1cup = 48teaspoon 1oz = 28.35g C=(F-32)/1.8
1m = 3.2808ft 1teaspoon = 5ml 1cup = 16tablespoon 1MT = 1000kg K=273.15+C
(approximate)
1tablespoon = 15ml 1tablespoon = 3teaspoon R=460+F
(approximate)
1cup = 250ml
(approximate)
1 gallon = 4quarts
1quart = 2pints

*Scientific Notation – used to simplify the handling of cumbersome values –

expressed in the form: N = a x 10n
SI BASE UNITS

1. Meter (m) is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval
of 1/299,792,458 of a second.2. Kilogram (kg) is the unit of mass; it is equal to the
mass of the international prototype of the kilogram –a platinum iridium cylinder kept in
France.

3. Second (s) is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to

the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133
atom.

4. Ampere (A) is that constant electric current which, if maintained in two straight
parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1
meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x
10-7 Newton per meter of length.

5. Kelvin (K), unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the

thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.

6. Mole (mol) is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many

elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is
"mol." When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be
atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
particles.

7. Candela (cd) is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant
intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
PREFIXES IN THE SI SYSTEM
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ATOMS, VALENCE ELECTRONS

Electronic Configuration, Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

The electrons of an atom are arranged in such a way that the energy level nearest to the
nucleus are filled up first. It is like building a house. You cannot build the second floor or put the
roof without constructing first the foundation and the columns. However, in an atom, the energy
levels (or floors of a building) are not of the same size and sometimes they overlap each other. It
is like the mezzanine at the third floor of the new administrative building that maybe finished in
2023 when you are already on your third year at LORMA Colleges, maybe a part of the fourth
floor.
The principal quantum number (n) is the main energy denoted in the electronic
configuration as the number in line with the letters s, p, d and f which are the orbitals called
subshells or sublevels and represents the angular momentum quantum number (l). It denotes
the most probable location of an electron in the atom. The magnetic quantum number (m1)
denotes the orientation of the orbitals in space based on the x, y and z axes. This quantum
number is not shown in the electronic configuration. The last quantum number specifies that an
orbital can only contain two electrons. To differentiate the two electrons, they denote them with
a positive or negative spin because two electrons in an orbital must have opposite spins to be
considered paired and are diamagnetic. If an orbital has only one electron, then it contains
unpaired electrons and considered paramagnetic.
 There is one s orbital shape that is spherical, 3 shapes of p orbitals, 5 shapes of d orbitals
and 7 shapes of f orbitals. Below are the illustrations.

p orbitals

d-orbitals
 f-orbitals

Valence Electrons

The electrons that are located at the highest main energy level are called valence
electrons. For representative elements from Group 1A to 8A, their group number is also the
number of valence electrons. But it is more complex for transition metals or the B elements.
Valence electrons are very important in chemistry because they are the electrons that are
involved in chemical reactions.
 INTRAMOLECULAR CHEMICAL BONDS AND ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Electronegativity is one of the reasons why these atoms are bonded together. It is also one of
the factors to determine if the bond between atoms of a compound is metallic, ionic, or covalent
bond. Based on different books and resources, if the difference between the electronegativity of
two atoms is 0 to 1.8 then the intramolecular bond between them is covalent. This type of
bonding is normally found in organic compounds which will be discussed more in the following
modules. Generally, it is also the bond between non-metals.

Electronegativity by the way is the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself. An atom
with high electronegativity tends to attract electrons from other atoms. Normally they are found
in groups 5A, 6A and 7A. Atoms of elements from Groups 1A to 3A has lower electronegativity.
Below are the electronegativities.

If the difference between the electronegativities of 2 atoms is 1.8 or more then most
probably the two atoms are bonded due to their charges. This is called ionic bond where a cation
with positive charge is attracted to an anion with negative charge.

The usual ionic bonded atoms are in Group 1A and 2A as cations and Groups 6A and 7A
as the inions like table salt or sodium chloride and calcium oxide.

There are however, two types of covalent bonds namely polar and non-polar covalent
bonds. An example of polar covalent bond is between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water. The
oxygen with two paired electrons has a more negative charge while hydrogen has a more positive
charge. When the charge of more positive atoms cancels the charge of more negative atoms then
the compound is called non-polar bonded molecule. Examples include methane and carbon
dioxide.

Metallic bond on the other hand exists in metallic substances like gold, silver, platinum,
iron, and copper. Their valence electrons leave the atoms or delocalized and move freely in the
metal compound. The left atoms then become positively charged and is attracted to these
moving negative electrons.
What is then the importance if a compound is metallic, ionic, covalent, polar, or non-
polar? One use is to predict which solute will dissolve in which solvent. Generally, polar dissolved
polar like table salt which is ionic and acts as polar dissolves in water, a polar covalently bonded
molecule. Ethyl alcohol used as liquor can then be diluted with a chaser like water so that it will
not be a strong drink because both are polar molecules.

Non-polar molecules like cooking oil, grease, lubricants, baby oil, gasoline, diesel and
other oils will dissolve or will be miscible each other. This is the reason why gasoline is sometimes
used by mechanics to wash or clean engine parts that are dirty with grease or oil.

Polar and non-polar compounds may dissolve each other to a very small degree. An example is
oxygen (non-polar) is dissolved in water (polar) to a very small degree but enough for fishes to
use through their gills. Carbon dioxide (non-polar) is also dissolved to a very small degree in
water. This is the reason why there are aquatic plants inside the water because they can use
dissolved carbon dioxide.
WRITING FORMULAS OF INORGANIC SALTS

A chemical salt is an ionic compound composed of an anion and a cation or polyatomic

ions. There are different types of salts like acid salt, basic salt, and neutral salt depending on how
they affect the pH of a solution. Acid salts like ammonium chloride makes solution acidic because
it produces hydronium ions when hydrolyzed. Basic salt like sodium fluoride on the other hand
produces hydroxide ion when dissolved in water. Neutral salts like sodium chloride and
potassium chloride does not affect the pH of a water when dissolved.

Salts occur in nature naturally and are also produced to be used in many products. Below
are some of the examples of salts we see in our daily lives.

CALCIUM CARBONATE antacid and is also found in chalk, marble, and limestone. Limestone is
the main raw material in producing cement. It is abundant in Quirino, Bacnotan and in Paroir,
Balaoan, La Union. This is why a cement plant called CEPOC was put there in the 1950s. It was
called CEPOC or Cebu Portland Cement because the government owned company that started it
came from Cebu that owned also a CEPOC factory there called APO. Cement now. The cement
plant is now called Holcim after it bought it from Phinma that managed and owned the former
Bacnotan Cement.

BAKING SODA sodium bicarbonate is used in bread making to raise the dough when heated in
he o en In he Philippine i i ed in making pande al or al bread

WASHING SODA sodium carbonate is used as builder in detergents to soften hardness in

water caused by metal ions like calcium and magnesium ions. It is found in many detergents
that we used like Tide, Ariel and Surf.

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE used as bleaching agent in laundry detergents to whiten fabrics

SODIUM FLUORIDE found in toothpaste to avoid caries or tooth decay caused by cavities. The
fluoride ion binds with calcium in the teeth as a defense to acidic attacks. It is found in brands
like Colgate, Hapee, and Close-up.

SODIUM SULFITE used in preserving food like dried fruit. It prevents discoloration and is
antioxidant. It is however toxic to humans when taken in big amounts. It is still then better to
eat fresh fruits for our health than preserved fruits.

Below are some salts of some minerals used in medicine. However, it is still best that we
get the minerals naturally from fruits and vegetables. The following info was based on literature
and the salts should not be taken in without doctors advise because they maybe toxic when taken
more than the prescribed amount.
 POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE - used to treat or prevent hypophosphatemia (low blood levels
of phosphorus)

SODIUM SULPHATE - an electrolyte replenisher and is used in isosmotic solutions so that

administration does not disturb normal electrolyte balance and does not lead to absorption or
excretion of water and ions

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE - used to prevent or to treat low blood levels of potassium

(hypokalemia). Potassium levels can be low as a result of a disease or from taking certain
medicines, or after a prolonged illness with diarrhea or vomiting.

MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE source of magnesium mineral that is involved in hundreds of

biochemical reactions in the body and it also boosts exercise performance.

FERRIC PHOSPHATE the mineral iron from this compound contributes to the formation
of red blood cells that help transport oxygen around the body

NAMING OF IONIC COMPOUNDS OR SALTS

In naming salts, the cation (positively charged ion, normally metal) name retains the same
name as the element. The anion (negatively charged ion, normally non-metal) name is similar to
he name of he elemen b he ending i replaced b -ide like chloride o ide fl oride
carbide, sulphide, etc. For polyatomic ions (composed of two or more atoms covalently
bonded/molecular ion), they retain the same names like ammonium hydroxide, potassium
chromate, etc. Following are some common polyatomic ions.
 If a metallic element has cations of different charges (or different oxidation states), the
Stock System can be used by including the Roman Numeral (representing its charge) in
parentheses after its name like copper(II) chloride. An older method uses the Latin name and
ffi ic for higher charge and o for lo er charge like in he follo ing able
 NAMING OF ACIDS AND BASES (PLUS OTHER INORGANIC MOLECULES LIKE OXIDES)

Acids and Bases

The simplest definition I explain my students about acids is that if the inorganic
compo nd form la ar i h H hen i i an acid like HCl H2SO4 and HNO3.If it ends with OH
then it is a base like NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)2 with ammonia NH3 as an exception. However,
always remember that this rule applies only to inorganic acids and bases. Organic acids and bases
will have different structure and method of formula writing.
In high school you were taught about Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lewis definitions of acids
and bases. Below is the summary, especially for those or most who will understand better if put
in a table.

Organic acids called carboxylic acid will be discussed more in details during midterms
including naming and structure. In this module we will discuss more on inorganic acids and
bases.
Below are some inorganic acids that are used or produced by humans
HYDROCHLORIC ACID a binary acid produced by our stomach in order to digest the food
we eat. It is also the main component of muriatic acid that was used in cleaning and disinfecting
our comfort rooms. Due to its high toxicity, Clorox which is actually a base is replacing muriatic
acid as disinfectant of CRs.

SULFURIC ACID an oxoacid because it contains oxygen and is used in producing lead acid
batteries and is also found during eruption of volcanoes and burning of fossil fuels. The sulfur
combines with oxide to form sulfur oxides that reacts with water to produce sulfuric acid. It was
the main reason of acid rain in London before when coal was the main source of energy to
produce electricity. It has a lot of application in the production of chemicals like dyes, drugs,
explosives, fertilizers, etc.
PHOSPHORIC ACID an oxoacid that can also replace muriatic acid in the disinfection of
CRs. It is also used in fertilizers as the P in NPK like triple 14. Sometimes it is used as food
preservative in very dilute proportion but is not recommended for health reasons.

NITRIC ACID an o oacid ha i ed in he prod c ion of N in fer ili er NPK beca e i

contains nitrogen needed by plants. It is also used in production of explosives. When combined
with hydrochloric acid to form aqua regia, it can be used to dissolve and extract of gold.
 CARBONIC ACID another oxoacid is used mainly as preservative in carbonated drinks
like soft drinks (called oda in USA and champagne I i he ga ha gi e piri or ca e o
to burp after drinking Coke or other cola drinks. It is also the one responsible in the formation of
caves, stalagmites and stalactites when it dissolves and precipitates calcium carbonate.

BORIC ACID is one of the most effective way of preserving bamboo because it is an
insecticide. It is also a precursor to other chemical products. It is also being used for the treatment
of vaginal yeast infections. However, it is still better to prevent infection by always cleaning with
just water and unperfumed soap because some vaginal wash destroys the natural secretion of
cleaning fluid.
Below are some bases that are used in our daily lives.
SODIUM HYDROXIDE used as one of the main ingredien of Liq id So a ha ma
unclog sinks and pipes. It is also used as raw materials for many chemical products like soaps,
paper, dyes and cotton processing. When I worked with Coca-cola we used it in cleaning soft
drink bottles with a machine that soaks the bottles then turn upside down to remove and then
rinsed with water.

ANTACIDS contains mainly bases like magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide
that are used in neutralizing too much acid in our stomach especially when we drink colas or soft
drinks every week. It is advisable to drink it only once a month or not drinking for those who have
high blood sugar or hypertension.

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE is the main component of lye or ash that is left after burning
wood and wetted with water. It is used in sewage treatment and paper production also. For
dentists, the canal fillings contain also calcium hydroxide.

Other inorganic compounds include oxides that are produced by the reaction of oxygen
with some elements like carbon and nitrogen. During burning or combustion of fuels like LPG
(Gasul), gasoline and diesels, these oxides are produces and are some of the causes of global
warming. When a metallic oxide like calcium oxide reacts with water, it produces a base like
magnesium hydroxide. If a non-metallic oxide like carbon dioxide reacts or is dissolved in water,
it produces an acid like carbonic acid.
NAMING INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES

The cation of an inorganic acid is the hydrogen ion. In binary acids (with one anion), the
prefi i h dro pl he name of he ion ho e ending become a ffi ic pl he ord acid

For acid i h pol a omic anion he ffi a e i replaced i h ic and ho e i h

ffi i e i h o Tho e i h one e ra o gen ha e he prefi per and ffi ic Those
i h one fe er o gen ha e he prefi h po and he ffi o
 The anion for inorganic bases is the hydroxide, a polyatomic ion. The naming is the same
as the rules in naming ionic compounds. For example, Mg(OH)2 is named magnesium hydroxide.

NAMING OF MOLECULAR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Molecular compounds are composed of two or more atoms of elements that are
covalently bonded by sharing valence electrons. Normally it is between atoms of non-
metals.
 When naming molecular compounds, prefixes are used to indicate the number of a given
elemen pre en in he compo nd mono- indica e one di- i o ri- i hree e ra- i
fo r pen a- i fi e and he a- i i hep a- i e en oc o- i eigh nona- i nine and
deca i en For example, N2O is called dinitrogen monoxide.

If he fir elemen ha onl one a om he prefi mono doe no ha e o be incl ded or

may be dropped. For example NO2 is called nitrogen dioxide and NOT mononitrogen dioxide.

If the second element is one atom of oxygen or any atom beginning with a vowel, instead
of naming i monoo ide i i named mono ide One of he o i dropped
Normally, the less electronegative atom is written first before the more electronegative ion.
Following are other examples.

NAMING INORGANIC HYDRATES

Hydrates are compounds that contain loosely bonded water. An example is CuSO4 · 5H2O
which is a blue colored compound. Anhydride is a hydrate that has lost water through many
means like heating. Anhydrous is a substance that does not contain or not linked to any water.

Hydrates are named by naming first the compound where the water is attached then
followed by numerical Latin prefix that indicates the number of water molecules attached and
the suffi h dra e For e ample C SO H O i named of copper II lpha e pen ah dra e
NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic compounds are generally named based on the number of carbons in its longest
chain and on its branches. The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is the
internationally acceptable system of organic nomenclature. However, many chemists still use
common names which are shorter sometimes. The prefixes based on the number of carbons are
as follows:
 SIGMA AND PI COVALENT BONDS
Indicate if the statement described or is referring to a sigma bond or pi bond with a carbon
atom by writing the word sigma or pi.

The first bond made with any other atom. SIGMA

The second or third bond made with any other atom. PI

This is the only bond present between carbon atoms of alkanes. SIGMA

This bond is present in alkenes and alkynes but not in alkanes. PI

This is the bond between carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons. SIGMA

The weaker bond. PI

The stronger bond. SIGMA

This bond is made from leftover p orbitals or carbon. PI

This bond is made from hybridized orbitals of 2s and 2p orbitals of carbon. SIGMA

This is present in double and triple bonds but not in single bond of carbon. PI

This is the only bond present in single bonds of carbon. SIGMA

This bond is present ONLY when a carbon atom has sp2 or sp hybrid orbitals. SIGMA

This bond is the only bond when a carbon atom has only sp3 hybrid orbitals. PI

This bond is not present in methane. PI

This bond is represented by the 18th letter of Greek alphabet. SIGMA

 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Indicate whether the statement is describing the following intermolecular forces, hydrogen
bonding, dipole-dipole, ion-dipole, ion-induced dipole, London dispersion forces.
No e The an der Waal forces like hydrogen bonds and London dispersion forces is a general
term for intermolecular interactions that do not involve covalent bonds or ions.

The force of attraction between the lone pair of an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that
is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine. HYDROGEN BONDING

This bond maybe described as a strong electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction involving hydrogen.
HYDROGEN BONDING

This bonding is the reason why water has a high boiling point. HYDROGEN BONDING

This bond is also the one that connects the two strands of DNA, between adenine and thymine and
between guanine and cytosine. HYDROGEN BONDING

This is between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar
molecule. DIPOLE-DIPOLE

The partially positive end of a polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative end of another.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE

An example of this is the attractive forces between HCl molecules. DIPOLE-DIPOLE

This force is an attractive force that results from the electrostatic attraction between an ion and a
neutral molecule that has a dipole (polar molecule). ION-DIPOLE

An example of this is the force generated between polar water molecule and a sodium ion. ION-
DIPOLE

This force consists of an ion and a non-polar molecule interacting. ION-INDUCED DIPOLE

An example of this is a phosphide ion interacting with oxygen molecule in water. ION-DIPOLE

This is considered the weakest intermolecular force. LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

These forces are found between noble gases and between non-polar molecules. LONDON
DISPERSION FORCES

This results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms of different molecules occupy positions that
make the atoms form temporary dipoles. LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

This force is sometimes called induced dipole-induced dipole attraction. LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES
Mass from Moles

SODIUM CHLORIDE
Enter only whole numbers with NO COMMAS. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, IH-
1g/mol, 0-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, C1-35g/mol, Na- 23g/mol

In a sodium chloride compound, there are 1 atoms of sodium and 1 atoms of chlorine.
The molar mass of each element in a sodium chloride compound is then 23 g/mol for sodium, and 35
g/mol for chlorine. The molar mass of sodium chloride is then 58 g/mol. The mass of 26 moles of sodium
chloride is then 1508 grams.

SUCROSE
Enter only whole numbers with NO COMMAS. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol,H-
7g/mol, O-16g/mol,N-14g/mol, CI-35g/mol,Na- 23g/mol

In a sucrose molecule, there are 12 atoms of carbon, 22 atoms of hydrogen and 11
atoms of oxygen. The molar mass of each element in a sucrose molecule is then 144 g/mol for carbon,
22 g/mol for hydrogen, and 176 g/mol for oxygen.The molar mass of sucrose is then342g/mol.The mass
of 15 moles of sucrose is then 5130 grams.

CARBONIC ACID
Enter only whole numbers with NO COMMAS. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-
1g/mol, 0-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, C1-35g/mol, Na-23g/mol

In a carbonic acid compound, there are 2 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atoms of carbon, and 3 atoms of oxygen.
The molar mass of each element in a carbonic acid compound is then 2 g/mol for hydrogen, 12 g/mol for
carbon, and 48 g/mol for oxygen.The molar mass of carbonic acid compound is then 62 g/mol. The mass
of 8.5 moles of carbonic acid compound is then 527 grams.

GLUCOSE
Enter only whole numbers with NO COMMAS. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-
1g/mol, 0-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, CI-35g/mol, Na- 23g/mol

In a glucose molecule, there are 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen and 6 atoms of oxygen. The
molar mass of each element in a glucose molecule is then 72 g/mol for carbon, 12 g/mol for hydrogen,
and 96 g/mol for oxygen.The molar mass of glucose is then 180 g/mol. The mass of 150 moles of glucose
is then 27000 grams.

NITRIC ACID COMPOUND
Enter only whole numbers with NO COMMAS. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-
1g/mol, 0-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, C1-35g/mol, Na- 23g/mol

In a nitric acid compound, there are 1 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atoms of nitrogen and 3 atoms of
oxygen. The molar mass of each element in a nitric acid compound is then 1g/mol for hydrogen,
14 g/mol for nitrogen, and 48 g/mol for oxygen. The molar mass of nitric acid is then 63 g/mol.
The mass of 5 moles of nitric acid is then 315 grams.

MOLES

HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Enter only whole numbers except for moles which you will use 3 significant figures. Use the following
atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-1g/mol, O-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, CI-35

In a hydrochloric acid molecule, there are 1 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atoms of chlorine. The molar mass
of each element in a hydrochloric molecule is then 1 g/mol for hydrogen, and 35 g/mol for chlorine. The
molar mass of hydrochloric acid is then 36 g/mol. The moles of 150g of hydrochloric acid is then
4.17 moles. (Use 3 significant figures)

ETHANOL
Enter only whole numbers except for moles which you will use 3 significant figures. Use the following
atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-1g/mol, O-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, CI-35

In an ethanol molecule, there are 2 atoms of carbon, 6 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atoms of oxygen.
The molar mass of each element in an ethanol molecule is then 24 g/mol for carbon, 6 g/mol for
hydrogen, and 16 g/mol for oxygen. The molar mass of ethanol is then 46 g/mol. The moles of 2650g of
ethanol is then 57.6 moles. (Use 3 significant figures)

WATER
Enter only whole numbers except for moles which you will use 3 significant figures. Use the following
atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-1g/mol, O-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, CH-35

In a water molecule, there are 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atoms of oxygen. The molar mass of each
element in a water molecule is then 2 g/mol for hydrogen, and 16 g/mol for oxygen. The molar mass of
water is then 18 g/mol. The moles of 130g of water is then 7.22 moles. (Use 3 significant figures)

BUTANE
Enter only whole numbers except for moles which you will use 3 significant figures. Use the following
atomic mass units. C-12g/mol,H-1g/mol, O-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, CI-35

In a butane molecule, there are 4 atoms of carbon and 10 atoms of hydrogen. The molar mass of each
element in a butane molecule is then 48 g/mol for carbon, and 10 g/mol for hydrogen. The molar mass
of butane is then 58 g/mol. The moles of 150g of butane is then 2.59 moles (Use 3 significant figures)

CARBON DIOXIDE
Enter only whole numbers except for moles which you will use 3 significant figures. Use the following
atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-1g/mol, O-16g/mol, N-14g/mol, CI-35

In a carbon dioxide molecule, there are 1 atoms of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen. The molar mass of
each element in a carbon dioxide molecule is then 12 g/mol for carbon, and 16 g/mol for oxygen. The
molar mass of carbon dioxide is then 44 g/mol. The moles of 250g of carbon dioxide is then 5.68 moles.
(Use 3 significant figures)



MOLAR MASS

ETHANOIC ACID
Enter only whole numbers. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol,H-1g/mol, O-16g/mol, N-
14g/mol.

In a molecule of ethanoic acid or acetic acid, there are 2 atoms of carbon, 4 atoms of hydrogen,
2 atoms of oxygen. The molar mass of each element in an ethanoic acid molecule is then 24 g/mol for
carbon, 4 g/mol for hydrogen, and 32 g/mol for oxygen. The molar mass of ethanoic acid is then 60
g/mol.

ASPIRIN
Enter only whole numbers. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-1g/mol, 0-16g/mol, N-
14g/mol.

In an aspirin molecule, there are 9 atoms of carbon, 8 atoms of hydrogen, and 4 atoms of oxygen.
The molar mass of each element in an aspirin molecule is then 108 g/mol for carbon, 8 g/mol for
hydrogen, and 64 g/mol for oxygen. The molar mass of aspirin is then 180 g/mol.

AMPHETAMINE
Enter only whole numbers. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-1g/mol, 0-16g/mol, N-
14g/mol.

In an amphetamine molecule, there are 9 atoms of carbon, 13 atoms of hydrogen, and 1 atom of
nitrogen. The molar mass of each element in an amphetamine molecule is then 108 g/mol for carbon,
13g/mol for hydrogen, and 14 g/mol for nitrogen. The molar mass of amphetamine is then 135 g/mol.

GUANINE
Enter only whole numbers. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-1g/mol, 0-16g/mol, N-
14g/mol.

In a molecule of guanine, there are 5 atoms of carbon, 5 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atoms of oxygen,
and 5 atoms of nitrogen. The molar mass of each element in a guanine molecule is then 60 g/mol for
carbon, 5 g/mol for hydrogen, 16 g/mol for oxygen and 70 g/mol of nitrogen. The molar mass of guanine
is then 151 g/mol.


2-PROPANOL/ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
Enter only whole numbers. Use the following atomic mass units. C-12g/mol, H-1g/mol, 0-16g/mol, N
14g/mol.

In a molecule of isopropyl alcohol or 2-propanol, there are 3 atoms of carbon, 8 atoms of hydrogen, and
1 atoms of oxygen. The molar mass of each element in a 2-propanol molecule is then 36 g/mol for
carbon, 8 g/mol for hydrogen, and 16 g/mol for oxygen. The molar mass of 2-propanol is then 60 g/mol.
Question 1

 2. During photosynthesis carbon dioxide reacts with water to produce glucose and
oxygen gas.

Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

_____

Correct answer: 6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2

 

Question 2

 1. Pentane is burned with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

_____

Correct answer: C5H12+8O2=5CO2+6H2O

Question 3

 9. Hydrogen peroxide is decomposed to water and oxygen gas.


Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter first
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

_____

Correct answer: 2H2O2=2H2O+O2

Question 4

 10. Nitric acid reacts with copper to produce copper(II) nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and
water.

Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter first
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

_____

Correct answer: Cu+4HNO3=Cu(NO3)2+2H2O+2NO2

Question 5

 4. Ethyl alcohol is oxidized in our stomach to produce ethanal.


Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

For organic compounds, use the molecular formula in the following order CHO

_____

Correct answer: 2C2H6O+O2=2C2H4O+2H2O

Question 6

 5. Barium sulphate is precipitated when barium chloride reacts with sodium sulphate.

Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

_____

Correct answer: BaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSO4+2NaCl

Question 7

 3. Iron reacts with silver chloride in an aqueous solution to form silver metal and ferric
chloride.

Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

_____

Correct answer: 3AgCl+Fe=3Ag+FeCl3

Question 8

 7. Magnesium metal reacts with oxygen gas to form magnesium oxide.

Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

_____

Correct answer: 2Mg+O2=2MgO

Question 9

 6. Calcium carbonate is decomposed in high heat to calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide.

Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter
alphabetically based on symbol the reactants then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s
then the products. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus signs and
symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct capitalization.
Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably.

_____

Correct answer: CaCO3=CaO+CO2

Question 10

 8. Propanoic acid reacts with ethanol to produce ethyl propanoate and water

Enter the balanced chemical reaction equation of the above reaction. Enter first the
reactants beginning with propanoic acid then the = (equal sign) to denote arrow/s then
the products starting with water. There should be no blanks or spaces in between plus
signs and symbols. Correct element and compounds should be used with correct
capitalization. Letter O and number 0 should not be used interchangeably. For organic
compounds, use the molecular formula in the following order CHO

_____

Correct answer: C3H6O2+C2H6O=H2O+C5H10O2