Student Topic Sheet

IBH1 Chemistry

UNIT Duration (hours): 20

Structure 1.1, 1.2, 1.4 ,1.5 and Reactivity 2.1: Quantitative Chemistry

Approaches to Learning

• Thinking
• Communication

Approaches to Learning Details

See individual sub-topics for Content/Skills/Concepts.

TOK Connections and Focus

Assessments

Summative Assessment - to -

Formative Quantitative laboratory task assessed against IB Internal Assessment criteria.

Test - examination-style questions (quarter 1)
Refer to Assessment Summary on Community Server for assessment dates.

Summative Assessment - to -

Test - examination-style questions

Refer to Assessment Summary on Community Server for assessment dates.

Subunits

1.1.2 - 1.1.3 Kinetic molecular theory

Content

Essential idea: Using kinetic theory to explain particulate nature of matter.

Structure 1.1.2:
The kinetic molecular theory is a model to explain physical properties of matter(solids, liquids and gases) and changes of state.
Distinguish the different states of matter.
Apply the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) in chemical equations.
Names of changes of state: melting, freezing, vapourisation (evaporation and boiling), condensation, sublimation and deposition.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Structure 2.4 - Why are some substances solid while others are fluid under standard conditions?
Structure 2 (all) , Reactivity 1.2 - Why are some changes of state endothermic and some exothermic?
Guidance:
Balancing of equations should include a variety of types of reactions.
Names and symbols of elements are in the data booklet in section 6.

Structure 1.1.3:
The temperature, T, in Kelvin (K) is a measure of average kinetic energy (Ek ) of particles.
Interpret observable changes in physical properties and temperature during changes of state.
Convert between values in the Celsius and Kelvin scales.
The kelvin (K) is the SI unit of temperature and has the same incremental value as the Celsius degree (℃ )

Syllabus and cross-curricular links:

Reactivity 2.2 - What is the graphical distribution of kinetic energy values of particles in a sample at a fixed temperature?
Reactivity 2.2 - What must happen to particles for a chemical reaction to occur?

1.4 Counting particles by mass: The mole

Content

Guiding Question: How do we quantify matter on the atomic scale?

Structure 1.4.1:
The mole (mol) is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly the number of elementary entities given by the Avogrado
constant.
Convert the amount of substance, n, to the number of specified elementary entities.
An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or a specified group of particles.

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 The Avogadro’s constant (L or NA ) is given in the data booklet. It has the units mol−1 ).
Guidance:
The generally used unit of molar mass (gmol−1 ) is a derived SI unit.
Nature of Science:
Concepts—the concept of the mole developed from the related concept of “equivalent mass”in the early 19th century.
International-mindedness:
The SI system(Système International d’Unités) refers to the metric system of measurement, based on seven base units.
The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM according to its French initials) is an international standards organization, which aims
to ensure uniformity in the application of SI units around the world.

Structure1.4.2:
Masses of atoms are compared on a scale relative to 12 Cand are expressed as relative atomic mass (Ar ) and relative formula/molecular mass
(Mr ).
Determine relative formula mass ( Mr ) and relative atomic mass (Ar ).
Relative atomic mass and relative formula mass have no units.
The values of relative atomic masses given to two decimal places in the data booklet should be used in calculations.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Structure 3.1- Atoms increase in mass as their position descends in the periodic table. What properties might be related to this trend?

Structure 1.4.3:
Molar mass (M ) has the units gmol−1 .
Mole ratios in chemical equations can be used to calculate reacting ratios by mass and gas volume
Solve problems involving the relationships between the number of particles, the amount of substance in moles and the mass in grams.
The relationship n= Mm
is given in the data booklet.
Reactants can be either limiting or excess.
The experimental yield can be different from the theoretical yield.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Reactivity 2.1 - How can molar masses be used with chemical equations to determine the masses of the products of a reaction?

Structure 1.4.4:
The empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest ratio of atoms of each element present in the compound. The molecular formula gives
the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.
Interconvert the percentage composition by mass and the empirical formula.
Determine the molecular formula of a compound from its empirical formula and molar mass.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Tool 1- How can experimental data on mass changes in combustion reactions be used to derive empirical formulas?
Nature of Science:
Tool 3, Structure 3.2 - What is the importance of approximation in the determination of an empirical formula?
Prescribed experiment:
The obtaining and use of experimental data for deriving empirical formulas from reactions involving mass changes.

Structure 1.4.5:
The molar concentration is determined by the amount of solute and volume of solution.
Solve problems involving the molar concentration, amount of solute and volume of solution.
A standard solution is one of known concentration.
The use of square brackets to represent molar concentration is required.
Units of concentration should include gdm−3 and moldm−3 and conversion between these.
The relationship n = CV is given in the data booklet.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Tool 1 - What are the considerations in the choice of glassware used in preparing a standard solution and a serial dilution?
Tool 1, Inquiry 2 - How can a calibration curve be used to determine the concentration of a solution?
Guidance:
Use the experimental method of titration to calculate the concentration of a solution by reference to a standard solution.
Solve problems relating to reacting quantities, limiting and excess reactants, theoretical, experimental and percentage yields.
Units of concentration also include: parts per million (ppm).

Structure 1.4.6:
Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of all gases measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal numbers
of molecules.
Solve problems involving the mole ratio of reactants and/or products and the volume of gases.
Guidance:
Avogadro’s law enables the mole ratio of reacting gases to be determined from volumes of the gases.
The molar volume of an ideal gas is a constant at specified temperature and pressure.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Structure 1.5 - Avogadro’s law applies to ideal gases.
Under what conditions might the behaviour of a real gas deviate most from an ideal gas?

Reactivity 2.1.1 - 2.1.5 How much? The amount of chemical change.

Content

Guiding question: How are chemical equations used to calculate reacting ratios?

Reactivity 2.1.1:
Chemical equations show the ratio of reactants and products in a reaction.
Deduce the chemical equations when reactants and products are specified.
Include the use of state symbols in chemical equations.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:

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 Reactivity 3.2 - when is it useful to use half-equations?

Reactivity 2.1.2:
The mole ratio of an equation can be used to determine :

• the masses and /ot volumes of reactants and products

• the concentration of reactants and products for reactions occurring in solution

Calculate reacting masses and /or volumes and concentrations of reactants and products.
Avogadro’s law and definitions of molar concentration are covered in Structure 1.4.
The values for A r given in the data booklet to two decimal places should be used in calculations.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Structure 1.5 - How does the molar volume of a gas vary with changes in temperature and pressure?
Nature of Science:
Structure 1.4 - In what ways does Avogadro’s law help us to describe, but not explain the behaviour of gases?

Reactivity 2.1.3:
The limiting reactant determines the theoretical yield
Identify the limiting and excess reactants from given data.
Distinguish between the theoretical yield and the experimental yield.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Tool 1, Inquiry 1,2,3 - What errors may cause the experimental yield to be i) higher and ii) lower than the theoretical yield?

Reactivity 2.1.4:
The percentage yield is calculated from the ratio of experimental yield to theoretical yield.
Solve problems involving reacting quantities, limiting and excess reactants, theoretical, experimental and percentage yields.

Reactivity 2.1.5:
The atom economy is a measure of efficiency in green chemistry.
Calculate the atom economy from the stoichiometry of a reaction.
Include discussion of the inverse relationship between atom economy and wastage in industrial processes.
The equation for calculation of the atom economy is given in the data booklet.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Structure 2.4, Reactivity 2.2 - The atom economy and the percentage yield both give information about the ”efficiency” of a chemical process.
What other factors should be considered in this assessment?

1.5. Ideal Gases

Content

Guiding question: How does the model of ideal gas behaviour help us to predict the behaviour of real gases?

Structure 1.5.1:
An ideal gas consists of moving particles with negligible volume and no intermolecular forces. All collisions between particles are considered
elastic.
Recognise the key assumptions in the ideal gas model.

Structure 1.5.2:
Real gases deviate from the ideal gas model, particularly at low temperature and high pressure.
Using the model of ideal gas behaviour to help predict the behaviour of real gases.
Explain the limitations of the ideal gas model.
No mathematical coverage is required.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Structure 2.2 - Under comparable conditions, why do some gases deviate more from ideal behaviour than others?

Structure 1.5.3:
The molar volume of an ideal gas is a constant at a specific temperature and pressure.
Investigate the relationship between temperature, pressure and volume for a fixed mass of an ideal gas and analyse graphs relating these
variables.
The names of specific gas laws will not be assessed.
The value for the molar volume of an ideal gas under standard temperature and pressure (STP) is given in the data booklet.
Nature of science:
Tools 2 and 3, Reactivity 2.2 - Graphs can be presented as sketches or accurately plotted data points. What are the advantages and limitations
of each representation?

Structure 1.5.4:
The relationship between the pressure, volume, temperature and amount of an ideal gas is shown in the ideal gas equationpV = nRT and the
combined gas law p1TV1 = p2TV2 .
1 2
Solve problems relating to the ideal gas equation.
Units of volume and pressure should be SI only.
The value of the gas constant, R, the ideal gas equation and the combined gas law are given in the data booklet.
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Tool 1, Inquiry 2 - How can the ideal gas law be used to calculate the molar mass of a gas from experimental data?
Guidance:
Obtain and use experimental values to calculate the molar mass of a gas from the ideal gas equation.
Utilization:
Gas volume changes during chemical reactions are responsible for the inflation of air bags in vehicles and are the basis of many other explosive

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 reactions, such as the decomposition of TNT (trinitrotoluene).
The concept of percentage yield is vital in monitoring the efficiency of industrial processes.
International-mindedness:
The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa), N m−2 , but many other units remain in common usage in different countries. These include atmosphere
(atm), millimetres of mercury (mmHg), Torr, bar and pounds per square inch
(psi). The bar (105 P a) is now widely used as a convenient unit, as it is very close to 1atm. The SI unit for volume is m−3 , although litre is a
commonly used unit.

Uncertainties and errors in measurement and results

Content

Essential idea:All measurement has a limit of precision and accuracy, and this must be taken into account when evaluating experimental results.

Qualitative data includes all non-numerical information obtained from observations not from measurement.
Quantitative data are obtained from measurements, and are always associated with random errors/uncertainties, determined by the appara-
tus, and by human limitations such as reaction times.
Propagation of random errors in data processing shows the impact of the uncertainties on the final result.
Experimental design and procedure usually lead to systematic errors in measurement, which cause a deviation in a particular direction.
Repeat trials and measurements will reduce random errors but not systematic errors.
- distinguish between random errors and systematic errors.
- record uncertainties in all measurements as a range (±) to an appropriate precision.
- discuss ways to reduce uncertainties in an experiment.
- propagate uncertainties in processed data, including the use of percentage uncertainties.
- discuss systematic errors in all experimental work, their impact on the results and how they can be reduced.
- estimate whether a particular source of error is likely to have a major or minor effect on the final result.
- calculate percentage error when the experimental result can be compared with a theoretical or accepted result.
- distinguish between accuracy and precision in evaluating results.

Graphical techniques

Content

Essential idea: Graphs are a visual representation of trends in data.

Graphical techniques are an effective means of communicating the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable, and can lead to
determination of physical quantities.
Sketched graphs have labelled but unscaled axes, and are used to show qualitative trends, such as variables that are proportional or inversely
proportional.
Drawn graphs have labelled and scaled axes, and are used in quantitative measurements.
- draw graphs of experimental results including the correct choice of axes and scale.
interpret graphs in terms of the relationships of dependent and independent variables.
- produce and interpret best-fit lines or curves through data points, including an assessment of when it can and cannot be considered as a
linear function.
- calculate quantities from graphs by measuring slope (gradient) and intercept, including appropriate units.

Utilization:
Graphical representations of data are widely used in diverse areas such as population, finance and climate modelling. Interpretation of these
statistical trends can often lead to predictions, and so underpins the setting of government policies in many areas such as health and education.

Syllabus and cross-curricular links:

—gas volume, temperature, pressure graphs
—Maxwell–Boltzmann frequency distribution; concentration–time and rate–concentration graphs
—Arrhenius plot to determine activation energy
—titration curves
—enzyme kinetics
—greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures
—first order/decay graph

Graph-plotting software should be used, including the use of spreadsheets and the derivation of best-fit lines and gradients.

Reflection

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