Time Frame: 2nd QUARTER - Week 3

Introduction
When you hear the word 'respire,' you probably think of
breathing. When you breathe, you are taking in oxygen with
each inhale and releasing carbon dioxide with each exhale.
This gas exchange is important for respiration, but while
breathing is a physical process, respiration can be thought of as
more of a chemical process. All organisms, from a single
bacterial cell to a coral reef colony to a blue whale, undergo
respiration.
Food molecules absorbed after digestion are taken in, broken
down, and the energy freed in the process is used to power the
organism's movements and physiological
functioning. Respiration is the biochemical process in which
the cells of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen
and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water,
and ATP (the currency of energy in cells).
When we examine the equation for cellular respiration, we
see that the reactants are glucose and oxygen (for aerobic
respiration), and the products are carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP. Note the number of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water
molecules involved in each 'turn' of the process.

Respiration
Content: Energy Transformation
Content Standard: The learner describe the major features and
chemical events in photosynthesis and respiration
Performance Standard The learner shall be able to prepare simple
fermentation setup using common fruits to
produce wine or vinegar via microorganisms
Learning Competencies: The learner describe the major features and
chemical events in photosynthesis and respiration and
differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
Specific learning objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to:
1. Describe Respiration
2. Determine the importance of Respiration
3. Describe the process of Respiration
4.Create a Graphic Organizer about the Process of Respiration

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Try this
Direction: Study and Describe the given picture below. Construct 2-3 sentences and Write it on the space provided.

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Activity 2:
DIRECTION: List down the process of Respiration.
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Activity 3:
Direction: Create a Graphic Organizer of the PROCESS OF RESPIRATION.
Activity 4.
Direction : Compare each of the types of Respiration. Construct 2-3 sentences for EACH TYPE.
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Activity 5. Knowing the Importance!
Direction : Cite some importance of Respiration in our life as s living organisms.(2-3 Sentences.)
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Supplementary Ai

RESPIRATION

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  People commonly refer to the act of breathing as respiration. More correctly
respiration is a process that occurs within cells.
 Respiration converts the energy of glucose and other molecules into cellular energy.
Cells are then able to use this energy to perform functions such as
build proteins, replicate DNA and breakdown wastes.
 Respiration is a series of chemical reactions. The series of reactions gradually
releases the energy of molecules such as glucose. The released energy is
transferred to molecules such as ATP and used to power activity within cells.
 Cellular respiration can be both aerobic or anaerobic. Aerobic respiration uses
oxygen and is the most common and most efficient method of respiration.
 The overall equation of aerobic respiration can be summed up as:
sugar + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
You may recognize that this is the opposite reaction to photosynthesis which uses the sun’s
energy and water to convert carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration replaces the oxygen in aerobic respiration with other molecules.
The products of anaerobic respiration are compounds such as methane or lactic acid rather
than carbon dioxide and water.
The process of respiration occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
In prokaryotic cells respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and across the plasma membrane.
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
 External Respiration
One method for obtaining oxygen from the environment is through external respiration or
breathing. In animal organisms, the process of external respiration is performed in a number of
different ways. Animals that lack specialized organs for respiration rely on diffusion across external
tissue surfaces to obtain oxygen.
Others either have organs specialized for gas exchange or have a complete respiratory system.
In organisms such as nematodes (roundworms), gases and nutrients are exchanged with the external
environment by diffusion across the surface of the animals body.
Insects and spiders have respiratory organs called tracheae, while fish have gills as sites for
gas exchange.
Humans and other mammals have a respiratory system with specialized respiratory organs
(lungs) and tissues. In the human body, oxygen is taken into the lungs by inhalation and carbon
dioxide is expelled from the lungs by exhalation.
External respiration in mammals encompasses the mechanical processes related to breathing.
This includes contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and accessory muscles, as well as
breathing rate.
 Internal Respiration
External respiratory processes explain how oxygen is obtained, but how does oxygen get
to body cells? Internal respiration involves the transportation of gases between the blood and body
tissues. Oxygen within the lungs diffuses across the thin epithelium of lung alveoli (air sacs) into
surrounding capillaries containing oxygen depleted blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses
in the opposite direction (from the blood to lung alveoli) and is expelled. Oxygen rich blood is
transported by the circulatory system from lung capillaries to body cells and tissues. While oxygen is
being dropped off at cells, carbon dioxide is being picked up and transported from tissue cells to the
lungs.
 Cellular Respiration
The oxygen obtained from internal respiration is used by cells in cellular respiration. In order
to access the energy stored in the foods we eat, biological molecules composing foods
(carbohydrates, proteins, etc,) must be broken down into forms that the body can utilize. This is
accomplished through the digestive process where food is broken down and nutrients are absorbed
into the blood. As blood is circulated throughout the body, nutrients are transported to body cells.
In cellular respiration, glucose obtained from digestion is split into its constituent parts for the
production of energy. Through a series of steps, glucose and oxygen are converted to carbon
dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and the high energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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 Carbon dioxide and water formed in the process diffuse into the interstitial fluid surrounding
cells. From there, CO2 diffuses into blood plasma and red blood cells.
ATP generated in the process provides the energy needed to perform normal cellular
functions, such as macromolecule synthesis, muscle contraction, cilia and flagella movement,
and cell division.
 Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic cellular respiration 
- consists of three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle), and electron transport
with oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis  - occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the oxidation or splitting of glucose into
pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of the high energy NADH are also produced in
glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the inner matrix of cell mitochondria and
undergoes further oxidation in the Krebs cycle.
Krebs Cycle:
- Two additional molecules of ATP are produced in this cycle along with CO 2, additional
protons and electrons, and the high energy molecules NADH and FADH 2. Electrons
generated in the Krebs cycle move across the folds in the inner membrane (cristae) that
separate the mitochondrial matrix (inner compartment) from the intermembrane space
(outer compartment). This creates an electrical gradient, which helps the the electron
transport chain pump hydrogen protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane
space.
The electron transport chain 
- is a series of electron carrier protein complexes within the mitochondrial inner membrane.
NADH and FADH2 generated in the Krebs cycle transfer their energy in the electron
transport chain to transport protons and electrons to the intermembrane space.
- The high concentration of hydrogen protons in the intermembrane space is utilized by the
protein complex ATP synthase to transport protons back into the matrix. This provides
the energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
- Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation account for the formation of 34
molecules of ATP.In total, 38 ATP molecules are produced by prokaryotes in the
oxidation of a single glucose molecule. This number is reduced to 36 ATP molecules in
eukaryotes, as two ATP are consumed in the transfer of NADH to mitochondria.
Fermentation
Aerobic respiration only occurs in the presence of oxygen. When oxygen supply is low, only
a small amount of ATP can be generated in the cell cytoplasm by glycolysis. Although pyruvate can
not enter the Krebs cycle or electron transport chain without oxygen, it can still be used to generate
additional ATP by fermentation.
 Fermentation is another type of cellular respiration, a chemical process for the breakdown
of carbohydrates into smaller compounds for the production of ATP. In comparison to aerobic
respiration, only a small amount of ATP is produced in fermentation. This is because glucose is only
partially broken down. Some organisms are facultative anaerobes and can utilize both fermentation
(when oxygen is low or not available) and aerobic respiration (when oxygen is available). Two
common types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic (ethanol) fermentation.
Glycolysis is the first stage in each process.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
In lactic acid fermentation, NADH, pyruvate, and ATP are produced by glycolysis. NADH is
then converted to its low energy form NAD +, while pyruvate is converted to lactate. NAD + is recycled
back into glycolysis to generate more pyruvate and ATP.
Lactic acid fermentation is commonly performed by muscle cells when oxygen levels become
depleted. Lactate is converted to lactic acid which can accumulate at high levels in muscle cells
during exercise. Lactic acid increases muscle acidity and causes a burning sensation that occurs
during extreme exertion. Once normal oxygen levels are restored, pyruvate can enter aerobic
respiration and much more energy can be generated to aid in recovery. Increased blood flow helps to
deliver oxygen to and remove lactic acid from muscle cells.

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Alcoholic Fermentation
In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO 2. NAD+ is also generated
in the conversion and gets recycled back into glycolysis to produce more ATP molecules. Alcoholic
fermentation is performed by plants, yeast, and some species of bacteria. This process is used in the
production of alcoholic drinks, fuel, and baked goods.
Anaerobic Respiration
 How do extremophiles like some bacteria and archaeans survive in environments without
oxygen? The answer is by anaerobic respiration.
 This type of respiration occurs without oxygen and involves the consumption of another
molecule (nitrate, sulfur, iron, carbon dioxide, etc.) instead of oxygen. Unlike in fermentation,
anaerobic respiration involves the formation of an electrochemical gradient by an electron
transport system that results in the production of a number of ATP molecules.
 Unlike in aerobic respiration, the final electron recipient is a molecule other than oxygen.
Many anaerobic organisms are obligate anaerobes; they don't perform oxidative
phosphorylation and die in the presence of oxygen. Others are facultative anaerobes and can
also perform aerobic respiration when oxygen is available.
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REFERENCES

 "How the Lungs Work." National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services,.
 Lodish, Harvey. "Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation." Current
Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan.
1970, .
 Oren, Aharon. "Anaerobic Respiration." The Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, Wiley-Blackwell, 15 Sept. 2009.

RODERICK U. CAPACIO, LPT

OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
SY: 2021-2022

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