MT SEMESTER

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
20
PRELIMINARY REVIEWER
21 02
Stoichiometry
STOICHIOMETRY
 Is often used to balance chemical equations.
 For example, the two diatomic gases, hydrogen
Stoichiometry and oxygen, can combine to form a liquid, water.

2H2 + O2  2H2O

 Is the calculation of quantitative relationships of
the reactants and products in chemical
reactions.
 Rests upon the law of conservation of mass, the
law of definite proportions and the law of
multiple proportions.
 Is also often used for the molar proportions of
elements in stoichiometric compounds. For
example, the stoichiometry of hydrogen and
oxygen in H2O is 2:1.
 In stoichiometric compounds, the molar
proportions are whole numbers (that is what the
law of definite proportions is about).

Law of Conservation of Mass

Flowchart:

 “The total weight of the substances entering into

a chemical change is equal to the total weight of
the substances produced.”

Law of Definite Proportions

 “When elements combine to form a compound,

they do so in a definite proportion by mass.”

Law of Multiple Proportions

 “The masses of one element combined with a

fixed mass of another element in a different
compound of the two elements are in the ratio
of small whole numbers.”

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 Moles
 The mole does not describe the weight or shape
of a compound. It describes the quantity. One
mole is 6.02 x 1023.
 The mole is just a number like pounds or yards
the abbreviation for moles is mol. Just like
converting yards to feet, the mole can be
converted into different things too.
 There are different kinds of mole conversion
problems. There are moles to grams, moles to
molecules, moles to liters, and vice versa.
Molar Mass of Compounds
 The molar mass (MM) of a compound is
determined the same way, except now you add
up all the atomic masses for the molecule (or
compound)
Example: Molar mass of CaCl2
 Avg. Atomic mass of Calcium = 40.08g
 Avg. Atomic mass of Chlorine = 35.45g
Molar Mass of calcium chloride:
40.08 g/mol Ca + (2 X 35.45) g/mol Cl  110.98 g/mol CaCl2
Practice:
Calculate the Molar Mass of calcium phosphate.
 Formula =
 Masses of elements:
 Molar Mass =
Calculations
Note: EVERYTHING MUST GO THROUGH MOLES.
Similarities of Cookies and Chemistry
 Just like chocolate chip cookies have recipes,
chemists have recipes as well
 Instead of calling them recipes, we call them
reaction equations
 Furthermore, instead of using cups and
teaspoons, we use moles
 Lastly, instead of eggs, butter, sugar, etc. we use
chemical compounds as ingredients
Chemistry Recipes
 Looking at a reaction tells us how much of
something you need to react with something
else to get a product (like the cookie recipe)
 Be sure you have a balanced reaction before you
start!
Example: 2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl
 This reaction tells us that by mixing 2 moles of
sodium with 1 mole of chlorine we will get 2
moles of sodium chloride
 What if we wanted 4 moles of NaCl? 10 moles?
50 moles?
Practice:
Write the balanced reaction for hydrogen gas
reacting with oxygen gas.
2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
 How many moles of reactants are needed?
 What if we wanted 4 moles of water?
 What if we had 3 moles of oxygen, how much
hydrogen would we need to react and how much
water would we get?
 What if we had 50 moles of hydrogen, how much
oxygen would we need and how much water
produced?
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 Stoichiometric Calculations Molar Ratio

 Ratios are found within a chemical equation.

 The coefficients in the balanced equation give  2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH) 2 to
the ratio of moles of reactants and products form 2 moles of H2O and 1 mole of BaCl2

Mole Ratios

 These mole ratios can be used to calculate the

moles of one chemical from the given amount of
a different chemical

Example: How many moles of chlorine is needed to

react with 5 moles of sodium (without any sodium
left over)?

 From the mass of Substance A you can use the 2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl
ratio of the coefficients of A and B to calculate
5 moles Na 1 mol Cl2
the mass of Substance B formed (if it’s a product) = 2.5 moles Cl2
or used (if it’s a reactant) 2 mol Na

Mole-mole Conversions
Practice:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Practice:

How many moles of sodium chloride will be

produced if you react 2.6 moles of chlorine gas with
an excess (more than you need) of sodium metal?

 Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6, we calculate the

moles of C6H12O6. Use the coefficients to find the
moles of H2O, and then turn the moles of water
to grams.

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 Moles - Mass
 Most of the time in chemistry, the amounts are
given in grams instead of moles
 We still go through moles and use the mole ratio,
but now we also use molar mass to get to grams
Example:
A student had 12 grams of carbon and needed to find
out how many moles of carbon he had. First what he
would find the molar mass of carbon (the atomic
mass).
 The atomic mass of carbon is 12.011 g/mole
Moles - Mass
Example:
How many grams of chlorine are required to react
completely with 5.00 moles of sodium to produce
sodium chloride?
2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl
5.00 mol Na 1 mol Cl2 70.90 g Cl2
= 177g Cl2
2 mol Na 1 mol Cl2
Practice:
Calculate the mass in grams of Iodine required to
react completely with 0.50 moles of aluminum.
Mass-Mole
 We can also start with mass and convert to
moles of product or another reactant
 We use molar mass and the mole ratio to get to
moles of the compound of interest
Example:
Calculate the number of moles of ethane (C2H6)
needed to produce 10.0 g of water
10.0 g H2O 1 mol H2O 2 mol C2H6 = 0.185mol
18.0g H2O 6mol H2O C2H6
Practice:
Calculate how many moles of oxygen are required to
make 10.0 g of aluminum oxide.
Mass - Mass
 Most often we are given a starting mass and
want to find out the mass of a product we will
get (called theoretical yield) or how much of
another reactant we need to completely react
with it (no leftover ingredients!)
 Now we must go from grams to moles, mole
ratio, and back to grams of compound we are
interested in
Moles - Grams
 To find the number of moles, all you have to do
is divide the grams of the substance by the molar
mass.
12 g / 12.0 g = number of moles of carbon
1 = number of moles of carbon
 Therefore the student has 1 mole of carbon.
Mass-mass Conversion
Example:
Calculate how many grams of ammonia are
produced when you react 2.00g of nitrogen with
excess hydrogen.
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 N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3

2.00g N2 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 17.06g NH3

28.02g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3

= 2.4g NH3

Practice:

How many grams of calcium nitride are produced

when 2.00 g of calcium reacts with an excess of
nitrogen?

Gram ↔ mole and gram ↔ gram conversions

Example:

When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)

a. How many moles of N2O5 were used if 210g of

NO2 were produced?

2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)

 ? moles 210g

210g NO2 mol NO2 2 mol N2O5 = 2.28 mol N2O5

46.0 g NO2 4 mol NO2

b. How many grams of N2O5 are needed to produce

75.0 grams of O2?

2N2O5(g)  4NO2(g) + O2(g)

 ? grams 75.0 g

75.0g O2 mol O2 2 mol N2O5 108g N2O5

= 506 g N2O5
32.0 g O2 1mol O2 mol N2O5