Quantities in Chemical Reactions

Chapter 6
CHEM 1151
This chapter begins an exploration of stoichiometry, the study
of quantifying chemicals in chemical processes.
Such as
How many sugar molecules in 5 g sugar?
How much 2 moles of sugar weigh?
How many moles of sugar in 5 g sugar?
How many sugar molecules in I mole of sugar?

C12H22O11 Number of moles of C,H, and O in 1 mole of sugar?

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Learning Outcomes
• Describe Avogadro’s number as it relates to the mole concept.

• Calculate the molar mass of a compound from the chemical formula.

• Use stoichiometry to balance molar relationships and mass of species in a

chemical reaction.

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Types of Chemical Calculations Core math skill required:
Critical thinking in problem solving

This chapter involves 100 % calculations using chemistry quantities

1. number of atoms or molecules (particles)

2. mass, g of chemicals

3. moles of chemicals

4. moles of a specific atom in the chemical formula

5. mass of unknown from mass of known chemical (stoichiometry)

6. Limiting reactant

7. Percent yield of the chemical

actual amount X 100

% yield =
Theoretical amount
 Counting
SmallChemicals
particles such as atoms, molecules, and ions are counted using the mole,
a unit called Avogadro’s number that contains 6.02 × 1023 particles.

Avogadro’s number
602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 6.022 × 1023

Avogadro’s number is named for Amedeo Avogadro

(1776–1856), an Italian physicist.
 Mole (mol) what is it? Video Lesson

• mole is a counting unit used by chemists much like the dozen is a counting
unit used by bakers

• The abbreviation for mole is mol (SI unit for amount of substance)

much like

1 dozen=12

1 score=20

1 pair =2

1 mol = 6.022×1023
Avogadro’s number, NA
Know this number
 The Mole and molar mass
A mole is the amount of a substance whose mass in grams is equal to its formula mass
(which you get from periodic table)
Molar mass of the element

Molar mass of the compound/molecule

Sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in the chemical formula
Example: triphosphorous pentoxide, P3O5
(3 x P) + 5x (O)
(3 x 30.97) + 5x (16.00) =172.92 g
Mole, Avogadro’s number and molar mass
The mole is a bridge between number of atoms (or molecules) and mass (g)

If you need 1 mole of carbon – is it easier to count 6.02 x 1023 atoms or to get 12.01g of carbon???

Both are equal to ONE MOLE!

Mole, Avogadro’s number and molar mass
[ Analogy]

Unit/substance quantity mass of 1 dz or 12 number

1 dozen oranges 12 oranges 3 pounds
1 dozen apples 12 apples 5 pounds

Unit/Substance quantity (particles) Molar mass

1 mole of Al 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Al 28.09 g
1 mole of S 6.02 x 1023 atoms of S 32.07 g
1 mole of water (H2O) 6.02 x 1023 molecules of H2O 18.02 g
1 mole of vitamin C (C6H8O6) 6.02 x 1023 molecules of vit. C 176.12 g
1 mole NaCl 6.02 x 1023 NaCl units 58.44 g
 Moles of Elements in a Formula
In a chemical formula, subscripts give MOLES of an element in 1 mole of the substance
Which will be used as conversion factors…

Example:
Aspirin

C9H8O4

1 molecule: 9 atoms of C 8 atoms of H 4 atoms of O

1 mole: 9 moles of C 8 moles of H 4 moles of O

Conversion factors possible

from these equalities:
 Summary Understanding Mole concepts​

Avogadro’s # Molar mass

I mole = 6.022 x 10 23 I mole = formula mass in g
1 mole of carbon = 6.02 × 1023 atoms of carbon
1 mole of CO2 = 6.02 × 1023 molecules of CO2 Ex: (NH4)2Cr2O7
1 mole of ammonium dichromate = 252.1 g
(2)(14.0) + (8)(1.0) + (2)(52.0) + (7)(16.0)= 252.1g
The Mole

Subscripts Coefficients
in chemical formula in a balanced equation

Ex: Aspirin, C9H8O4 Ex: 2Fe(s) + 3S(s)  Fe2S3(s)

1 mole C9H8O4 : 9 moles of C 8 moles of H 4 moles of O 2 moles of Fe + 3 moles of S  1 mole of Fe2S3

 Calculation 1 VIDEO LESSON

Avogadro’s number, NA is used to convert between moles of a substance to particles.

6.022 × 1023
Avogadro’s number, 6.02 × 1023, can be written as an equality and as
Particles Mole
two conversion factors.
Equality: 1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 particles

Conversion Factors:

Practice:
How many CO2 molecules are present in 1.75 moles of carbon dioxide, CO2?

Solution:

Study Check
How many moles of water, H2O, contain 2.0×1022 molecules of water? Ans: 3.3 x 10 -2 moles water
Calculation 2 VIDEO LESSON

Molar mass (MM) is used to convert between moles of a substance to mass (g)

Molar mass
Practice:
Mass Mole
Silver metal is used in the manufacture of tableware, mirrors, jewelry,
and dental alloys. If the design for a piece of jewelry requires 0.750 mole
of silver, how many grams of silver are needed?
1 mole Ag = 107.9 g
Conversion factor

Solution:

ANS: 2.30 mols

Study Check
How many mols of ammonium sulfate in 303 g of ammonium sulfate
answer= 2.29 mols

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Calculation 3
Concept: Treat the subscripts in a chemical formula as mole

Practice:
How many oxygen atoms would there be in 50.0 grams of potassium acetate?
Ans: 6.13 x 10 23 O atoms
First, write the potassium acetate formula

Write a plan:
g, formula MM factor mole of formula subscript mole of oxygen Avogadro’s # oxygen atom
 Calculation 4
Review CH 5 Mole–Mole Factors from an Equation

• A mole–mole factor is a ratio of the moles for any two substances

in a balanced equation

For this equation: 2Fe(s) + 3S(s)  Fe2S3(s)

mole–mole ratio:

Substance A Substance B

mole-mole factor
Mole in the balanced eqn Mole
Calculation 4
Mole–Mole Factors from an Equation VIDEO LESSON

Study Check

How many moles of Fe2O3 can form from 6.0 moles of O2? Answer: 4 moles of Fe2O3

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s)

Relationship: 3 moles of O2 = 2 moles of Fe2O3

Substance A Substance B

Write a plan: 6.0 moles of O2 = ??? moles of Fe2O3 mole-mole factor

Mole in the balanced eqn Mole

Solve:
 Calculation 5 Stoichiometry Calculation

converting mass (g) of one chemical to mass (g) of other chemical.

Use the following problem-solving strategy (except molar mass calculations)

1. Balance the equation
2. Analyze the problems.
3. Write down data (unit) given, and data (unit) needed
4. Line up with correct conversion factor(s) review CH 1
5. Calculate the needed
6. Check for unit cancellation

Stoichiometry map
MM factor mole-mole factor in
of have the balanced eqn MM factor of
need
have have need need
mass mole mole mass(g)

• May have various starting and ending in the above map depends on the problem
• The amount calculated using stoichiometry is called THEORETICAL AMOUNT (YIELD)
Calculation 5 Stoichiometry Calculation video calculation

• converting mass (g) of one chemical to mass (g) of another chemical.

Stoichiometry map
mole-mole
MM MM
factor in the
conversion conversion
balanced eqn
factor factor need
have have need mass
mass mole mole (g)

Practice:
Suppose we want to determine the mass (grams) of NH 3 that can be produced
from 32 grams of N2
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
32 grams N2 ??? mass NH3

Solution:
Exact Exact Four SFs

Two SFs Two SFs

Four SFs Exact
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 Stoichiometry Calculation
• converting mass (g) of one chemical to mass (g) of another chemical.

Practice:
The reaction between H2 and O2 produces 13.1 grams of water. Answer 11.6 g O2
How many grams of O2 reacted?

2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)

Write a plan and solve:

Limiting Reactant simulation

What Will Run Out First?

Recipe calls for one PBSW

How many PBSW can you make if you have 8 slices of bread and 1 tbs peanut butter

Limiting excess
The reactant that dictates how much product can be made is a limiting reactant
Guideline to solve
1. For each reactant perform stoichiometry mass to mass steps
2. Determine which reactant makes less amount (moles or mass) product
• Also called Theoretical amount
3. The other reactant is known as the “excess” 19
 Limiting Reactant Video calculation

Sample Problem:
When silicon dioxide (sand) and carbon are heated, the products are silicon carbide, SiC, and carbon monoxide.
Silicon carbide is a ceramic material that tolerates extreme temperatures and is used as an abrasive and in the
brake discs of cars.
How many grams of CO are formed from 70.0 g of SiO 2 and 50.0 g of C?
SiO2(s) + 3C(s) → SiC(s) + 2CO(g)

Write a plan to convert the quantity (grams) of each reactant to quantity (grams) of product

Reactant SiO2 to product CO : Reactant C to product CO :

plan plan
Limiting Reactant
Practice
Consider the balanced chemical equation:
3 Br2 (l) + 2 Al (s)  2AlBr3 (s)
How many moles of AlBr3 can be produced from 8.00 moles of Br2 and 4.00 moles Al?
What is the limiting reactant? What is the theoretical amount?
Write a plan

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Calculating Percent Yield
On a space shuttle, LiOH is used to absorb exhaled CO2 from breathing air to form LiHCO3.
LiOH(s) + CO2(g) → LiHCO3(s) Ans: 142 g Theor. yield

Ans: 51.3 % yield

What is the percent yield of LiHCO3 for the reaction if 50.0 g of LiOH gives 72.8 g of LiHCO3?
Solution:
Relating Amounts of Reactants and Products
Real Life Stoichiometry

Airbag Design To determine exact quantity of nitrogen gas

2 NaN3(s)  2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)

Sodium Nitride
Practice bb lesson extra problems
and odd number ebook exercise problems

Get help when needed

 Additional Stoichiometry notes
Destination may vary depends on the starting (given )

Calculation Map 1

Calculation Map 2
Substance A Substance B
Mass
key A
Mass
B

Step 1 and 3 1 3
mass mols of the same substance
Step 4, 5
Step 2 Mole
2 Mole
atom/molecules mols
B
mols of one to mols of other. A Stoichiometry 5
Use balanced equation factor
4 Step 1,4 and 3,5
Step 1,2,3 Particles
atom/molecules mass
Particles
mass of one to mass of other A B