UNIT 1 ATOMIC

STRUCTURE AND
PROPERTIES
 Topic
1.1
Moles and Molar Mass

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 The Mole
The amount of substance containing the same number of
discrete entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) as the number
of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12 g

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 Counting Atoms
◉ Atoms and other particles are so small that it is impractical
to count them
◉ Chemists “count” atoms by weighing or measuring them in
some other way and those measurements are converted
into number of atoms
◉ Atomic masses are measured in atomic mass units,
abbreviated as “amu” or just as “u”
◉ 1 amu is based on 1/12th of a Carbon-12 atom’s mass

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 The Mole and Avogadro

◉ Chemists use moles to discuss amounts of

atoms because using the actual amount of
atoms is such a large number
◉ A mole (mol) is a group of particles
containing 6.022 x 1023 items
◉ 6.022 x 1023 is referred to as Avogadro’s Amedeo Avogadro

number (NA)

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 Molar Mass
◉ Molar mass is the ◉ How to calculate Molar Calculate the molar mass of
mass of 1 mol of a Mass: dinitrogen tetroxide:
substance (i.e., ◉ List the atoms
g/mol) ◉ Count the atoms N2O4
◉ Find the mass of
each atom from N = 2 x 14.0067 = 28.0134
the periodic table O = 4 x 15.9994 = 63.9976
◉ Multiply the
28.0134 + 63.9976 = 92.0110 g/mol
number of atoms
by the mass of
each atom
◉ Add together the
values

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 Molar Mass
◉ Molar mass can be used as a conversion factor to convert
between moles and grams
◉ It is unique for each sample
◉ Avogadro’s Number, 6.022 x 1023 particles/mole, is the
conversion factor to convert between number of particles
(molecules, atoms, formula units, ions) and moles

Mass Number of
Molar Mass Moles Avogadro’s number
(grams) Particles

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Table 3.2 Mole Relationship

Brown, T. (2018). Chemistry : the central science. New York: Pearson.

The number of atoms of an element in a mole is the subscript in a formula (number of atoms
of that element in the formula) times Avogadro’s number

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 One of THE formulas in Chemistry
◉

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Practice Problem 1
How many moles of Lead (II) iodide, PbI2, are there in a 25.0 gram sample?

How many atoms of lead, Pb, are in the sample?

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Practice Problem 2
Without using a calculator, arrange these samples in order of increasing numbers of carbon atoms:

12 g 12C
1 mol C2H2
9 × 1023 molecules of CO2

Solve One mole is defined as the amount of matter that contains as many units of the matter as there are C atoms
in exactly 12 g of 12C. Thus, 12 g of 12C contains 1 mol of C atoms = 6.02 × 1023 C atoms.
One mol of C2H2 contains 6.02 × 1023 C2H2 molecules. Because there are two C atoms in each molecule, this sample
contains 12.04 × 1023 C atoms.
Because each CO2 molecule contains one C atom, the CO2 sample contains 9 × 1023 C atoms.
Hence, the order is 12 g 12C (6 × 1023 C atoms) < 9 × 1023 CO2 molecules (9 × 1023 C atoms) < 1 mol C2H2
(12 × 1023 C atoms).
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Practice Problem 3
A student obtains a sample of a pure solid compound. In addition to Avogadro’s number,
which of the following must the student know in order to determine how many molecules are in the sample?

A) Mass of the sample, volume of the sample

B) Mass of the sample, density of the sample
C) Molar mass of the compound, mass of the sample
D) Molar mass of the compound, density of the sample

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Practice Problem 4

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Practice Problem 5
Calculate the number of H atoms in 0.350 mol of C 6H12O6.

Solution
Analyze We are given the amount of a substance (0.350 mol) and its chemical formula C 6H12O6. The unknown is
the number of H atoms in the sample.

Plan Avogadro’s number provides the conversion factor between number of moles of C 6H12O6 and number of
molecules of C6H12O6: 1 mol C6H12O6 = 6.02 × 1023 molecules of C6H12O6. Once we know the number of
molecules of C6H12O6, we can use the chemical formula, which tells us that each molecule of C 6H12O6 contains
12 H atoms. Thus, we convert moles of C6H12O6 to molecules of C6H12O6 and then determine the number of
atoms of H from the number of molecules of C 6H12O6:

Moles C6H12O6 molecules C6H12O6 atoms H

Solve

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 AP Classroom 1.1 Daily Video 1 & 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=630MapbxBFs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OeRwWUPctVI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAqzpZ-nMlg

Review Videos

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