UNIT 1 ATOMIC

STRUCTURE AND
PROPERTIES
 1.
Topic
Mass Spectroscopy of Elements 2 2
The Atom
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 Quick Review
◉ Dense positive
center with the
electrons around
the outside
◉ Most of the atom is
empty space
◉ Atoms are very
small; 1–5 Å
(angstroms)
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(picometers)

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 Quick Review
◉ Protons (+1) and electrons (−1) have a charge; neutrons are neutral
◉ Protons and neutrons have essentially the same mass (relative mass 1) The mass of an
electron is so small we ignore it (relative mass 0)
◉ Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus; electrons travel around the nucleus in the
electron cloud
◉ The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the Atomic Number
◉ Since atoms have no overall charge, the number of protons equals the number of
electrons in an atom

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 Quick Review
◉ Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different masses.
◉ Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons, but the same number of
protons.
◉ The table below lists four isotopes for carbon

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 Quick Review
Label all the parts of the notation below:

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 Quick Review

◉ Elements are represented by a one or two letter symbol, for which the
first letter is always capitalized. C is the symbol for carbon
◉ All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, which
is called the atomic number. It is written as a subscript Before the
symbol. 6 is the atomic number for carbon
◉ The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom. It is written as a superscript before the symbol
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 Quick Review
◉ Because in the real world we use large amounts of atoms and molecules,
we use average masses in calculations
◉ An average mass is found using all isotopes of an element weighted by
their relative abundances. This is the element’s atomic weight

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 Mass
Spectroscopy
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 Mass Spectrometer
◉ An instrument used to measure the precise masses and
relative amounts of atomic and molecular ions
◉ Four Steps
◉ Ionization
◉ Acceleration
◉ Deflection
◉ Detection

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 Mass Spectrum
◉ The mass spectrum of a sample containing a single pure
element gives information about the naturally occurring
isotopes of that element
◉ Mass Spectra can have different units but generally they
show the relative abundance on the y-axis and the atomic
mass on the x-axis

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 Practice Problem 1
◉ How many isotopes are there?
◉ How do you know?
◉ What do the relative heights of lines give you?
◉ What is the average atomic mass?
◉ What element is represented?

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 Practice Problem 1
◉ How many isotopes are there? 5
◉ How do you know? There are 5 peaks
◉ What do the relative heights of lines give you? % abundance
◉ What is the average atomic mass? (90 x 0.515)+(91 x 0.112)+(92 x 0.171) +
◉ What element is represented? (94 x 0.174) + (96 x 0.028) = 91.32
amu
Zirconium

90 = 51.1 %
91 = 11.2%
92 = 17.1 %
94 = 17.4 %
96 = 2.8 %

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 Practice Problem 2
The mass spectrum of the element Sb is most likely represented by which of the following?
B)

C) D)

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 Practice Problem 2
The mass spectrum of the element Sb is most likely represented by which of the following? 121.76 amu

B)

C) D)

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 Practice Problem 3

Which of the following elements has the mass spectrum represented above?
A. Nb
B. Mo
C. U
D. Cf

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 Practice Problem 3

Which of the following elements has the mass spectrum represented above?
A. Nb
92.906 amu
B. Mo
95.95 amu
C. U
238.03 amu
D. Cf
251 amu

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 Practice Problem 4

The mass spectrum of a sample of a pure element is shown above. Based on the data,
the peak at 26 amu represents an isotope of which of the following elements?
A. Al with 13 neutrons
B. Mg with 14 neutrons
C. Fe with 26 neutrons
D. Ti with 26 neutrons

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 Practice Problem 4

The mass spectrum of a sample of a pure element is shown above. Based on the data,
the peak at 26 amu represents an isotope of which of the following elements?
A. Al with 13 neutrons
26-13=13 protons AW = 26.982 amu
B. Mg with 14 neutrons
26-14=12 protons AW = 24.305 amu
C. Fe with 26 neutrons 26-26=0 protons AW = 55.845 amu
D. Ti with 26 neutrons 26-26=0 protons AW = 47.867 amu

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 AP Daily Videos Topic 1.2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVGznwKGJ7A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClzsWNIA1LA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TvnhRP3lqA

Review Videos

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