MODULE 2 IN SCIENCE IN SCIENCE 3B (Chemistry) –CHAPTER 9- STOICHIOMETRY

Overview

In real life situations, pieces of matter are quantified by finding the mass by counting . Market
vendors for example, would rather sell mango seeds by getting the mass and salted eggs by
counting. The choice of quantifying goods is determined by convenience . It is easier to get the mass
of rice grains rather than count the grains. It is more convenient to count the number of eggs rather
than get their mass. To measure these quantities, mass units such as kilogram or gram, or courting
units such as dozen, or case are being used.

In the laboratory, chemists measure out a chemical substance and react it with another substance to
form the desired quantity of a new product. In this case, chemists want to know the number of
atoms, ions or molecules because these are the, ones that react with each other. However, these
things re too small and too many to count individually so chemists use a unit called mole to count
them by weighing. Like a dozen, a ream. Or a case, a mole also represents a certain in a number of
particles.

In the previous lesson, you have learned how to predict the products of a chemical reaction and
balance equations. These equations will be used when you calculate the amounts of material
required or formed. In chemistry, the quantity of each reactant is always carefully monitored and
controlled to obtain the correct products in the expected quantities.

Learning Outcomes/ Competencies

• use the mole concept to express the mass of substances

• calculate the formula mass or molecular mass of a compound, given the name of the
formula of a compound and the atomic masses.
• Solve for the percentage composition of an element in a compound.
• Solve for the empirical formula of a compound, given the mass relationship, in terms of
percent composition and the atomic masses.

Before you work on this module, answer first the pre-assessment prepared for you.

Pre-test:

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Suppose you were asked to prepare 250-g chocolate mousse which is 35% chocolate, 30 %
cream and 20 % milk, 10 % sugar and 5 % butter, how much cream do are you going to use?
a. 75 g cream c. 60g cream
b. 73 g cream d. 62 g cream

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2. Cheska measured the mass of 10 pieces of each of the following materials:
Marble, pebble, and ball pen cap. What will be her findings based on the datas he obtained?

Table 1. Data on Mass

Materials ( 10 pcs) Mass (g)

Marble 50
Pebble 35
Ball pen cap 20

a. Different materials have different masses

b. Materials of different kind differ in amount, color and texture
c. The same number of materials has different colors and appearance
d. The same number of materials of different kinds has different masses.
3. The following are representative particles, which among them represents a covalent
compound?
a. Atom c. ion
b. Molecule d. particle unit
4. A bag of NPK fertilizer marked 16-4-8 contains 16% nitrogen, 4 % phosphorous and 8%
potassium, the other 72% is usually inert filler material, such as clay pellets or granular
limestone. What is the mass of nitrogen present in 500 g pack of NPK fertilizer?
a. 80 g c. 20 g
b. 40 g d. 10 g
5. How many particles are equal to 1 mole?
a. 6.02 x 1022 particles
b. 6.02 x 1023 particles
c. 6.02 x 1024 particles
d. 6.02 x 1025 particles
6. How can the knowledge about mole be useful for the environmentalist?
a. Mole concept can be used in environmental monitoring.
b. It gives information on the most dangerous pollutant in the atmosphere
c. It gives a feedback on the kinds of pollutants present in the atmosphere.
d. Mole concept can be used in quantifying the amount of pollutant-particles released in
the atmosphere.
7. How can you apply knowledge on percentage composition?
a. In maintaining the quality of food product.
b. In checking the amount of sugar present in the soft drink.
c. In identifying the correct amount of substance present in a sample
d. All of the above

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 8. How many percent of hydrogen (H) is present in water ( H2O) ?
a. 12 %
b. 11 %
c. 13 %
d. 10 %
9. Which of the following units in expressing the amount of substance in terms of number of
particles?
a. Liter
b. Gram
c. Mole
10. What do you expect to observe in a “ Mole Exhibit of Different Substances?
a. Different kind of elements
b. Different colors of Substances
c. Showcase of 1 mole of different elements having different masses
d. Showcase of 1 mole of different substances having the same masses

Now that you are done with the pre-assessment, let us perform the activities in this module to
understand the mole concept.

LESSON 1 – The Mole

The term stoichiometry refers to measurements based on the quantitative laws of chemical
combination. You will use the coefficients in balanced chemical equations to solve stoichiometric
problems involving mass and mole relationships.

When you say that the molecular mass of CO2 is 44 amu, you are referring to one molecule of
CO2 . You know that the atoms and molecules are so small that it would be a challenging task to
determine how many of these are contained at the tip of a pencil.

How then are chemists able to keep track of the number of atoms or molecules that enter a
chemical reaction? Remember that atoms or molecules are invisible. You cannot see them, feel
them, or use meter stick to measure them. To a chemist, an atom and a molecule are as tangible and
real as a grain of rice.

Chemist are able to count atoms and molecules by relating a specific value or number to mass.
They have created a counting unit called mole . A mole consist of 6.02 x 1023 particles, which may be
atoms, molecules or ions. This number is called Avogadro’s number (N), in honor of the Italian
physicist and chemist Amedeo Avogadro. This is also the number of 126 C atoms contained 12 000 00
g of 126 C .

A mole of any element contains the same number of atoms as mole of another element. For
example, 1 mole of sodium, 1 mole of phosphorous, and 1 mole of magnesium each contains 6.02 x
1023 atoms.

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One mole of a compound also contains Avogadro ‘s number of particles . One mole of covalent
compound contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules, and 1 mole of ionic compound consist of 6.02 x 1023
formula units. Table 9-1 gives some examples of 1 mole quantities.

Table 9-1

One-Mole Sample of Common Substances

Substance No. of Particles Type of Particles

Elements
1 mole of K 6.02 X 1023 Potassium atom
1 mole Zn 6.02 X 1023 Zinc atom
1 mole S 6.02 X 1023 Sulfur atom
1 mole Na 6.02 X 1023 Sodium atom
1 mole O 6.02 X 1023 Oxygen atom
1 mole N 6.02 X 1023 Nitrogen atom

Compounds
1 mole of MgCl2 6.02 X 1023 MgCl2 formula unit
1 mole NaF 6.02 X 1023 NaF formula unit
1 mole of H2O 6.02 X 1023 H2O molecule
1 mole of sucrose 6.02 X 1023 C12H22O11 molecule
1 mole of vitamin C 6.02 X1023 C6H6O6 molecule

Sample Exercises

Use dimensional analysis in solving the following problems:

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen ( O 2 ) in 24.0 grams of O2 from the definition of a
mole: 1 mole O2 = 32.0 grams

Mole = 24.0 g O x 1 mole O2 / 32.0 g O2

= 0.75 mole≈ 0.750 mole

Operationally, the number of moles is determines as follows:

Moles = Mass ( in g ) / Formula or molecular mass

You will use this formula in the succeeding section.

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2. It is incredible that a mole of hydrogen gas has a mass of 2.0 g. Try to determine the mass of
one mole of hydrogen gas from the definition of mole. It must be very small.

1 mole of H2 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules = 2.0 g

Mass = 1 molecule x 2.0g H 2 / 6.02 x 1023 molecules

= 3.32 x 10-24 grams

3. If you have consumed 500 g of sugar (C12H22O11) in one week, how many molecules of sugar
have you consumed?

1 mole C12O22O11 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules = 342.0 grams

C12 = 12 x 12 = 144
H22= 22 X 1 =22
O11= 11 x 16 = 176
Formula mass = 342g

No. of molecules = 500 g x 6.02 x 1023molecules/ 342 g

= 8.80 x 1023 molecules

One mole of any substance contains the same number of particles. However, the mass of a
mole of an element or a compound depends upon the mass of its particles. The molar mass
of a substance is the mass in grams that is numerically equal to the atomic or formula mass
of the substance. Referring to the periodic table, the atomic mass of sodium atom is 23 amu.
The molar mass of sodium is 23.0 g which contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms. See table 9-2 for more
examples.
Table 9-2
Formula Masses, Molar Masses, and Number of Particles
Of One-Mole Substances
Substances Formula Mass(g) Molar Mass(g) No. of Particles
Elements
Mg 24.3 24.3 6.02 x 1023 Mg atoms
Si 28.1 28.1 6.02 x 1023 Si atoms
C 12.O 12.0 6.02 x 1023 C atoms

Compounds
NaBr (sedative) 102.9 102.9 6.02 x 1023 NaBr
formula units
Al(OH)3 (antacid) 78.0 78.0 6.02 x 1023 Al(OH)3
formula units
C12H20O13 (red 372.0 372.0 6.02 x 1023 carmine
pigment in plants and molecules
inks)

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Name__________________________________Year/Section__________________________

Assessment 1 – Solve the following problems using the dimensional analysis. Write your
answer on the space provided in your module.

1. Calculate the number of moles of chlorine ( Cl2 ) in 50.0 grams Cl2 .

2. Determine the mass of one molecule of hydrogen sulfide gas.

3. How many molecules are there in 60.0 g of N2O ?

4. How many molecules are there in 80.0g of Mg(OH)2 ?

5. What is the mass of a mole of Lithium hydroxide ( LiOH)?

6. A salt shaker is filled with 20.0g sodium chloride. How many moles of NaCl does
it contain?