Strand:

Name:
Grade& Section:

Lesson 1
Mole and Mass Ratios

MELC:
Construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction in order to calculate the amount of
reactant needed or amount of product formed in terms of moles or mass.
(STEM_GC11MRIg-h-38)

Objectives: 1. Define stoichiometry.

2. Discuss the mole concept.
3. Perform calculations on mole and mass ratios.

Let’s Try
Directions: Carefully read the following questions and circle the correct answer.

.
For items 1 & 2, please refer to the statement below:

Stoichiometry is from the Greek words stoicheion and metron.

1. Stoicheion means ___________

A. atom C. ion
B. element D. molecule

2. Metron means ___________

A. estimation C. meter
B. measure D. quantity

3. Reaction stoichiometry involves quantitative relationships among ________and

__________ in a chemical reaction.
A. reactants and catalysts C. reactant and another reactant
B. reactants and products D. product and another product

4. It refers to whether substances commonly exist as atoms, ions, or molecules.

A. formula unit C. particulate matter
B. matter D. representative particles

5. 1 mole of a substance is equal to ____________________.

A. 6.02 x 1023 particles C. 6.20 x 1023 particles
B. 6.02 x 10-23 particles D. 6.00 x 1023 particles

1
6. 6.02 x 1023 is also called __________________.
A. atomic mass C. conversion factor
B. avogadro’s number D. molar mass

7. The number of moles contained in 1.20 x 1024 molecules CO2 is ___________.

A. 0.100 mole CO2 C. 3.98 mole CO2
B. 1.99 mole CO2 D. 1.20 mole CO2

8. The number of grams of lead (Pb) in 12.4 moles of lead is ____________.

A. 2.57 x 103 g C. 257 g
B. 2.57 x 104 g D. 2.57 g

9. Mole is used to measure atoms and molecules because

1- Atoms, molecules, and ions are very small.
2- The number of particles is very large.
3- Counting the particles is not practical/possible.

A. 1 C. 1,3
B. 2 D. 1,2,3

10. The concepts of Avogadro’s number and molar mass enable us to ______________.
1- carry out conversions between mass and moles of atoms.
2- carry out conversions between moles and number of atoms.
3- cancel units that are not necessary.
A. 1 C. 1,2
B. 2 D. 1,2,3

Let’s Explore and Discover

bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbaaabbbbbbbfffffffffffffffffffffffffdfdfd

Unlocking of Difficulties
What is matter made of?
Stoichiometry is from the
How do we describe Greek words stoicheion
particles of matter (meaning “element”) and
quantitatively? metron (meaning
measure”).
Reaction stoichiometry
involves quantitative
relationships among
reactants and products in
a chemical reaction.

2
 Before we study the quantitative relationships among reactants and products in a
chemical reaction, let us first discuss the mole concept. Your understanding of mole
concept is necessary in performing calculations on mole and mass ratios. Let us begin.

The Mole Concept

Matter is made up of different kinds of particles. Representative particles refer to

whether substances commonly exist as atoms, ions, or molecules. However, there are
seven elements which normally exist as diatomic molecules. These include H2, N2, O2, Cl2,
Br2, I2, F2. The representative particle of the ionic compound is called formula unit.

Example: Calcium chloride, an ionic compound, has a formula unit of CaCl 2.

The ratio of calcium and chloride units in the formula is 1:2.
One way to measure the amount of substance is to count the number of
representative particles of that substance.
Atoms, molecules, and ions are very small. Thus, the number of particles is very large.
Counting the particles is not even practical or even possible. In our daily lives, we use
terms to describe the number of some things.
Example: 12 pcs. of eggs is described as one dozen.
144 pens as one gross.
500 sheets as one ream.
And…
602000000000000000000000 or 6.02 x 1023 particles is equal to 1 mole of a substance.
This number is called Avogadro’s number (NA). It is named in honor of Amedeo Avogadro
(1776-1856), an Italian scientist and lawyer.

Representative Particles and Moles

Substance Representative Chemical Formula Representative

Particle Particles in 1.0 mole
Atomic Nitrogen Atom N 6.02 x 1023
Nitrogen Gas Molecule N2 6.02 x 1023
Water Molecule H2O 6.02 x 1023
Calcium ions Ion Ca2+ 6.02 x 1023
Calcium fluoride Formula unit CaF2 6.02 x 1023
Sucrose molecule C12H22O11 6.02 x 1023
Mole refers to Avogadro’s number or representative particle of any substance.

Sample Problem 1

How many moles of magnesium are in 3.01 x 1012 atoms of Mg?

Solution:

1 mol Mg = 6.02 x 1023 atoms Mg

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔
3.01 𝑥 1022 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑀𝑔 𝑥 = 5.00 𝑥 10−2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔
6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑀𝑔

3
 Sample Problem 2

How many molecules are there in 4.00 moles of glucose, C 6H12O6?

Solution:

1 mol of C6H12O6 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

4.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 𝑥 = 2.41 𝑥 1024 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6

Sample Problem 3

How many fluoride ions are in 1.46 moles of aluminum fluoride?

Solution:

1 mole of AlF3 = 6.02 x 1023 formula units

6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3𝐹 − 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

1.46 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑙𝐹3 𝑥 𝑥 = 2.64 𝑥 1024 𝐹 − 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙𝐹3 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Sample Problem 4

How many atoms of zinc are there in 0.750 moles zinc?

Solution:

1 mole of Zn= 6.02 x 1023 atoms

6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

0.750 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 Zn 𝑥 = 4.52 𝑥 1023 𝐹 − 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Zn

Avogadro’s Number and the Molar Mass of an Element

Atomic mass units provide a relative scale for the masses of the elements. But
because atoms have such small masses, no usable scale can be devised to weigh them in
calibrated units of atomic mass units. In any real situation, we deal with macroscopic
samples containing enormous numbers of atoms. Therefore, it is convenient to have a
special unit to describe a very large number of atoms. Chemists measure atoms and
molecules in moles.

1 mole of carbon-12 atoms has a mass of exactly 12 g and contains 6.022 x 1023
atoms. This mass of carbon-12 is its molar mass (M), defined as the mass (in grams or
kilograms) of 1 mole of units (such as atoms or molecules) of a substance. Note that the
molar mass of carbon-12 (in grams) is numerically equal to its atomic mass in amu.
Likewise, the atomic mass of sodium (Na) is 22.99 amu and its molar mass is 22.99 g;
the atomic mass of phosphorus is 30.97 amu and its molar mass is 30.97 g; and so on.
If we know the atomic mass of an element, we also know its molar mass.

4
 Knowing the molar mass and Avogadro’s number, we can calculate the mass of a
single atom in grams. For example, we know that the molar mass of carbon-12 is 12 g
and that there are 6.022 x 1023 carbon-12 atoms in 1 mole of the substance; therefore,
the mass of one carbon-12 atom is given by:

12 𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛−12 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
=1. 993 𝑥 10−23 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛−12 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

We can use the preceding result to determine the relationship between atomic
mass units and grams. Because the mass of every carbon-12 atom is exactly 12 amu, the
number of atomic mass units equivalent to 1 gram is

𝑎𝑚𝑢 12 𝑎𝑚𝑢 1 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 − 12 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

= 𝑥 = 6.022 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑚𝑢/𝑔
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 1 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 − 12 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 1.993 𝑥 10−23 𝑔

Thus,
1 gram= 6.022 x 1023 amu
1 amu= 1.661 x 10-24 g

This example shows that Avogadro’s number can be used to convert from the
atomic mass units to mass in grams and vice versa.

The notions of Avogadro’s number and molar mass enable us to carry out
conversions between mass and moles of atoms and between moles and number of atoms
(Figure 1).

m/M n𝑁𝐴
Number of moles Number of atoms
Mass of element (m)
of element (n) N/𝑁𝐴 of element (N)
nM
Figure 1. The relationships between mass (m in grams) of an element and number of moles of an element
(n) and between number of moles of an element and number of atoms (N) of an element. M is the
molar mass (g/mol) of the element and NA is Avogadro’s number.

We will employ the following conversion factors in the calculations:

1 mol X 1 mol X
and
molar mass of X 6.002 x 1023 X atoms

where X represents the symbol of an element. Using the proper conversion factors, we
can convert one quantity to another.

Please refer to the following sample problems.

5
Sample Problem 5
Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in industry, low-temperature research, deep-
sea diving tanks, and balloons. How many moles of He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?
Strategy
We are given grams of helium and asked to solve for moles of helium. What
conversion factor do we need to convert between grams and moles? Arrange the
appropriate conversion factor so that grams cancel, and the unit moles is obtained for
your answer.
Solution
The conversion factor needed to convert between grams and moles is the molar
mass. In the periodic table, we see that the molar mass of He is 4.003 g.
This can be expressed as 1 mol He = 4.003 g He

From this equality, we can write two conversion factors:

1 mole He 4.003 g He
and
4.003 g He 1 mole He
The conversion factor on the left is the correct one. Grams will cancel, leaving the unit
mol for the answer, that is:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒
6.46 𝑔 𝐻𝑒 = 1.61 mol He
4.003 𝑔 𝐻𝑒

Thus, there are 1.61 moles of He atoms in 6.46 g of He.

Sample Problem 6

Zinc (Zn) is a silvery metal that is used in making brass (with copper) and in plating iron
to prevent corrosion. How many grams of Zn are in 0.356 mole of Zn?

Strategy
We are trying to solve for grams of zinc. What conversion factor do we need to
convert between moles and grams? Arrange the appropriate conversion factor so that
moles cancel, and the unit grams are obtained for your answer.

Solution
The conversion factor needed to convert between moles and grams is the molar
mass. In the periodic table, we see the molar mass of Zn is 65.39 g. This can be expressed
as

1 mol Zn= 65.39 g Zn

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛 65.39 𝑔 𝑍𝑛
and
65.39 𝑔 𝑍𝑛 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛

The conversion factor on the right is the correct one. Moles will cancel, leaving
unit of grams for the answer. The number of grams of Zn is

65.39 𝑔 𝑍𝑛
0.356 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛 = 23.3 𝑔 𝑍𝑛
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛

Thus, there are 23.3 g of Zn in 0.356 mole of Zn.

(Source: Raymond Chang, Chemistry, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016,75-81.)

6
 Let’s Practice

Directions: Solve the following problem on mole conversion. Write your calculations on
the space provided.

How many molecules are in 0.400 mole N 2O5?

Directions: Solve the following problem on stoichiometric relationships. Write your

calculations on the space provided.

How many moles of magnesium (Mg) are there in 87.3 g of Mg?

7
 Let’s Do More
Directions: Solve the following problem on mole conversion. Write your calculations
on the space provided.

How many ammonium ions are in 0.0360 mole of ammonium phosphate, (NH 4)3PO4?

Directions: Solve the following problem on stoichiometric relationships. Write your

calculations on the space provided.

The C60 molecule is called buckminsterfullerene because its shape resembles the
geodesic domes designed by the visionary architect R. Buckminster Fuller. What is the
mass (in grams) of one C60 molecule?

8
 Let’s Sum It Up
Directions: Read and complete the following sentences. Write your answers in the
space provided.

1. Reaction stoichiometry involves ___________ relationships among ___________ and

____________ in a chemical reaction.
2. Chemists measure atoms and molecules in ___________.

Let’s Assess
Directions: Carefully read the following questions and circle the correct answer.

For items 1 & 2, please refer to the statement below:

Stoichiometry is from the Greek words stoicheion and metron.

1. Stoicheion means ___________

A. atom C. ion
B. element D. molecule

2. Metron means ___________

A. estimation C. meter
B. measure D. quantity

3. Reaction stoichiometry involves quantitative relationships among ________and

__________ in a chemical reaction.
A. reactants and catalysts C. reactant and another reactant
B. reactants and products D. product and another product

4. It refers to whether substances commonly exist as atoms, ions, or molecules.

A. formula unit C. particulate matter
B. matter D. representative particles

5. 1 mole of a substance is equal to ____________________.

A. 6.02 x 1023 particles C. 6.20 x 1023 particles
B. 6.02 x 10-23 particles D. 6.00 x 1023 particles

9
6. 6.02 x 1023 is also called __________________.
A. atomic mass C. conversion factor
B. avogadro’s number D. molar mass

7. The number of moles contained in 1.20 x 10 24 molecules CO2 is ___________.

A. 0.100 mole CO2 C. 3.98 mole CO2
B. 1.99 mole CO2 D. 1.20 mole CO2

8. The number of grams of lead (Pb) in 12.4 moles of lead is ____________.

A. 2.57 x 103 g C. 257 g
B. 2.57 x 104 g D. 2.57 g

9. Read the following sentences and choose the right reason why mole is used
to measure atoms and molecules.
1- Atoms, molecules, and ions are very small.
2- The number of particles is very large.
3- Counting the particles is not practical/possible.

A. 1 C. 1,3
B. 2 D. 1,2,3

10. The concepts of Avogadro’s number and molar mass enable us to ______________.
1- carry out conversions between mass and moles of atoms.
2- carry out conversions between moles and number of atoms.
3- cancel units that are not necessary.
A. 1 C. 1,2
B. 2 D. 1,2,3

10