UNIT 3

Lesson 1: Atomic Mass

Lesson 2: The Mole Concept & Avogadro’s
Number
Lesson 3: Percent Composition
Lesson 4: Empirical and Molecular Formula

MARY-ANN V. GALO
 UNIT 2
Lesson STOICHIOMETRY
1-4

Overview
In our daily activities we cannot avoid to do counting or measuring things. Counting is just simply as
tallying the object you are working on. These activities are easily done on objects of larger sizes. But have
you ever tried counting the number of particles in a kilo of rice, flour, corn grits, or mongo beans? Isn’t it
difficult? Definitely it is…because the particles are very small and are too many to count. So, instead of
buying it from a merchant by particles, what we normally and usually do is purchased such items in collective
counting form as by a cup, kilogram, bucket, or even by sack.

As we study Chemistry, we always deal with substances we used and produced during chemical
reactions, and knowing the mass of both reactants and products in a chemical reaction are of most
important. The branch of chemistry that deals with the counting of matter entities is Stoichiometry.
Stoichiometry is from the Greek words stoicheion and metron which mean element and measure,
respectively. This branch of chemistry involves in determining the quantitative relationships between
reactants and products in a certain chemical reaction grounded by the basic Laws of Matter. However, if rice
and flour particles are small, then how about atom that makes up the substance? We learned from the
previous lesson how small the atoms are. Chemists in the early times also encountered problems when they
try to count atoms. Because they are so small, it is difficult to measure the mass of each atom that you need
to take a very large number of them to get a gram of an element or compound. This unit will help you
understand, how masses and number of particles of each substance involve in a chemical reaction are being
determined.

Learning Objectives:

After going through with this Learning Material, you are expected to;
1. Explain relative mass and atomic mass unit
2. Define mole and Avogadro’s number;
3. Write the relationships between mass and mole, mole and amount of substance, and mass and amount
of substance;
4. Calculate percent composition of a compound in a given substance and vice versa;
5. Determine the empirical formula from the percent composition of a compound;
6. Calculate molecular formula given the molar mass

7 hours

Unlocking of Terms

Actual yields Are the amount of the products that are actually produced in a reaction.
Atomic Number Indicates the number of protons in an atom.
Avogadro’s Law States that equal volumes of all gases, under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure contain the same number of molecules.

1 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
Empirical Formula Is the simplest formula. It shows the simplest whole number ratio of the elements
present in a compound. The formula obtained from percentage compositions are
the empirical formulas.
Excess Reactant
Molar mass (M) The mass of one mole of particles of any substance. The unit used is grams per
mole (g/mol).
Mole Is the unit of measurement for atoms and molecules.
Molecular Formula Is the true formula of a compound. It shows all the atoms present in a molecule.
Most empirical formulae are also the molecular formulae.
Limiting Reactant
Relative Atomic Mass Is the number of times the mass of one atom of an element is greater than 1/12 of
(A) the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
Stoichiometry Is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical
(stoi-kio-me-tree) reactions.
Theoretical yields Are the amount of products calculated from the complete reaction of the limiting
reactant.

Lesson 1: RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS, Ar

You already know that atoms of different elements have different masses. The mass of an atom is
determined by the number of its subatomic particles, the electrons, protons, and neutrons. Since atom is too
small and impossible to weigh, its mass is determined relative to the mass of another atom.

By international agreement, the scientist agreed to use the most abundant isotope of the element
carbon which is the isotope Carbon-12. By then C-12 is set as the standard for measuring the mass of all
atoms. This isotope of carbon was chosen as reference because its mass in amu is given as a whole number
to five decimal places (12.00000 amu). This means that Carbon-12 is assigned to have exactly 12 units of
mass called Atomic Mass Unit (amu or u). One amu is equal to a mass of 1.660539 x 10-24 grams.

1 amu = 1.660539 X 10-24 grams

Thus, the RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS unit is defined as mass that is exactly one-twelfth (1/12) the
mass of one Carbon-12 atom. The symbol for relative atomic mass is Ar

From previous topic, the weighted average mass/weight of the element carbon is 12.011 amu, thus
the mass of Carbon atom is calculated as:

For example, one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of an atom of carbon-12. Oxygen has
a relative mass of 16. Relative atomic mass is a ratio and has no unit.

2 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
 Lesson 2: THE CONCEPT OF MOLE AND THE AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

The SI unit for the amount of substance by relating it to a number of particles of that substance is
called the mole (represented by n, and with a unit expressed as mol). A mole is the amount of a substance
that contains the same number of elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12
isotope.

The term mole is the collective counting word for substance and the Avogadro’s Number 6.022 x 1023 is
the total number of individual particle or formula unit present in that mole of the substance.

How many particles are there in a mole?

There are approximately 6.02x1023 particles in one

mole of substance which is called the Avogadro’s
constant or Avogadro’s number in honor of Amedeo
Avogadro.

How do we convert between number of moles and

number of particles?
Since one mole of a substance is 6.02 x 1023 particles,
Amedeo Avogadro (1776 – 1856),
an Italian scientist whose name is
associated with the mole.

Atom: 1 mole of C = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.01 g C

Covalent Compound: 1 mole CO2 = 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules = 44.01 g CO2
Ionic Compound: 1 mole NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 NaCl formula Units = 58.45 g NaCl
Charged Particle: 1 mole Na+ = 6.022 x 1023 CO2 Na+ ions = 23.00 g Na1+ ion

3 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
This is analogous to when we say:

Matter/Substance Collective Number of Particles Total Mass

Counting Words

Tray 30 pieces 1,701 grams

Ream 480 sheets 2,400 grams

case 24 bottles 12,000

grams

mole 6.022 x 1023 atoms 12.01 grams

mole 6.022 x 1023 molecules 18.01 grams

mole 6.022 x 1023 formula units 58.45 grams

mole 6.022 x 1023 ions 23.00 grams

4 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
The ream, tray, and dozen are the collective counting word which is similar to mole and the number of sheets
and pieces is similar to Avogadro’s Number, thus;

1 mole of C = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms = 12.01 g C

1 mole H2O = 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules = 18.01 g H2O
1 mole NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 NaCl formula units = 58.35 g NaCl
1 mole of Na1+ = 6.022 x 1023 Na ions = 23.00 g Na+

Note: For convenience, we will use the term molecule to describe particles of any type of compound.

In one mole of compound, the number of moles of an atom is equal to the atom’s subscript in the given
chemical formula:
1 mole of H2O
✓ (6.022 x 1023 )(2 atoms H) = 1.204 x 1024 H atoms
✓ (6.022 x 1023)(1 atom O) = 6.022 x 1023 O atoms
Or in one mole of ionic compound, the number of moles of an ion is equal to atoms’ subscript in a given
chemical formula:
1 mole AlCl3 (Al3+ and Cl-)
✓ (6.022 x 1023)(1 mole of Al3+ cation) = 6.022 x 1023 Al3+ cation
✓ (6.022 x 1023)(3 moles of Cl- anion) = 1.807 x 1024 Cl- anion
✓
For mole relationships of atom constituents in a given molecule of a substance, the mole relationship is
expressed in terms of mole ratio, for example:

1 mole C6H12O6 = 6 moles C

1 mole C6H12O6 = 12 moles H
1 mole C6H12O6 = 6 moles O

Example: Calculate the amount in mole of oxygen atom (O) in 5 moles of Ca3(PO4)2 molecules.
Solution:

One Ca3(PO4)2 molecule contains

8 atoms of Oxygen (4 x 2= 8). So,
5 moles of Ca3(PO4)2 molecules
contains 40 moles of oxygen
atom ( 8 x 5= 40).

5 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
Molar Mass/Molecular Mass/Formula Mass

This entails that the mass of one mole of a substance is numerically equal to the Atomic Weight of an atom
of an element, or the Molecular Weight/Molar Mass of a compound or the Formula Weight/Mass of an
ionic compound. The mass of one mole of a substance is called Molar Mass. To understand these statements
better, read through the examples given below.

A. For atoms
Consider a mole of Helium atom. Its molar mass is 4.00 g/mol which is equivalent to its atomic weight.
Therefore, one mole of He has a molar mass of 4.0 g/mol. One mole of He contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms. This
can be represented as
1.0 mole of He = 4.00 g = 6.02 x 1023 He atoms
Try this. Find the molar mass of Zn atom.
First step: Look for the atomic weight of Zinc in the periodic table.

Second step: Remember, the mass of one mole of Zn is equal to its atomic weight.

Third Step: Therefore, one mole of Zinc atom has a molar mass of ______ g.
One mole of Zinc atom contains ____________________ atoms.
Ans. 65.35 g/mol; 6.02 x 1023 atoms

B. For molecules
One mole of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) contains 1 carbon atom and 4 chlorine atoms. To get its molecular
weight, we find:
C = 1 atom x atomic weight = 1 (12.00) = 12.00
Cl = 4 atoms x atomic weight = 4 (35.5) = 142.1
The molecular weight of CCl4 is 154.
Therefore, the mass of one mole of CCl4 is 154 g. One mole of CCl4 contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules. This can
be represented as:
1.00 mole CCl4 = 154 g = 6.02 x 1023 CCl4 molecules

Try this. Find the molar mass of CO2.

First step Determine the atoms present and the number of each atom. For CO2, we have
C = 1 atom; O = 2 atoms

Second step Find the atomic weight of each atom.

C = 1 atom x atomic weight = 1 ( ) = _________
O = 2 atoms x atomic weight = 2 ( ) = _________
The molecular weight is ________.

Third step Therefore, the mass of one mole of CO2 is ________. One mole of CO2
contains ___________ molecules.
Ans. 44 g/mol; 6.022 x 1023 molecules

6 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
C. For Ionic Compounds
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a famous ionic compound. In its solid state, this substance forms a three-
dimensional array of charged particles. In such a case, molecular weight has no meaning, so the term formula
weight is used instead. One mole of NaCl contains one sodium ion and one chloride ion. To get its formula
weight, we find:
Na+ = 1 ion x atomic weight = 1 (23) = 23
Cl- = 1 ion x atomic weight = 1 (35.5) = 35.5
The formula weight of one mole of NaCl is 58.5 g.
Therefore, the molar mass of NaCl is 58.5 g. One mole of NaCl contains 6.02x10 23 NaCl ion pairs. This can be
represented as:
1.0 mole of NaCl = 58.5 g NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 NaCl ion pair

Try this. Find the molar mass of KBr

First step Determine the ions present and the number of each ion
For KBr, we have
K= 1 atom ; Br = 1 atom

Second step Find the atomic weight of each atom

K = 1 atom x atomic weight = 1 ( ) = _________
Br = 1 atom x atomic weight = 1 ( ) = _________
The formula weight is ________.

Third step Therefore, the mass of one mole of KBr is ________. One mole of KBr contains
___________ KBr ion pairs.
Ans. 119 g ; 6.022 x 1023 ion pairs

The above representations show the relationship between mass, mole, and number of particles expressed
as the Avogadro’s number.

Remember This:
One mole of any substance = molar mass of the substance = 6.022 x 1023 particles

Use the UNIT PLAN below as guide in solving problems

Use: Atomic weight for element/ion Use: Avogadro’s Number

Molar mass for compound
(g/mole)

Note: Conversion from mass substance directly to number of particles or the reverse is NOT
ACCEPTABLE. Mole serves as the bridge between any quantities, thus termed Mole Concept

Hint: The unit where the arrow head is pointed is always written on the numerator of the
corresponding factor

7 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
Sample Problems
Case 1. Number of moles is given, mass is unknown

1. What is the mass in grams of a 1.5 mole of Sulfur atom?

Solution:
Step 1. Identify the known and unknown
Known:1.5 moles of S
Unknown: mass in grams of S
Step 2. Set up the unit plan
Mole mass/grams
Step 3: Set up equation and substitute the values

Case 2. Mass is known, Number of moles is unknown

2. How many moles of the Ca atoms are there in 25.38 g of Ca atoms?
Solution:
Step 1. Identify the known and unknown
Given: 25.38 g Ca atoms
Unknown: number of moles of Ca atoms
Step 2. Set up the unit plan
mass/grams Mole
Step 3: Set up equation and substitute the values

Case 3. Mole is given, Number of particles is unknown

3. The molecular formula of aspartame, the artificial sweetener marketed as NutraSweet®, is
C14H18N2O5. How many molecules of aspartame are in 5.00 moles of the substance?

Solution:
Step 1. Identify the known and unknown
Given: 65.00 mol C14H18N2O5
Unknown: number of C14H18N2O5 molecules
Step 2. Set up the unit plan
Mole Number of particles
Step 3: Set up equation and substitute the values

8 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
Case 4. Number of particles is given, Mole is unknown
4. Pheromones are a special type of compound secreted by the females of many insect species to
attract the males for mating. One pheromone has the molecular formula C19H38O. Normally, the
number of this pheromone molecules secreted by a female insect is about 2.13 x 109. How
many moles are there in this quantity?

Solution:
Step 1. Identify the known and unknown
Given: 2.13 x 109 C19H38O molecules
Unknown: number of moles of C19H38O
Step 2. Set up the unit plan
Number of particles Mole
Step 3: Set up equation and substitute the values

Case 5. Mass is known, Number of particles is unknown

5. How many atoms are there in 344.75 g of Gold nugget?

Solution:
Step 1. Identify the known and unknown
Given: 344.75 g Gold
Unknown: number of Gold atoms
Step 2. Set up the unit plan
mass/grams Mole number of particles (atoms)
Step 3: Set up equation and substitute the values

Case 6. Number of particles is known, mass is unknown

6. Cyclopropane, C3H6, is an anesthetic given by inhalation. Calculate the mass of 1.2 x 10 24 molecules
of C3H6.

Solution:
Step 1. Identify the known and unknown
Given: 1.2 x 1024 molecules of C3H6
Unknown: mass of C3H6
Step 2. Set up the unit plan

number of particles (atoms) Mole mass/grams

9 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
 Step 3: Set up equation and substitute the values

Case 7. Mass of A is given, Particles of B is unknown

7. How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of urea, [(NH2)2CO], which is used as
a fertilizer, in animal feed, and in the manufacture of polymers? The molar mass of urea is 60.06 g.

Solution:
Step 1. Identify the known and unknown
Given: 25.6 g Urea [(NH2)2CO], (A)
Unknown: Number of H atom (B)
Step 2. Set up the unit plan
mass/grams A mole A mole B number of particles of B
Step 3: Set up equation and substitute the values

Case 9. Particles of A is given, Particles of B is unknown

8. A sample of glucose, C6H12O6, contains 1.250 x 1021 carbon atoms. How many molecules of glucose
does it contain?
Solution:
Step 1. Identify the known and unknown
Given: 1.250 x 1021 C atoms (A)
Unknown: Number of C6H12O6 molecules (B)
Step 2. Set up the unit plan
particles of A mole A mole B particles of B
Step 3: Set up equation and substitute the values

10 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
 Lesson 3: PERCENT COMPOSITION

The concept of percentage in chemistry is used to describe the composition by mass of each element in a
compound. It is important to write the correct formula of the compound and from there the percent by mass
of an element in the compound can be determined.

In general, the percent composition by mass of an element A in a compound can be determined using the
formula:

Steps in Determining Percent Composition of each Element in a Compound

Step 1: Write the correct formula of the compound and the number of moles of each
element in a molecule of a compound. Let’s take Ammonium biphosphate,
(NH4)2HPO4 as an example
Chemical Formula: (NH4)2HPO4

Number of moles (n) for each element: n N = (1)(2) = 2 moles N

n H = (4)(2) + 1 = 9 moles H
n P = 1 mole
n O = (1)(4) = 4 moles O

Step 2: Find its molar mass of the compound (Molar mass = No. of moles x atomic weight)
N: 2 mol x 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g
H: 9 mol x 1.01 g/mol = 9.01 g
P: 1 mol x 30.97 g/mol = 30.97 g
O: 4 mol x 16.00 g/mol = 64.00 g
Molar mass 132.00 g
Step 3: Express the total mass of each element as a percentage of the molar mass.
Remember, the sum of the percentage must be 100.

28.02 g
%N= x 100% = 21.23%
132.00 g
9.01 g
%H= x 100% = 6.83%
132.00 g
30.97 g
%P= x 100% = 23.46%
132.00 g
64.00 g
%O= x 100% = 48.48%
132.00 g

To check, add the calculated percent values…if the sum is 100 or closest to 100 then
you did it RIGHT! (21.23% + 6.83% + 23.46% + 48.48% = 100%) 

Note: If the problem statement on percent composition states the specific element to be
determined, then solve only for the percent composition of that element , however is the
problem states “...percent composition of the compound…” it means you need to calculate
the percent composition of all the elements present in a molecule of that compound.

11 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
Determining the Mass of an Element from Its Mass Percent

Sample Problem:
Find the mass of oxygen in 15.5 g of nitrogen dioxide, (NO2).
Solution:
Given: 15.5 g NO2
Unknown: Mass of Oxygen
Step 1 : Solve for the molar mass of the compound
N: 1 mole x 14.01 g/mol = 14.01 g N
O: 2 moles x 16.00 g/mol = 32.00 g O
= 46.01 g NO2

Step 2 : Identify the mass of the element in 1 mole of the compound

Mass of O in 1 mole NO2 = 32.00 g O

Step 3 : Substitute the values obtained from step 1 and 2

mass of O in 1 mole of compound

mass of O = Mass of NO2 x
mass of 1 mole of compound

32.00 g O
= 15.5 g NO2 x
46.01 g NO2
= 10.7825 g 𝑜𝑟 10.8 g O

Let’s Practice Solving Percent Composition

1. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4 ) is a colorless, syrupy liquid used in detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes, and in
carbonated beverages for a “tangy” flavor. Calculate the percent composition by mass of P and O in
this compound. (ans: P= 31.61% ; O = 65.38%)

2. Cinnamic alcohol is used mainly in perfumery, particularly in soaps and cosmetics. Its molecular formula
is C9H10O. (a) Calculate the percent composition by mass of cinnamic alcohol. (b) How many molecules
of cinnamic alcohol are contained in a sample of mass 2.930 g? (c) If a sample of cinnamic alcohol has a
mass of 25.30 g, how many grams of C is in the given sample? (Ans: (a) C=80.55% ; H=7.53% ; O=11.92%
(b) 1.315 x 1022 molecules (c) 20.38 g C

12 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
 Lesson 4: EMPERICAL FORMULA and MOLECULAR FORMULA

Empirical formula of the compound gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present in the
compound based on the mass percentage of its elements.
Molecular formula is the true formula of the compound. It gives the actual number of atoms of each
element in the compound.

Examples of Molecular Formula and Empirical Formula

Molecular Formula n Empirical Formula
N2H4 2 NH2
C6H12O6 ; C2H8O2 ; C3H6O3 ; C2H4O2 6, 2, 3, 2 CH2O
H2O 1 H2O
H2O2 2 HO
C6H8O6 2 C3H4O3
C2H4 ; C6H12 ; C3H6 ; C4H8 2 CH2
P2O4 2 PO2

Note: Knowledge in Percent composition and Mole relationships are very useful in determining the
empirical and molecular formula
of the compound

Steps in Determining Empirical Formula of a Substance

1. If the given is in percent composition, assume there’s a 100 g of the sample to directly convert the
percent value of each element into grams (% → g). If the given is in grams proceed directly to step
2.
2. Convert the mass of each element to moles using the atomic weight.
3. Find the ratio of the moles of each element by dividing each mole by the smallest number of moles
obtained.
4. In the case that the mole ratio in step 3 will not give you a whole number, multiply each mole value
obtained in step 3 by a factor to make all mole values in simple whole number. The table below is
given as guide to help you find a factor that will result to whole numbers.

If the mole ratio obtained has a value of:

Mole Ratio Multiply by a Example
Obtained Factor of __
N.5 2 0.5 x 2=1 ; 2.5x2=5 ; 5.5x2=11
N.33 or N.66 3 1.33x3=3.994 ; 4.66x3=13.9814 ; 2.33x3=6.997
N.25 or N.75 4 0.25x4=1; 3.75x4=15 ; 1.25x4=5 ; 0.75x4=3
N.2 ; N.4 ; N.6 ; N.8 5 1.2x5=5; 0.8x5=4; 2.6x5=13
Where N is any numbers placed before the decimal point e.g. 1,2,3,4….N

5. Use the mole ratio (in whole number) to write the empirical formula.

13 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
Flow Diagram for Determining Empirical Formula

To determine the Molecular Formula of any compound, the equation below is used:

Molecular Formula, MF = (Empirical Formula, EF)𝑛

𝐌𝐅 = (𝐄𝐅)𝒏
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐫 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬
where: 𝒏 = 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚
Sample Problem:
Ascorbic acid, commonly known as Vitamin C, is essential for supporting different metabolic reactions
in our body. It contains 40.92 %C, 4.58 %H, 54.50 %O by mass. What is the empirical formula and
molecular formula of vitamin C? Molar Mass of Ascorbic Acid is 176 g/mol.
Solution:
Given: % C = 40.92% ; % H = 4.58% ; % O = 54.50%
Molar Mass of Ascorbic acid = 176 g/mol
Unknown: EF and MF
Step 1. Convert % to grams (assume 100g sample)
40.92% C → 40.92 g C
4.48% H → 4.58 g H
54.50% O → 54.50 g O
Step 2. Convert grams to mole (n)

Smallest obtained value

Step 3. Divide each mole with the smallest value. In our example the smallest value
obtained in step 2 is 3.406 mol

Step 4. Look for a factor to make the values in step 3 be in a whole number. Since one of
the values in step 3 is 1.33 then we will use the factor 3.

14 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo
Then the final value will be the subscript of the corresponding atom thus, our Empirical Formula, EF will be:
C3H4O3
Step 5. Calculate value of n to determine the molecular formula. Solve first for the molar
mass of the empirical formula
molar mass of EF = (3 x 12.01 g/mol) + (4 x 1.01 g/mol) + (3 x 16.00 g/mol)
= 88.07 g/mol

𝐌𝐅 = (𝐄𝐅)𝒏
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐫 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬
: 𝒏 = 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚

𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝐠/𝐦𝐨𝐥
: 𝒏 = 𝟖𝟖.𝟎𝟕 𝐠/𝐦𝐨𝐥 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟖  𝟐

Therefore:
𝐌𝐅 = (𝐄𝐅)𝒏

𝐌𝐅 = (𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟒 𝐎𝟑 )𝟐

Molecular Formula for Ascorbic Acid is C6H8O6

References:
Baguio, S.M. & Butaran, R.T. (2006). Breaking Through Chemistry. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc..
Bayquen, A.V., & Pena, G.T. (2016). Exploring Life Through Science: General Chemistry 1. Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House.
Brown, T.L., LeMay, H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., &Woodward, P.M. (2012). Chemistry: The Central
Science 12th edition. U.S.A..: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Petrucci, R.H., Herring, F.G., Madura, J.D., & Bissonnet, C. (2011). General Chemistry: Principles and
Modern Applications 10th edition. Canada: Pearson Prentice Hall.

15 of 15 |Mary-Ann V. Galo