Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Stoichiometry
Chapter 3
Chemical Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometry – The study of quantities of

materials consumed and produced in chemical
reactions.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

Chapter 3
Stoichiometry (counting and weighing atoms)

 In chemical problems, we frequently have to
specify quantities of substances and in doing so
we often use chemical formulas.
 For example we may write “25 g Cl2.”
 In this case, we mean “25 g of chlorine
molecules.”
 On the other hand, if we writer “25 g Cl,” we
mean 25 g of Chlorine atoms.”
Chapter 3
Stoichiometry (counting and weighing atoms)

 Omitting the words molecules or atoms in such
expressions is common practice and as we
proceed in our discussions we will begin to
follow this practice too.
 Looking at equations tells us a great deal about
chemical reactions.
Chapter 3
Counting and weighing atoms

 For example,
Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s)
 Tells us that iron and sulphur combine to form

iron(II)sulphide and that one (1) atom of iron
combine with one (1) atom of sulphur.
Chapter 3

 Chemists are interested in the exact quantities of
substances which react together in chemical reactions.
 For example, in the reaction between iron and sulphur,
if you want to measure out just enough iron to combine
with, how do you go about it?
 What you need to do is to count out equal numbers of
atoms of iron and sulphur as indicated in the equation.
 This sounds a formidable task and it puzzled a chemist
called Avogadro, working in Italy early in the nineteenth
century.
Chapter 3

 He managed to solve this problem with a piece of
clear thinking which makes the problem look very
simple once you have followed his argument.
 We know that atoms react to form molecules in
simple whole number ratios.
 Hydrogen and oxygen atoms, for example,
combine in a 2 to 1 ratio to form water, H2O;
carbon and oxygen combine in a 1 to 1 ratio to
form carbon monoxide, CO.
Chapter 3

 However, it is impossible to work with individual
atoms because they are so tiny.
 Therefore, in any real-life laboratory situation,
we must increase the size of these quantities to
the point where we can see them and weigh
them.
 One way of enlarging the reaction is to work
with dozens, instead of individual atoms.
Section 3.1
Counting by Weighing

2 atom H + 1 atom O → 1 molecule H 2O
2 dozen H atoms + 1 dozen atom O → 1 dozen H 2O
molecules
(24 atoms H) (12 atoms O) (12 molecules H 2O)
Notice that a 2 to 1 ratio of dozens of atoms is exactly

the same as a 2 to 1 ratio of the atoms themselves.
Section 3.1

4 dozen H atoms + 2 dozen O atoms → 2 dozen
H2O molecule
6 dozen H atoms + 3 dozen O atoms → 3 dozen

H2O molecule
 In each case, we maintain a 2 to 1 ratio of H to O
atoms by maintaining a 2 to 1 ratio of dozens of
these atoms.
Section 3.1

 Unfortunately, a dozen of atoms or molecules are
still much too small to work with, so we must
find a still larger unit.
 The “chemists dozen” is called the mole (symbol
mol).
 It is composed of 6.022 x 1023 objects (called the
Avogadro’s number, later).
Section 3.1

1 unit = 10 objects
1 dozen = 12 objects
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 objects
 The same reasoning that we can use with the

dozen applies equally to the mole.
 The mole is simply a larger collection.
Section 3.1

2 mole H atoms + 1 mole O atoms → 1 mole H2O
molecule
(1.2044 x 1024 atoms H) + (6.022 x 1023 atoms O) →

(6.022 x 1023 molecules H2O)
 A very important point to notice here is that the same
whole number ratios that apply to the individual atoms
and molecules also apply exactly to the number of
moles of atoms and molecules.
 Everything is simply increased by the same factor.
Section 3.1
The Mole: Definition

 A mole of any substance is defined as the
amount of substance that contains as many
particles (atoms, ions or molecules) as there are
atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
 The number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-
12 is found from experiments to be 6.022 x 1023
(Avogadro’s constant).
 The units are particles per mole (mol-1) and are
sometimes given the symbol NA.
Section 3.1

 The following formulas can be used to calculate the
number of moles, n, of a substance
N
 n N = number of molecules,
NA
NA = Avogadro Number
m
 n m = mass in grams, M = molar mass
M
in g mol-1.
 n  MV M = molarity in mol/L,
V = volume in L of solutions
Section 3.1

 The following formulas can be used to calculate the
number of moles, n, of a substance
PV
 n for ideal gases
RT
It
 n I = current in ampre (C s-1),
F
t = time in s ,
F = 96485 C mol-1 (Electrolysis)
Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
 12
C is the standard for atomic mass, with a mass of
exactly 12 atomic mass units (u).
 The masses of all other atoms are given relative to this
standard.
 Elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes.
 Carbon = 98.89% 12C
1.11% 13C
< 0.01% 14C

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Average Atomic Mass for Carbon

98.89% of 12 u + 1.11% of 13.0034 u =
exact number
(0.9889)(12 u) + (0.0111)(13.0034 u) =
12.01 u

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Average Atomic Mass for Carbon

 Even though natural carbon does not contain a single
atom with mass 12.01, for stoichiometric purposes, we
can consider carbon to be composed of only one type of
atom with a mass of 12.01.
 This enables us to count atoms of natural carbon by
weighing a sample of carbon.

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
Schematic Diagram of a Mass Spectrometer

Section 3.2
Atomic Masses
EXERCISE!
An element consists of 62.60% of an isotope with mass

186.956 u and 37.40% of an isotope with mass
184.953 u.
 Calculate the average atomic mass and identify the

element.
186.2 u
Rhenium (Re)
Section 3.3
The Mole
 The number equal to the number of carbon atoms in

exactly 12 grams of pure 12C.
 1 mole of something consists of 6.022 × 1023 units of
that substance (Avogadro’s number).
 1 mole C = 6.022 × 1023 C atoms = 12.01 g C

Section 3.3
The Mole
EXERCISE!
Calculate the number of iron atoms in a 4.48 mole

sample of iron.
2.70×1024 Fe atoms

Section 3.4
Molar Mass
 Mass in grams of one mole of the substance:

Molar Mass of N = 14.01 g/mol
Molar Mass of H2O = 18.02 g/mol

(2 × 1.008 g) + 16.00 g
Molar Mass of Ba(NO3)2 = 261.35 g/mol

137.33 g + (2 × 14.01 g) + (6 × 16.00 g)
Section 3.4
Molar Mass
CONCEPT CHECK!
Which of the following is closest to the average mass of

one atom of copper?
a) 63.55 g
b) 52.00 g
c) 58.93 g
d) 65.38 g
e) 1.055 x 10-22 g

Section 3.4
Molar Mass
CONCEPT CHECK!
Calculate the number of copper atoms in a 63.55 g

sample of copper.
6.022×1023 Cu atoms

Section 3.4
Molar Mass
CONCEPT CHECK!
Which of the following 100.0 g samples contains the

greatest number of atoms?
a) Magnesium
b) Zinc
c) Silver

Section 3.4
Molar Mass
EXERCISE!
Rank the following according to number of atoms

(greatest to least):
a) 107.9 g of silver
b) 70.0 g of zinc
c) 21.0 g of magnesium
b) a) c)

Section 3.4
Molar Mass
EXERCISE!
Consider separate 100.0 gram samples of each of the

following:
H2O, N2O, C3H6O2, CO2
 Rank them from greatest to least number of

oxygen atoms.
H2O, CO2, C3H6O2, N2O

Section 3.5
Learning to Solve Problems
Conceptual Problem Solving

 Where are we going?
 Read the problem and decide on the final goal.
 How do we get there?
 Work backwards from the final goal to decide where
to start.
 Reality check.
 Does my answer make sense? Is it reasonable?

Section 3.6
Percent Composition of Compounds
Percent composition
 Mass percent of an element:
ma s s of e le me nt in compound
ma s s % = × 100%
ma s s of compound
 For iron in iron(III) oxide, (Fe2O3):

Section 3.7
Determining the Formula of a Compound
Empirical and Molecular Formulas

 Empirical formula shows the simplest whole number
ratios of atoms in a chemical formula
 Empirical formula = CH
 Simplest whole-number ratio
 Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in
a chemical formula
 Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n
[n = integer]
 Molecular formula = C6H6 = (CH)6
 Actual formula of the compound
Section 3.7
Analyzing for Carbon and Hydrogen

 Device used to determine the mass percent of each
element in a compound.

Section 3.7
EXERCISE!
The composition of adipic acid is 49.3% C, 6.9% H, and

43.8% O (by mass). The molar mass of the compound
is about 146 g/mol.
 What is the empirical formula?

C3H5O2
 What is the molecular formula?
C6H10O4

Section 3.10
Stoichiometric Calculations:
Amounts of Reactants and Products
Stoichiometric Calculations
 Chemical equations can be used to relate the masses of
reacting chemicals.

Section 3.10
Calculating Masses of Reactants and Products in Reactions
1. Balance the equation for the reaction.

2. Convert the known mass of the reactant or product to
moles of that substance.
3. Use the balanced equation to set up the appropriate
mole ratios.
4. Use the appropriate mole ratios to calculate the number
of moles of the desired reactant or product.
5. Convert from moles back to grams if required by the
problem.
Section 3.10
EXERCISE!
Consider the following reaction:
If 6.25 g of phosphorus is burned, what mass of oxygen does it

combine with?
8.07 g O2

Section 3.11
The Concept of Limiting Reactant
Limiting Reactants and excess reagent

 A Limiting reactant is a reactant that runs out first and
thus limits the amounts of products that can be formed.
 Determine which reactant is limiting to calculate
correctly the amounts of products that will be formed.
 An excess reactant is a reactant that will remain in
excess after the reaction has stopped

Section 3.11
Finding the Limiting Reactant in a chemical reaction

aA  bB  cC  dD
1. From data given the question calculate nA and nB
2. Calculate RA= nA/a and RB= nB/b
n A nB
:
a b
3. If RA< RB then A is a limiting reagent

4. Perform mole concept based on the limiting reagent
Section 3.11
EXERCISE!
You react 10.0 g of A with 10.0 g of B. What mass of

product will be produced given that the molar mass of A
is 10.0 g/mol, B is 20.0 g/mol, and C is 25.0 g/mol? They
react according to the equation:
A + 3B 2C

Section 3.11
Percent Yield
 An important indicator of the efficiency of a particular
laboratory or industrial reaction.
Actual yield
% yield  100%  percent yield
Theoretical yield

Section 3.11
EXERCISE!
Consider the following reaction:
P4(s) + 6F2(g) 4PF3(g)
 What mass of P4 is needed to produce 85.0 g of

PF3 if the reaction has a 64.9% yield?
46.1 g P4

Chapter 3 - Stoichiometry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3 - Stoichiometry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 Stoichiometry – The study of quantities of

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

Stoichiometry (counting and weighing atoms)

Stoichiometry (counting and weighing atoms)

Counting and weighing atoms

Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s)

 Tells us that iron and sulphur combine to form

Counting and weighing atoms

Counting and weighing atoms

Counting and weighing atoms

Counting and weighing atoms

2 dozen H atoms + 1 dozen atom O → 1 dozen H 2O

Notice that a 2 to 1 ratio of dozens of atoms is exactly

Counting and weighing atoms

6 dozen H atoms + 3 dozen O atoms → 3 dozen

Counting and weighing atoms

Counting and weighing atoms

 The same reasoning that we can use with the

Counting and weighing atoms

(1.2044 x 1024 atoms H) + (6.022 x 1023 atoms O) →

The Mole: Definition

The Mole: Definition

The Mole: Definition

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17

Average Atomic Mass for Carbon

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18

Average Atomic Mass for Carbon

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

Schematic Diagram of a Mass Spectrometer

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

An element consists of 62.60% of an isotope with mass

 Calculate the average atomic mass and identify the

 The number equal to the number of carbon atoms in

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22

Calculate the number of iron atoms in a 4.48 mole

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

 Mass in grams of one mole of the substance:

Molar Mass of H2O = 18.02 g/mol

Molar Mass of Ba(NO3)2 = 261.35 g/mol

Which of the following is closest to the average mass of

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25

Calculate the number of copper atoms in a 63.55 g

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26

Which of the following 100.0 g samples contains the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

Rank the following according to number of atoms

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28

Consider separate 100.0 gram samples of each of the

H2O, N2O, C3H6O2, CO2

 Rank them from greatest to least number of

H2O, CO2, C3H6O2, N2O

Conceptual Problem Solving

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 30

 For iron in iron(III) oxide, (Fe2O3):

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 31

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Analyzing for Carbon and Hydrogen

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 33

The composition of adipic acid is 49.3% C, 6.9% H, and

 What is the empirical formula?

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 34

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 35

1. Balance the equation for the reaction.