CHAPTER 2 MOLE

CONCEPT AND
STOICHIOMETRY
LECTURER: MISS NUR SHAZWANI AHMAD
AZAM
 TOPICS
 Calculation on mole concept, avogardo
constant, molarity, molality, percentage
yields
 Stoichiometry calculations, oxidation and
reduction state, redox reaction,
 Limiting and excess reactant

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Be able to define moles of substance involve in an atoms,
ions and molecules
 Be able to perform calculation using mole concept, Avogadro
constant, molarity, molality and percentage yields
 Be able to construct chemical equations according to
stoichiometric calculation
 Be able to construct empirical and molecular formula of the
compound
 Be able to apply redox balance equation using acidic and
basic medium
 Be able to define limiting & excess reactant and apply the
stoichiometric calculations.

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 Mole Concept and Avogadro Constant
 One mole is defined the quantity of a substance
that contains the same number of particles
(atoms, electrons, ions or molecules) in exactly
12g of carbon-12
 The mass of single carbon-12 atom has been
found to be 1.992 X10-23 using mass
spectrometer
 The number of atoms in exactly one mole of 12C
is 6.02X1023

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 Molecules
- 1 mole of
Atomic chlorine
subtances molecules
- 1 mole 12C = contains
6.02x1023 6.02x1023 (Cl2)
carbon atom or 2x6.02x1023
Number of chlorines
particles atoms

Ions
- 1 mole of
calcium
bromide Electrons Figure 1 relationship
(CaBr2) - 1 mole of between number of
contains electrons particle in one mole of
6.02x1023 contains
calcium ions 6.02x1023 substance
(Ca2+) and electrons
2x6.02x1023
bromide ions 5
(Br-)
 Calculating the number of atoms and molecules
x 6.02x1023

Number of Number of
moles particle
÷ 6.02x1023

Calculating no of moles, n

No of moles (n)=
Mass (g)
relative molecular mass (mol)

Calculating molar volume of gas at s.t.p

÷ 22.4 dm3
Volume of gas Number of moles, n
(dm3)
x 22.4 dm3
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 Example 1
a) How many atoms are found in 0.6 mole of copper? (ANSWER =
3.6X1023 atoms)
b) How many moles of chlorine molecule are found in 5X10 22 molecules
of chlorine gas? (ANSWER = 8.3X10-2 mol)
(Avogadro constant = 6.02X1023 mol-1 )

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 Interconversion between moles, mass, number of
particles and molar volume of gas

x relative
x 6.02x1023 molecular @
Number of atomic mass
Number of moles, 1
particles (atom, mole of any
molecule and substance contains Mass, g
ion) 6.02x1023 particles ÷ relative
÷ 6.02x1023
molecular @
atomic mass
X 22.4 dm3 mol-1 s.t.p ÷ 22.4 dm3 mol-1 s.t.p

X 24 dm3 mol-1 room ÷ 24 dm3 mol-1 room

Volume of gas
(dm3)

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 Example 2
 Calculate the
a) No of atoms in 192 g of ozone gas (Answer =7.2X1024)
b) The mass of one aluminium atom (Answer = 4.49X10-23g)
c) The mass of 3.01X1023 sulphur atoms ( Answer = 16.1 g
(Relative atomic mass O=16; Al=27; S=32.1)

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 Example 3
 When potassium chlorate (V) solid is heated strongly,
oxygen gas is liberated. The following equation shows
below
2KClO3 (s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
a) A sample of KClO3 released 48 dm3 of oxygen gas at
s.t.p. How many moles of oxygen gas are there?
(Answer= 2.14 mole)
b) How many molecules of oxygen are there in 48 dm3 of
oxygen gas? (Answer=1.29x1024)
c) Calculate the volume of oxygen gas evolved at s.t.p
when 0.5g of potassium chlorate(V) is heated (Answer =
0.137 dm3)
(Relative molecular mass K=39; Cl=35.5; O=16)
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 Empirical and molecular formula
 Empirical formula of a compound is the formula which
shows the simplest ratio of the atoms of the elements
present in a compound
 For example, an ethane (C2H6) molecule contains 2 carbon
atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms. The ratio of
carbon : hydrogen
2:6
1: 3
Thus, its empirical formula is CH3

 Empirical formula of a compound is usually determined

from the percentage composition (by mass) of the elements
present in a molecule
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 Example 4
 A compound contain the elements potassium, chromium
and oxygen. The composition by mass of the compound
is 40.2% potassium, 32.9% oxygen and 26.9%
chromium. Find the empirical formula of the
compound. (relative atomic mass O,16; K,39; Cr,52)
 Solution

Element Potassium Oxygen Chromium

Percentage by mass 40.2 32.9 26.9
Relative atomic mass 39 16 52
No of moles 40.2/39= 1.03 32.9/16=2.06 26.9/52=0.52
Atomic ratio 1.03/0.52=2 2.06/0.52=4 0.52/0.52=1
Therefore, the empirical formula is K2CrO4
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 Example 5
 Compound X contains the following composition by mass: 40% carbon,
6.6% hydrogen and 53.3% oxygen . The relative molecular mass is 180.
What is the molecular formula of X (relative atomic mass H,1; C,12;O,16)
 SOLUTION

Element Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Percentage by mass 40 6.6 53.3
Relative atomic mass 12 1 16
No of moles 40/12=3.33 6.6/1=6.6 53.3/16=3.33
Atomic ratio 3.33/3.33=1 6.6/3.33 3.33/3.33=1

Therefore, the empirical formula is CH O
Relative molecular mass = n, no of moles 2

mass of empirical formula

 Mass of empirical formula= 12+2(1)+16= 30
 180/30 =6=n, so, the molecular formula X= 6(CH2O) = C6H12O6

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 Unit and dimension in chemistry
 Important formula
a) molarity, M = amount of solute, mol
volume of solution, dm-3
(unit is mol dm-3)
b) molality, m = moles of solutes, mol
mass of solvent, kg
(unit is mol kg-1)
c) Mole fraction, XA = nA
nA+nB

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 Percentage by mass (% w/w)
= mass of component X 100%
total mass of solution
 Percentage by volume (% v/v)

= volume of component X 100%

total volume of solution
 Percentage yield

= actual yield X 100%

theoretical yield

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 Example 6
a) What is the molarity of a solution containing 14.8g of KOH in 750cm 3
aqueous solution? (answer = 0.352 mol dm-3)
b) 3.15g of H2C2O4.2H2O are dissolved in water and made up to a 1.0 dm 3
solution. Calculate the molarity of
i) hydrogen ions, ii) C2O4- iii) H2C2O4
(RMM KOH =56g/mol ; RMM H2C2O4.2H2O = 126g/mol)
(answer = 0.05 mol dm-3 ; 0.025 mol dm-3 ; 0.025 mol dm-3 )

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 Relating density to concentration
 A solution of hydrochloric acid, with 37.8% by mass HCl, has a
density of 1.19 g cm-3. calculate the molarity of concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
 Step 1 = calculate no of moles HCl in 100g solution

Mass HCl in 100g solution = 37.8%, M r of HCl= 35.5+1=36.5

No of moles HCl in 100g solution= 37.8g÷36.5g/mol
= 1.036 mol
 Step 2 = calculate the volume (in dm 3) of 100g solution HCl

Density= mass/volume, volume= mass/density

Volume HCl= 100g÷1.19gcm-3 = 84.03cm3 = 0.084dm3
 Step 3= calculate the molarity of HCl

Molarity = no of moles/volume(dm-3),
1.036mol ÷ 0.084dm3 = 12.3 mol dm-3
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 Example 7 molality
 The density of 15.8 mol dm-3 nitric acid is 1.42g cm-3 . What is the
molality of nitric acid?
 Calculate the mass HNO3 in 1.0 dm-3 solution
No of moles HNO3 in 1.0 dm-3 solution= 15.8 mol
Mr HNO3 = 1+14+3(16)=63g/mol
Mass HNO3 in 1.0 dm-3 solution= no of moles X Mr
= 15.8X63=995.4g
 Step 2 calculate the mass of water in 1.0 dm -3 solution

density of (H2O+HNO3) solution = 1.42g in 1 cm3 solution

Mass H2O+HNO3 in 1000cm3 (1dm3) = 1420g
Mass of H2O (SOLVENT)= 1420-995.4g=424.6g=0.4246kg
 Step 3 calculate molality of nitric acid
Molality = moles of solute (mol)/mass of solvent(kg)
= 15.8mol÷0.4246kg 18
 Example 8 percentage by mass % w/w

 A 0.80 mol dm-3 solution of sulphuric acid has a density of 1.10g cm -

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at room temperature. What is the concentration of this solution in
weight percent?(relative molecular mass H2SO4=98)
 SOLUTION
CONSIDER 1dm3 of H2SO4 solution, mass of H2SO4 =
0.80 mol X 98 g/mol = 78.4 g,
density of H2SO4 solution,1.10g cm-3
hence, mass of 1dm3 soln
= 1.10 x1000
= 1100g
Weight % of H2SO4 = (78.4/1100) x 100%
= 7.13%
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 Stoichiometry

 Oxidation numbers = arbitrary charge

assigned to the atom according to a set of rules
 Called oxidation states and involve in redox
reaction (reduction + oxidation)
 The oxidation number of an element in its
uncombined state (not combined with other
elements) is zero. Example: Cl2, Na, O2 is zero

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 The more –ve element is –ve oxidation number.
Example: chlorine, Cl is -1
 The more +ve element is +ve oxidation number.
Example: hydrogen H is +1
 In binary ionic compound, oxidation number of
elements is the same as the charge on the ions.
Example: oxidation number of iron and chlorine in
iron(II) chloride are Fe =+2 and Cl= -1
 The sum of oxidation numbers of all elements in a
compound is zero. Example: FeCl3 = +3 + 3(-1)=0
 The sum of oxidation number of all the atoms in a
polyatomic ion equals to the charge on the ion.
Example: SO42- is equal +6+4(-2) =-2
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 Chemical equations

 Chemical equations which the no of moles of

reactants are in a simple whole number ratios
are called stoichiometric equations
 All balanced chemical equation must have
reactants on the left, the product on the right
and the arrow joining them indicated the
direction of the reaction

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 Writing chemical equations by
inspection method
 H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)

2 oxygen 1 oxygen
atoms atoms

 In order to balance the equation, we need to put

2 in front of H as well in front of H2O
 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

4H atoms, 2O atoms 4H atoms, 2O atoms

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 Oxidation and reduction
 Oxidation :loss of electrons
 Reduction: gain of electrons
 Oxidizing agent: accept electrons from
substance
 Reducing agent : donates electrons to another
substance
 Half equations: show only oxidation and
reduction in term of loss and gain electron

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Balancing redox equations by
ion electron method

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 Example 9
 Balance the following ionic equation
Cr2O72-(aq) + H+(aq) + NO2-(aq) Cr3+ (aq) + NO3-(aq)
SOLUTION
 Step 1 = write half equations for the oxidation and reduction
processes
OX= Cr2O72- Cr3+
OX= Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+ 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H++ 6e- 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) (1)
RED= NO2- NO3-
RED NO2-(aq)+ H2O(l) NO3- (aq)
NO2-(aq)+ H2O(l) NO3- (aq) + 2H+
NO2-(aq)+ H2O(l) NO3- (aq) + 2H+ + 2e- (2)
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 OX =Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H++ 6e- 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
 RED=NO2-(aq)+ H2O(l) NO3-(aq) + 2H+ + 2e-

 MULTIPLY EQN (2) with 3 to balance the electron

 OX =Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H++ 6e- 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
 RED=3NO2-(aq)+ 3H2O(l) 3NO3-(aq) + 6H+ + 6e-

 OX =Cr2O72-(aq) + 8H+ 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

 RED=3NO2-(aq) 3NO3-(aq)
OVERALL EQUATION FOR THIS REDOX IS

Cr2O72-(aq) + 8H+ + 3NO2-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 3NO3-(aq)

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 Limiting reactant
 When reactant react with another completely, they are
said to react exactly according to the stoichiometric
proportions
 The reactant which is completely consumed before the
others is called limiting reactant
 Example: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq)+ H2(g)
From the following equation, if 5 moles of hydrochloric acid
and 2 moles of zinc were mixed together and allowed to
react according to the equation above, what will be the
moles of zinc chloride produced?

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 Calculation
 According to the equation,
1mole Zn = 2 mole HCl
2 mole Zn= 4 mole HCl
 Thus, HCl is in excess since the mole of HCl in the
given mixture is 5 mole
 In this example, Zn is referred as limiting reactant
because it completely consumed, no further reaction
can occur thus limiting the amount of product
formed.
 In general we can conclude that, limiting reactant is
the reactant that completely consumed in a mixture
and limits the amount of product formed.
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 To identify limiting reactant
 Choose one reactant and calculate amount of second reactant
that would be needed to give a complete reaction.
 Then, compared the amount needed with the amount
available in the question to determine limiting reactant
 Or calculate the amount product (moles or grams) that can be
formed from each reactant. The reactant give least amount of
product is limiting reactant. The other reactant in excess and
remains till the end of reaction.
 An important point is to remember that the calculation of the
amount of product formed should be base on the amount
(moles) of the limiting reactant.

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 Example 9 Percentage yield
Urea, CO(NH2) is used as fertilizer. The raw material for making urea
are ammonia and carbon dioxide
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) CO(NH2)2 (s) +H2O(l)
When 1 mole of ammonia reacts with excess carbon dioxide, 25.6g of
urea are produced. What is the percentage yield in this reaction?

Solution = (actual yield / theoretical yield) X100%

M r urea= 12+16+2(14+2)=60 g/mol
From the eqUATION 2 mol ammonia= 1 mol (60g)urea, so,
1mol ammonia = 30g urea
Theoretical yield = 30g, actual yield (from question)= 25.6g
So the percentage yield= (25.6g/30g) X100%
= 85.3%
 Stoichiometric calculations
 Calculations involving reacting mass
When iron (III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide, the
products obtained are iron (Fe) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
A) WRITE balanced equation for the reaction that occurs
B) If 1.40x104 kg of iron(III) oxide are used, what is the
mass of iron obtained ? (answer = 9.8X103 kg)
C) What is the mass of carbon monoxide required for this
reaction? Relative atomic mass: Fe,56; C,12; O,16
(Answer = 7.35X103 kg)

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 Calculations involving volume of
gases
 63.0 dm3 of carbon monoxide, measured at room
temperature and pressure were used in a reaction with
iron(III) oxide. What is the mass of iron produced at the
end of the reaction? The equation for the reaction is
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2 Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
1 mole of any gas occupied 24 dm3 at room temperature
and pressure

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 Solution
 No of moles CO used= 63.0/24 dm3 =2.625 mole
From the equation 3 moles CO produce 2 mole Fe
No of moles of iron produced in the reaction
= (2.625 mole x2)/3
= 1.75 mole
Relative atomic mass Fe= 56
Mass iron produced= 1.75 mole x 56 g/mol
= 98g

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 Calculations involving solutions
 Molarity (mol dm-3) = concentration in g dm-3
relative molecular mass
 Number of moles of solute in the solution=
molarity X volume in dm3 = molarity X volume in cm3
1000
 Number of moles = mass (g)
relative molecular mass (mol)
 Concentration (g dm-3)= molarity X relative molecular mass
 aX +By PRODUCTS, where X and Y are reagents used in the
reaction; a and b are the number of moles
 MXVX = a where M=MOLARITY AND V=VOLUME
M YV Y b
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 Example 10
 22.2 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution is required to neutralize 0.20 g of
ethanedioic acid H2C2O4 . What is the concentration of sodium hydroxide in a)
mol dm-3 b) g dm-3
a) Relative molecular mass of H2C2O4 = 2(1) + C(12) + 4(16) = 90
Number of moles H2C2O4 = 0.20/90 = 2.2X10-3 mol
H2C2O4 + NaOH Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
Number of moles of NaOH = 2X2.2X10-3 mol
= 4.4X10-3 mol
Volume NaOH= 22.2 cm3= 0.022 dm3
Concentration of NaOH= number of moles/volume(dm3)
= 4.4X10-3 mol/ 0.022 dm3
= 0.20 mol dm-3
b) Concentration of NaOH (in g dm-3)
= concentration of NaOH (in mol dm-3) X Mr
= 0.20 mol dm-3 X (23 +16+1) g/mol
= 8.0 g dm-3 36
EXAMPLE 11
0.06 mole of magnesium was added to 160cm3 of 0.5 mol
dm-3 hydrochloric acid
a) Identify the limiting reagent
b) If 840 cm3 of hydrogen gas were obtained, what is the percentage yield
of this reaction?
Solution
a) No of moles HCl= MV/1000= (0.5x160)/1000= 0.08
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
No of moles Mg NEEDED
= (0.08/2) x1 = 0.04 mol, but the no of moles present is 0.06 mole. Hence,
Mg is excess meanwhile limiting reagent is hydrochloric acid
b) No of moles of H2 produced
2 mol HCl= 1 mol H2 , so 1/2X 0.08 mol = 0.04 mol
volume of hydrogen (THEORY) = 0.04mol X 24 dm3 = 0.96 dm3
volume of hydrogen (ACTUAL) = 0.84 dm3
Percentage yield % = 0.84 dm3/0.96 dm3 = 87.5% 37
Thank you =)
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