Chapte

r Relationship:
Quantitative 3
 What is Atomic
• The weighted average mass of all of the naturally
Mass?
occurring isotopes of an element.
• Atoms are so small, it is difficult to discuss how much
they weigh in grams.
• Use atomic mass units
• an atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as a mass
exactly equal to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12
atom.
 Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in

atomic mass units (amu)

By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu

On this scale
1 H = 1.008 amu
16 O = 16.00 amu
Natural lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016 = 6.941 amu

100
Average atomic mass (6.941)
Basic Counting Unit in Chemistry
 The
Mole
• The mole (mol) is a counting unit for
objects - atoms, ions, molecules, etc.
• A mole is just a unit used to represents an
amount equivalent to 6.02x1023 .
• The abbreviated form of this unit is mol.

• The symbol used to represent the number of

moles is n.
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00
grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA)
• How many atoms are present in 1 mole of hydrogen
atoms ?
6.022 x 1023 H atoms
• How many atoms are present in 1 mole of 12C
atoms?
6.02x1023 12C atoms
• How many moles are present in 2.67 x 10 23 molecules
of N2H4 (ammonium)
1 mol N2H4
Moles N 2H 4 = 2.67 x 10 MoleculesN2H4
23
6.02x1023 molecules N 2H4

= 0.44 mol N2H4

 What is Molar eggs

ofmass?
• The mass of 1 mole marbles
atom in grams
shoes
s
1 mole C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
12

1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li
Since 6.02x1023 x 12 amu = 12 g, so 6.02x1023 amu = 1 g
For any element
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
 M = molar mass in g/mol
NA = Avogadro’s number

Sample Problem Calculating the Mass and the Number of

3.1 Atoms
in a Given Number of Moles of an Element
PROBLEM: (a) How many grams of Ag are in 0.0342mol of Ag?

PLAN: (a) To convert mol of Ag to g we have to use the #g Ag/mol Ag, the
molar mass M.
107.9g Ag amount(mol) of Ag
= 3.69g Ag multiply by M of Ag
SOLUTION: 0.0342mol Ag x mol Ag (107.9g/mol)
mass(g) of Ag
 Do You Understand about Molar
Mass?
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

x 1 mol K 6.022 x 10 23 atoms K

0.551 g K x =

39.10 g K 1 mol

K
 Calculating the Mass and the Number of
Sample Problem Atoms in a Given Number of Moles of
an Element
PROBLE Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important
M: metal in
industrial society. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8g of Fe?
(b) To convert g of Fe to atoms we first have to find the #mols of
PLA
Fe
N:
and then convert mols to atoms.
mol = 1.72mol Fe
SOLUTIO 95.8g Fe x
Fe Fe
55.85g
N: mass(g) of Fe
6.022x1023atoms Fe divide by M of Fe
1.72mol Fe = 1.04x1024 atoms (55.85g/mol)
x mol Fe amount(mol) of Fe
Fe
multiply by 6.022x1023
atoms/mol
atoms of Fe
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.

1S 32.07 amu 2O

+ 2 x 16.00 amu SO2

SO2
64.07 amu

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass
(grams)

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
 One Mole of
Common Substances
Oxygen
32.00 g

Water
CaC3 18.02 g
100.09 g

Copper
63.55 g
 Do You Understand about Molecular Mass?

How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?

1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g

C3H8O
1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H
72.5 g C3 H 8O 1 mol C3H 8O x 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms =
x 60 g C3H 8O x 1 mol C 3H 8O 1 mol H atoms

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

 Heavy
A mass spectrometer is an instrument used to

Light
measure the relative atomic mass or molecular mass

Light

Heavy
KE = 1/2 x m x v2
v = (2 x KE/m)1/2
F = q x v x B
Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometer
 Percent Compositi on of Compounds
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
%C = 2 x46.07
(12.01 g)
g x 100% = 52.14%

%H = 6 x46.07
(1.008 g)
g x 100% = 13.13%

%O = 1 x46.07
(16.00 g)
g x 100% = 34.73%
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
 Chemical
of eachFormulas
A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms
element in the smallest unit of a substance

An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-

number ratio of the atoms in a substance
molecula empirica
r l
H2O H2O
CH2
C6H12O6
O
O3
 Experimental
Determination of
EmpiricalFormula
 Example:

Combust 11.5 g ethanol

Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O

1 mol CO2 1 12.01 g C

Mass of C = 22.0 g CO2 mol C x x
x 44.01 g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol C
= 6.00 g C
1.008 g H
Mass of H = 13.5 g H2 O x 1 mol H2O x 2 mol H x
18.02 g H20 1 mol H2O 1 mol H
= 1.51 g H
Mass of O = Mass of sample – (Mass of C + Mass of H)
= 11.5g – (6.00 g + 1.51g)
= 4.0 g O
The number of moles of each element present in 11.5 g Ethanol

Moles of C = 6.00 g C x 1 mol = 0.500 mol C

C 12.01 g C

Moles of H = 1.51 g H x 1 mol H = 1.50 mol H

1.008 g H

Moles of O = 4.0 g O x 1 mol O = 0.25 Mol O

16.00 g O

Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25

Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)

Empirical formula C2H6O

Empirical To Molecular Formula
• Empirical is lowest ratio.
• Molecular is actual molecule.
• Need Molar mass.
• Ratio of empirical to molar mass
will tell you the molecular
formula.
Sample Problem 5 Determining a Molecular Formula
from Elemental Analysis and Molar
PROBLE Massactivity. lactic acid (M=90.08g/mol) forms in
During physical
M: muscle tissue and is responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental
anaylsis shows that it contains 40.0 mass% C, 6.71 mass% H,
and
53.3 mass% O.
(a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid.
PLA (b) Determine the molecular formula.
assume 100g lactic acid and find the
N:
mass of each element
divide each mass by mol mass(M)
amount(mol) of each element molecular
use #mols as subscripts formula
divide mol mass
preliminary formula
by mass of
convert to integer empirical formula
subscriptsformula
empirical to get a multiplier
Sample Problem 3.5 Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental
Analysis and Molar Mass
continued

SOLUTION: Assuming there are 100.g of lactic acid, the constituents are
40.0g C mol C 6.71g H mol H 53.3g O mol
O 12.01g C 1.008g H 16.00g O

3.33mol C 6.66mol H
3.33mol O
C3.33 H6.66 O3.33
CH2O empirical formula
3.33 3.33 3.33

molar mass of lactate 90.08g

3 C3H6O3 is the
mass of CH2O 30.03g molecular formula
Example:
Hydroquinone, an organic compound has a molecular
weight of 110 g/mol. If it has a composition of 65.5% C,
5.45% H and 29.09 % O, determine :

a) The empirical formula

Answer = C3H3O

b) The molecular formula of hydroquinone

Answer = C6H6O2