UNIT :1

SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF

CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY
CLASS XI PART :II ATOMS & MOLECULES

Prepared by
1. RAVI KANT MISHRA J.N.V DATIA
2. M.S BEHERA J.N.V BARGARH
3. PUSHKAR SOOD J.N.V RAISEN
P.G.T CHEMISTRY
BHOPAL REGION
 OUTLINE

• Dalton’s atomic theory

• Atomic mass
• Average Atomic Mass
• Molecular mass
• Formula mass
• Mole concept & molar masses
• Percentage composition
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1) Matter consists of indivisible atoms.

2) All atoms of a given element have identical
properties, including identical mass. Atoms of
different elements differ in mass.
3) Compounds are formed when atoms of diferent
elements combine in a fixed ratio.
4) Chemical reactions involve reorganisation of
atoms. These are neither created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction.
 ATOMIC MASS
It is defined as a number that express as to how many
times an atom of the element is heavier than 1/12th of
the mass of carbon C-12 atom.

The scale of relative masses of atoms is termed as

unified mass (u).

1 u = 1.66056 x10-24 g
 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
Average atomic mass is defined as the average
relative mass of an element as compared with an
atom of carbon-12 taken as 12.
If an element occurs in isotopic forms, then we have
to know the percentage of each isotopic form and
then the average mass is calculated.

(e.g.) Cl -35 ( 75%) Cl- 37 (25%)

The average atomic mass of chlorine is
= (35 × 75/100 +37 × 25/100 )
= (105/4 + 37/4 )
= 142/4
= 35.5u
 MOLECULAR MASS
Molecular mass is defined as the sum of atomic
masses of all the atoms present in a molecule.
For example :

(ii) Molecular mass of methane CH4

=1 X atomic mass of C + 4 X atomic mass of H
= (12.011u)+ 4(1.008).
= 16.043 u
 FORMULA MASS
Ionic compound do not have discrete molecules as
their constituents. In these compounds positive and
negative ions are arranged in a three-dimensional
structure. Thus, the formula of such compounds is
used to calculate the formula mass instead of the
molecular mass.
“The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in one
formula unit of an ionic compound is called its formula
mass”
e.g. For NaCl = atomic mass of Na
+ atomic mass of Cl
= 23.0 u + 35.5 u
= 58.5 u.
 Definition of the Mole
The amount of a substance that contains the
same number of particles as there are atoms in
exactly 12 g of carbon-12.

This amount contains 6.022 x 1023 particles.

The number, 6.022 x 1023, is called Avogadro’s
number and is abbreviated N.

One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022 x 1023

particles
Mole - Mass Relationships of Elements
Element Atomic Mass Molar Mass Number of Atoms

1 atom of H = 1.008 u 1 mole of H = 1.008 g = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

1 atom of Fe = 55.85 u 1 mole of Fe = 55.85 g = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

1 atom of S = 32.07 u 1 mole of S = 32.07 g = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

1 atom of O = 16.00 u 1 mole of O = 16.00 g = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities

no. of grams
mass (g) = no. of moles x
1 mol

1 mol
no. of moles = mass (g) x
no. of grams

6.022x1023 entities
no. of entities = no. of moles x
1 mol

1 mol
no. of moles = no. of entities x
6.022x1023 entities
 Counting Objects of Fixed Relative Mass

12 red marbles at 7 g each = 84g 55.85 g Fe = 6.022 x 1023 atoms Fe

12 yellow marbles at 4 g each = 48g 32.07 g S = 6.022 x 1023 atoms S
One Mole of
Common
Substances

Oxygen
32.00 g

Water
CaCO3 18.02 g
100.09 g

Copper
63.55 g
 Molar mass

The mass of one mole of a substance in gram is

called a molar mass.
The molar mass in grams is numerically equal to
atomic/molecular/ formula mass in u.
• Molar mass of water = 18.02g/ mol
• Molar mass of Glucose =180g/mol
 Molecular Mass & Molar Mass ( M )
The Molecular mass of a compound expressed in u is
numerically the same as the mass of one mole of the
compound expressed in gram.
For water: H2O
Molecular mass = (2 x atomic mass of H ) + atomic mass of O
= 2 ( 1.008 u) + 16.00 u = 18.02 u

Mass of one molecules of water = 18.02 u

Molar mass = ( 2 x atomic mass of H ) + atomic mass of O

= 2 ( 1.008 g ) + 16.00 g = 18.02 g

18.02 g H2O = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of water = 1 mole H2O

 Percentage composition

Percentage composition of a compound refers to

the amount of various constituent elements
present per 100 parts by mass of the substance.
It can be calculated from the formula of the
compound by using the following relation:
 RECAPITULATION

• Postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.

• Atomic mass.
• Average atomic mass.
• Molecular mass and its calculation.
• Formula mass.
• Mole concept and Molar mass.
• Percentage composition & its calculation.
 ASSIGNMENT
• Q.1 Write the postulates of Dalton’s atomic
theory.
• Q.2 Calculate the average atomic mass of Boron
with the help of following data B-10(81.%),B-
11(19%).
• Q.3 Calculate the molecular mass of glucose.
• Q.4 Define mole and molar mass.
• Q.5 What is the percentage of carbon,hydrogen
and oxygen in ethanol?
THANKS