Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and Principles
Mohd Erfy Ismail
Metrologist
Radiation Thermometry Lab,
National Metrology Laboratory,
SIRIM Berhad
► Introduction
► Basic terms
► Summary
What is Metrology ?
Electricity A K Thermodynamics
cd m Mechanics
Optics
kg
Mechanics
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Basis of Successful Measurements
• Accurate instruments
• Traceability to national standards
• An understanding of result and its associated
measurement uncertainty
• Application of good measurement practice
• Performed by competent staff
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Measurement
Impact of incorrect
measurement-
we get wrong result
from an apparently
correct measurement.
Impact of incorrect
measurement- Cost!!
1. Direct Method
2. Indirect Method
3. Null Method
4. Ratio Method
5. Substitution Method
6. Differential Method
STANDARD WEIGHT
CALIBRATED STD.
WEIGHT
VERIFICATION OF
WEIGHING BALANCE
National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad 42
Calibration, Verification & Conformance
Calibration:
Verification:
Conformance:
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Systematic Error
►Systematic/bias errors are consistent and
repeatable (constant offset)
►systematic errors can be studied through
intercomparisons or calibrations
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Random Error
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Some basic statistics
q, s ( qk ) Infinite numbers
μ, σ
Finite, x
X
q1,q2,q3, …qn
Result of measurement only comes
from finite sample
n
Sample Mean S qk
q= k=1
n
Experimental
Variance of 2 1 n 2
observation s ( qk ) = S ( qj - q)
n - 1 j=1
Experimental
Standard deviation 1 n 2
s ( qk ) = S ( qj - q )
n- 1 1
j=
mean q s( q) =
n
Experimental
Standard deviation
s ( qk ) quantify how well q
of the mean q s( q) = estimates the expectation
n μq of q
Measured value
Random error
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Correction versus
Measurement Error
► Measurement error
Measured quantity value minus a reference quantity
value
Example: Angular error=measured angle – standard angle value
► Correction
Value added algebraically to the uncorrected result of a
measurement to compensate for systematic error
Example: ‘True value’=measured value + correction
Repeatability
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Accuracy and Precision
► Accuracy
closeness of agreement between a measured quantity value and a
true quantity value of a measurand
The concept ‘measurement accuracy’ is not a quantity and is not given a numerical
quantity value. A measurement is said to be more accurate when it offers a smaller
measurement error
► Precision
closeness of agreement between indications or measured quantity
values obtained by replicate measurements on the same or similar
objects under specified conditions
Measurement precision is usually expressed numerically by measures of imprecision,
such as standard deviation
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Accuracy and Precision
Precise and
Precise but
Accurate
inaccurate
Imprecise and
Accurate but
inaccurate
imprecise
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National Metrology Laboratory - SIRIM Berhad
Metrological Traceability
The International Vocabulary of Basic and General
Terms in Metrology (VIM) 2008 defines
traceability as:
"property of the
measurement whereby the
result can be related to a
reference, through a
documented unbroken chain
of calibrations, each
contributing to the
measurement uncertainty."