The Mole

The counting unit of

chemistry
 Why the mole?
 Atoms and molecules are too small to
keep track of individually! It is easier to
count them in packages.

 Same concept as the dozen!

 A mole is a package of many, many, many

particles (like atoms or molecules).
 More Mole Fun Facts
 1 mole (abbreviated “mol”) =
6.02214076 x 1023 representative particles

 representative particles = atoms, ions,

electrons, molecules, or formula units

 We can just round the mole to 3 significant

figures:
6.02 x 1023 particles

 6.02 x 1023 is called “Avogadro’s Number”

 What are representative
particles?
 The fundamental types of particles that make up
pure substances (elements and compounds)
 Some pure substances are made of atoms
(for examples, all metals and noble gases)
 Some pure substances are made of molecules
(for example, all covalent compounds, like water)
 Some pure substances are made of formula units
(for example, all ionic compounds, like table salt)
Representative particles….

a mole of sugar is 6.02 x 1023 molecules

a mole of helium is 6.02 x 1023 atoms
 Converting Moles  Rep. Particles
 Just use dimensional analysis and the
conversion factor/s
1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 rep. particles

Ex 1) 5.0 moles of Na = _____ atoms Na?

Ex 2) 3.45 x 1023 molec. of CH2O = _____ moles CH2O?

 6.02 x 1023
Why this number??
 It is based on the number of particles in 12
grams of pure 12C

12 g 12C .001 kg 1 amu 1 atom 12C

1g 1.6605 x 10-27 kg 12 amu

= 6.02 x 1023 atoms 12C

We’ll come back to this relationship later….

 Moles  Mass
 We do not measure out substances in
terms of moles, but rather, in terms of
mass (grams).

 There is a simple relationship between the

amount of moles and the mass of an
element….it can be found right on the
periodic table!
 Relationship between Relative
Atomic Mass (Ar) and Molar Mass

C
12.01
The relative atomic mass of an atom of an
element in amus is also the molar mass of
an entire mole of those atoms in grams.
 Converting Mole  Mass
 Just use dimensional analysis and the conversion
factor
1 mol = molar mass (g)

Ex 1) 45.2 g of Zn = _____ moles Zn

Ex 2) 0.568 moles Ag = _____ grams Ag

 Putting it all together…
molar mass 6.02 x 1023

grams  moles  rep. particles

Ex 1) Convert 50.0 g of Mg to atoms:

Ex 2) Convert 7.200 x 1024 atoms of He to grams:

 Calculating Molar Masses of
Compounds
 Just add together the molar masses of all the
elements in the compound (by Conservation of Mass).
Distribute through the parentheses when necessary.
 Ex 1) CCl2F2

 Ex 2) MgCO3

 Ex 3) (NH4)3PO4

 Ex 4) Sn3(PO4)4
 Try this now…..
molar mass 6.02 x 1023
grams  moles  rep. particles

Convert 5.27 x 1024 formula units of Sn3(PO4)4

to grams.
 Try this now…..

What is the mass of 1.78 moles of Na2CO3?

 Try this now…..

How many individual ionic formula units does

1.78 moles of Na2CO3 contain?

How many molecules are there in 2.05 grams

of water (H2O)?
 Percent Composition
Calculate the percent composition of
dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7).
 Percent Composition
Calculate the percent composition of
potassium permanganate(KMnO4).
Percent Yield
Percent Yield
Mole and Mass Composition of a
Compound