CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

Lesson 3: Stoichiometry

STOICHIOMETRY

-deals with the numerical relationships of elements and compounds and the mathematical proportions of reactants and
products in chemical transformations
-the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions

Take note that: an understanding of the mole concept together with some skills in writing and balancing chemical
equations enable us to solve stoichiometric problems involving mass relations of reactants and products in chemical
reactions

LEARNING MODULE FOR CHEM 1 (CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS) Page 1 of 6

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Lesson 3: Stoichiometry
 MOLE

- In chemical calculations it is necessary to consider quantities of substances in terms of the number of atoms,
ions or molecules present.
- The unit devised by chemists in expressing numbers of atoms, ions or molecules is called the mole.
- A mole is defined as that quantity of a substance that contains the same number of ultimate particles (atom,
ions, or units of ions) as are present in 12g of Carbon -12.
- 1 MOLE OF ANY ELEMENT IS AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO ITS ATOMIC MASS IN GRAMS, ITS MOLAR MASS.

MOLECULAR MASS

Molecular mass equals the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in the molecule. The unit of molecular mass is
the amu.

Example:
What is the molecular weight of sugar cane: C12 H22 O11 ?
12 C atoms = 12(12.011) amu = 144.132 amu
22 H atoms = 22(1.0079) amu = 22.174 amu
11 O atoms = 11(15.9994) amu = 175.993 amu
394.299 amu

LEARNING MODULE FOR CHEM 1 (CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS) Page 2 of 6

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Lesson 3: Stoichiometry
MOLAR MASS

- The molar mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms present in one mole of a substance, which can be an
element or a compound. It can be expressed as a unit of mass per mole like grams/mol, kg/mol.
- Molar Mass is an amount of the compound equal to its molecular mass in grams. The unit of molar mass is
the gram.

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Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Lesson 3: Stoichiometry
EXAMPLES:
1. Find the molar mass of:
a. Al
b. Ca(OH)2

a. Al = 27 g/mol (look at the periodic table)

b. Ca(OH)2=74 g/mol
Ca = 1 at x 40 g/mol = 40 g
O = 2 at x 16 g/mol = 32 g
H = 2 at x 1 g/mol = 2 g__
74 g/mol
2. How many moles are present in:
a. 5.4 g of Al
5.4 g x 1 mol = 0.2 mol
27 g
b. 180 g of H2O
180 x 1 mol = 10 mol
18
3. What is the mass of 5 mol of Ca(OH)2
5 mol x 74 g = 370 g
mol

Self- Assessment Quiz:

1. Calculate the formula mass of ammonium sulfate (NH4)2 SO4.

2. Find the molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2.
3. Calculate the number of moles of Oxygen (O2) in 24.0 g of O2.
4. Calculate the molecular mass of C7 H5 NO3 S (Saccharin).

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Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Lesson 3: Stoichiometry
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

- The number of molecules in a mole of any molecular substance the same as the number of atoms in a gram-
atom of any number.
- This number of atom is called the Avogadro’s number, the accepted value of which is 6.02483 x 1023
atoms/gram-atom of any element.
- A mole is the amount of substance that contains as Avogadro’s number of particles equal to 6.02 x 1023. The
particles can be atoms, molecules, or ions.

Examples:

There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in 1 mole of carbon

There are 6.02 x 1023 molecules in 1 mole of H2O
There are 6.02 x 1023 Na
6.02 x 10 Cl in 1 mole of NaCl

EXAMPLES:

4. How many atoms are present in:

a. 5 mol of copper
5 mol x 6.02 x 1023 atoms = 30.10 or 3.01x 1023 atoms
Mol

b. 48 g of carbon
48 g x 1 mol x 6.02 x 1023 atoms = 24.08 x 1023 or
12 g mol 24.08 x 1023 atoms

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Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Lesson 3: Stoichiometry
 5. How many g of H2O will contain 3.01 x 1024 molecules?
3.01 x 1024 molecules x ________1 mol _______ x 18 g = 90g
6.02 x 1023 molecules mol

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
- the percentage of each element present in a compound. In chemistry, this composition is always on a weight
basis unless specifically stated otherwise.
- Sometimes the composition of the mixture of gases is given on a volumetric basis.
- Based upon the meaning of the symbols and formulas. Each symbol stands for one atomic weight’s worth of
the element it represents, and each formula stands for one molecular weight’s worth of the compound it
represents.

EXAMPLES:

1. What is the percentage composition of water?

% H = 2g x 100% = 11.11%
18g
% O = 16g x 100% = 88.89%
18g 100%

2. What is the percentage composition of H2SO4?

% H = 2 g x 100% = 2.0%
98.1
% S = 32.1g x 100% = 32.7%
98.1g
% O = 64.0 g x 100% = 65.3%
98.1g 100%

Self-Assessment Quiz

1. Calculate the percentage composition of Vitamin E (C29 H50O2).

2. Calculate the percentage composition of Aluminum hydroxide: Al(OH)3

References:

Cruz, L. (2015). Stoichiometry Lecture Notes. DBCS

Wilbraham et al (2008) Chemistry. Prentice Hall

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Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Lesson 3: Stoichiometry