What is a mixture?

Types of mixture
Imp terms with symbols

Molarity
Molality
Mole fraction

Classification of elements
Concepts of Chemistry Physical
Chemical

Significant Figures
Laws of Chemical Combination
Mole Concept

Limiting Reagent
Empirical Formula
Important Questions
 Concepts of
Chemistry

WHAT IS A MIXTURE?
When two or more than two non-reacting substances are taken in a container, a
mixture is formed.

Types of Mixtures:-

1. Homogeneous mixture - A mixture in which all the components are present in

one phase is called a homogenous mixture.
2. Heterogenous mixture - A mixture in which two or more two phases are
present, is called a heterogeneous mixture.

Solution – It is a homogenous mixture of two or more two non-reacting

substances.

Binary solution – A solution that contains two components is called a binary

solution.

Components of Binary solution – Solvent and Solute A component of a binary

solution that is present in large quantity is called a Solvent and another
component of the solution is called the solute.

Aqueous Solution – A solution in which Solute dissolves in water is called an

Aqueous Solution.

Non-Aqueous Solution – A solution in which liquids like benzene, ether ,

alcohol , acetone etc act as solvent is called Non Aqueous solution.
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS WITH SYMBOLS

Solvent + Solute = Solution

‘1’ ‘2’ ‘S’

1. MASS OR WEIGHT (W)

W1 + W2 = WS
Unit - kilogram

2. VOLUME (V)
V1 + V2 = VS
unit - litre

3. DENSITY (D) ( ALSO CALLED SPECIFIC GRAVITY )

d1 = W1/V1
d2 = W2/V2
dS = WS/VS
Density = Mass / Volume
only used for conversion.

unit – kg/l = g/ml

Density of water = 1kg/l

4. MOLECULAR MASS – MASS OF ONE MOLECULE

unit of molecular mass = ‘U’ = g/mol

EXAMPLES :
(i) Molecular mass of CO2 = 1 x 12 + 2 x 16
= 44 ‘u’
(ii) Molecular mass of NH2CONH2 = 1 X 14 + 2 X 1 + 1 X 12 + +1 X 16 + 1 X
14 + 2 X 1
= 60 ‘u’

5. NUMBER OF MOLES (N) –

n = Given mass in grams /Molecular mass

n1 = W1/M1 n2 = W2/M2 ns = n1 + n2
unit – mole or mol
MOLARITY

It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution. It is

represented by ‘M’.

Molarity (M) – n2/VS (in litre)

unit – mol/litre

Note – with an increase in temperature, the volume of the solution increases, as a

result, the molarity of the solution decrease.

MOLALITY

It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one kilogram of solvent. It is

represented by ‘m’.

Molality (m) – n2/WS(in Kg)

unit – mol/kg

Note – Molality involves masses that do not depend on temperature. Therefore no

effect of temperature on the Molality of the solution.

MOLE FRACTION
The mole fraction of a component is the fraction obtained by dividing the number
of moles of that component by the total number of moles of the solution.
Suppose in binary solution, the number of moles of solvent and solute are n1 and
n2 respectively.
Then x1 = n1/n1 + n2
x2 = n2/ n1 + n2
x1 + x2 = 1
PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

On the basis of physical state , matter is classified into three types

Solid – A substance that has a definite shape and definite volume.

Liquid – A substance that has a definite volume and indefinite shape.
Gas – A substance that has an indefinite volume and indefinite shape.

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Matter can be classified into two types

Homogenous – A material is said to be homogenous if it has uniform composition

and identical properties throughout.(One Phase)
Heterogenous – A material is said to be heterogenous if it consists of a number of
phases.

ATOMS

An atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not be capable of
independent existence.

MOLECULES

A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound which can exist

free. Eg ; N2 , O2 , CO2 etc.

TYPES OF MOLECULES:
There are two types of molecules:
1. Homoatomic Molecules – Molecules that contain only one kind of atom are
called homoatomic molecules. Eg O2 , N2 , P4 etc.
2. Heteroatomic Molecules – Molecules that contain more than one kind of
atom are called heteroatomic molecules. Eg CO2 , MnO2 , NH3 etc.
 Significant figures

The total number of digits in a number including the last digit whose value is
uncertain is called significant figures .

Rules to determine Significant Figure ;

1.) All non-zero digits are SF

eg – (a)1.256 4SF
(b)2.16 3SF

2.) For zero-

Before non-zero digits – not SF
eg – (a)0.0018 2SF
(b)0.000621 3SF
Between non-zero digits – SF
eg – (a)502 3SF
(b)6.022 4SF
After non-zero digits
1. With point – SF
Eg – 5.00 3SF
71.00 4SF
Without point – Infinite SF
Eg – 126000 Infinte SF
For calculating this we have to convert this into scientific notation

In addition and subtraction of significant figures:

Reported answer = least number of places after the point
Eg 10.251 3SF
100.12 2SF
+ 52.3 1SF
162.671
Reported answer = 162.7

In multiplication and division of significant figures :

Reported answer = least number of SF with point
Eg 7.50 3SF
x 1.5 2SF
Actual = 11.250
Reported answer = 11
 Laws of Chemical Combination

1.) Law of Conservation of mass – This law was given by Antoine Lavoisier. In all
physical and chemical changes, the total mass of the reactants is equal to that of
the product.

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.

Eg - CaCO3 ---- CaO + CO2
100g ---- 56g + 44g
Total mass of reactant = 100g = total mass of products

2.) Law of constant proportion OR Law of definite proportion – This law was given
by Joseph Proust. A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion
of elements by weight.

Eg – Pure water obtained from any source will always be made up of only
hydrogen and oxygen elements combined together in the same fix ratio of 1:8 by
mass.

3.) Law of Multiple Proportion – This Law was given by Dalton. If two elements can
combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that
combine with a fixed mass of the other elements are in the ratio of small whole
numbers.

Eg Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two compounds. H2O and H2O2 . In
H2O 2g of hydrogen reacts with 16g of oxygen and in H2O2, 2g of hydrogen
reacts with 32g of oxygen.

4.) Avogadro’s Law – An equal volume of gases at the same temperature and
pressure should contain an equal number of molecules.

5. Gay Lussac’s Law of gaseous volume – when gases combine or produce in a

chemical reaction, they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided that the
temperature is same for all gases.
MOLE CONCEPT

Relation between mass and number of particles.

1 mole atom = gram atomic mass = 1 gram atom = 6.023 x 10 to the power 23
atoms

1 mole molecule = gram molecular mass = 1 gram molecule = 6.02 x 10 to the

power 23 molecule for gas ,
1-mole gas = 22.4 liters at NTP
1-mole gas = 22.7 litres at STP

Stoichiometry of a chemical reaction; When the mole concept is applied to

a chemical reaction, the following relations are observed

1. Mole-mole relation
2. Mole–mass relation
3. Mole–volume relation
4. Mass–mass relation
5. Mass–volume relation
6. Volume – volume relation

Q. Calculate the mass of CO2 produced by the combustion of 20g of carbon.

Solution :

C + O2 ------ CO2
Standard 12g 44g
Given 20g ?

12g carbon -------------- 44g Carbon Di Oxide

20g Carbon --------------44/12 x 20 g Carbon Di Oxide
= 73.3g
LIMITING REAGENT
A Reactant that reacts completely in the reaction is called the limiting reactant or
limiting reagent. The reactant which is not consumed completely in the reaction is
called excess reactant . Excess reactant is left unreacted .

EMPIRICAL FORMULA (EF)

An empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of various
atoms present in a compound.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. What is the effect of temperature on the molarity of a solution?
2. Why is Molality preferred over molarity in handling solutions in
chemistry?
3. Which is more concentrated 1 molar aqueous solution or 1 molal
aqueous solution?
4. For the reaction , N2 + 3H2 ---------2NH3
5. Calculate the mass of NH3 produced if 2000g of N2 reacts with
1000g of H2.
6. Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted?
7. If yes, which one and what would be its mass?
8. Calculate the number of molecules of urea in 100ml of 0.1M solution.
( urea – NH2CONH2)
9. Find the number of moles of carbon in 3 mole of ethane .