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OF CHEMISTRY
DR.C.R.TRIPATHY
P.G.T CHEMISTRY
K.V.NO.1 CUTTACK
Laws of chemical combination
Law of conservation of mass:-
“Law of conservation of mass
states that matter can neither
be created nor be destroyed in
a chemical reaction.”
Law of definite proportions
“In given compound
always contains
exactly the same
proportion of
elements by
weight.”
Law of multiple proportions
“if two elements can combine to
form more than one compound,
the masses of one element that
combine with a fixed mass of
the other element, are in the
ratio of small whole numbers.”
Gay lussac’s law of gaseous
“when gases combine orvolumes
are
produced in a chemical
reaction they do so in a
simple ratio by volume
provided all gases are at
same temperature and
pressure.”
Avogadro's law
“Equal volumes of gases contain
equal number of molecules at
standard temperature and
pressure.”
Daltons atomic theory
According to Dalton's atomic theory,
1) Mass percent
2) Mole fraction
3) Molarity
4) molality
Mass percentage
Mass % of a compound is given
by the formula
The formula is
M = % x d x10
mass
Example question:
Commercially available sulphuric acid contains 93% by mass and
has has a density of 1.84 g/cm3 . Calculate the molarity of the
solution and the volume of concentrated acid required to prepare
2.5mL of 0.50 M of H2SO4.
Examples on molality
What is the molality of a solution consisting of 1.34 mL of carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4, density= 1.59 g/mL) in 65.0 mL of methylene chloride (CH2Cl2, density
= 1.33 g/mL)?
1) Moles CCl4:
Solution:-
1.34 mL times 1.59 g/mL = 2.1306 g
2.1306 g / 153.823 g/mol = 0.013851 mol