Mole Concept and Concentration

Units
CHEM 311- Analytical Chemistry
Mole

• is the amount of the specified substance that contains the same number
of particles as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12C.

• This important number is Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 x 1023.

• A mole of a chemical species is 6.022 x 1023 atoms, molecules, ions,

electrons, ion pairs, or subatomic particles.
Molar Mass

• The molar mass M of a substance is the mass in grams of 1 mole of that

substance. We calculate molar masses by summing the atomic masses
of all the atoms appearing in a chemical formula.

• Millimole
• 1 mmol = 10-3 mol
• 103 mmol = 1 mol
Solutions

• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.

• Uniform throughout.
• Solvent.
• Determines the state of matter in which the solution exists.
• Is the largest component.
• Solute.
• Other solution components said to be dissolved in the solution.
Solution Concentration

• Molarity

• Percent Concentrations

• ppm,ppb, ppt
Molar Concentration

• Molar concentration Cx of a solution of a solute species X is the number

of moles of that species that is contained in 1 liter of the solution.
Molar analytical concentration

• the total number of moles of a solute, regardless of its chemical state, in

1 L of solution. The molar analytical concentration describes how a
solution of a given concentration can be prepared.

• Molar equilibrium concentration is the molar concentration of a

particular species in a solution
• Equilibrium concentration refers to the molar concentration of a
particular species in a solution at equilibrium.

• analytical concentration of cH2SO4 = 1.0 M

• Molar analytical concentration of H2SO4 is given by
• cH SO = [SO42-] + [HSO4-]
2 4
Analytical and Equilibrium Concentration

• They are not the same!

• Analytical Molarity, Cx = sum of all species of the substance in solution
• Equilibrium Molarity, [X] = concentration of a given dissolved form of
the substance
Percent Concentrations
ppb, ppm

• For very dilute solutions:

ppb = mass solute (g) X 109 ppb 1 ppb = 1 ug/L

mass solution (g)

ppm =mass solute (g) X 106 ppm 1 ppm = 1 mg/L

mass solution (g)
Equivalents
P functions

• pX = -log[X]

• pH+ = -log[H+]
• pOH- = -log[OH-]
Density v. Specific gravity

• Density expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume. In SI units,

density is expressed in units of kg/L or alternatively g/mL .

• Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an

equal volume of water.
Density Calculations

• Density = mass solute /unit volume

• Specific Gravity = Dsolute/DH20
• DH2O = 1.00000 g/mL @ 4oC
• DH2O = 0.99821 g/mL @ 20oC
Dilution Formula
Chemical Stoichiometry

• Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship among the amounts of

reacting chemical species.

• The stoichiometry of a reaction is the relationship among the number

of moles of reactants and products as represented by a balanced
chemical equation.
Empirical and Molecular Formula

• empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a

chemical compound.

• molecular formula specifies the number of atoms in a molecule.

• Stoichiometric calculation is a three-step process of
• (1) transforming the known mass of a substance in grams to a
corresponding number of moles,
• (2) multiplying the number of moles by a factor that accounts for the
stoichiometry, and
• (3) converting the number of moles back to the metric units called for in
the answer.
Mole Concept and Concentration
Units
CHEM 311- Analytical Chemistry
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