Introduction

Analytical Techniques are the methods used for the

qualitative and quantitative determination of concentration
of a compound by using various techniques
 Stiochiometry
• In Greek, stoikhein = element and metron =
measure
• It is the quantitative relationship between
chemical substances in a reaction
Mole
• One mole of substance = molecular mass expressed in
grams
• Molecular mass is sum of the atomic masses of the
constituent atoms

Avogadro Number
• Number of units in one mole of any substance (defined
as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.023 × 1023.
 Molarity
• Concentration of a solution expressed as the
number of moles of solute per liter of solution
• M
 Normality
• Gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter
of solution.

n = integer no depends upon the reactivity of the substance in the reaction

Eg :each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H+ ions.
 Calculations
• Calculate the normality of 0.0521 M H3PO4

Normality and equivalent weight of a 6M solution of H 2SO4

(M.W.=98.1g).
N= 12N
Eq wt= 49.05g
 molality

The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent.

Eg- A 4 g sugar cube (Sucrose: C12H22O11) is dissolved in a 350 mL teacup of 80°C water.
Calculate the molality of sugar solution? (Given: Density of water at 80° = 0.975 g/ml)
Eg- A 4 g sugar cube (Sucrose: C12H22O11) is
dissolved in a 350 mL teacup of 80°C water.
Calculate the molality of sugar solution? (Given:
Density of water at 80° = 0.975 g/ml)
• Mole of sucrose 4 g /(342 g/mol) = 0.0117 mol
• Mass of solvent = 0.341 kg
• Molality = 0.034 mol/kg
Titration
Accuracy and Precision
Titration curves
 indicators
• Phenolphtalein is chosen because it changes color
in a pH range between 8.3 – 10. It will appear pink
in basic solutions and clear in acidic solutions. 
• Methyl red is a pH indicator; it is red in pH under
4.4, yellow in pH over 6.2, and orange in
between, with a pKa of 5.1.
neutralisation of a strong acid and weak base is
called acidic salt 
• Bromothymol blue
• Calculate the pH and pOH of a 5×10‒2 M
solution of NaOH.
• Calculate the pH of solution prepared by
mixing 2.0 mL of strong acid solution of pH
3.00 and 3.0mL of a strong base of pH=10.00
 pH of 5 x 10 M NaOH
-2

 [OH−]=5×10−2

pOH=−log5×10−2
=−log5+2log10
=1.30

pH+pOH=14
pH=14−pOH
=14−1.30
=12.70
Weak acid
 EMR
• Electromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of
energy whose behavior is described by the
properties of both waves and particles.
• The frequency and wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation vary over many
orders of magnitude. For convenience, we
divide electromagnetic radiation into different
regions—
Wave property
 Wavelength
• The wavelength, λ, is defined as the distance between
successive maxima .
• For ultraviolet and visible electromagnetic radiation
the wavelength is usually expressed in nanometers (1
nm = 10–9 m), and for infrared radiation it is given in
microns (1 μm = 10–6 m).
• The relationship between wavelength and frequency is
λν=c
• wavenumber, ν , which is the reciprocal of wavelength
ν