Some Basic concepts of Chemistry

Dharav High School, Jaipur

CHEMISTRY Project
Koustub Yadav
11 C
Agenda
Laws of chemical combinations

Daltons’s Atomic Theory

Mole concept and molar mass

Empirical and molecular formula

Stoichiometry and Limiting reagent

Concentration units

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Introduction
•What is Chemistry? Chemistry is a
subdiscipline of science that deals with the
study of matter and the substances that
constitute it. It also deals with the
properties of these substances and the
reactions undergone by them to form new
substances.

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Laws of chemical
combinations
Law of conversion of mass
Law of Definite Proportions
Law of Multiple Proportions
Gay Lussac’s law of Gaseous Volumes
Avogadro Law
Dalton’s atomic
theory!
5 postulates are:  All matter is comprised of tiny, definite particles called
atoms.
 Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
 All atoms of a particular element share identical properties,
including weight.
 Atoms of different elements contain different mass.
 Atoms of different elements combine in fixed whole
number ratios when forming compounds
 Mole concept and
molar mass
The mole concept is a convenient method of expressing the amount of a substance. Any
measurement can be broken down into two parts – the numerical magnitude and the units
that the magnitude is expressed in. For example, when the mass of a ball is measured to
be 2 kilograms, the magnitude is ‘2’ and the unit is ‘kilogram’.

When dealing with particles at an atomic (or molecular) level, even one gram of a pure
element is known to contain a huge number of atoms. This is where the mole concept is
widely used. It primarily focuses on the unit known as a ‘mole’, which is a count of a
very large number of 6.022*10^23.
 Empirical and molecular
Formulas
The empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest ratio of the
number of different atoms present, whereas the molecular formula
gives the actual number of each different atom present in a molecule.
If the formula is simplified then it is an empirical formula.
For eg: The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6 and the empirical
formula of glucose is CH2O.
 Stoichiometry and
Limiting reagent
• stoichiometry, in chemistry, the determination of the proportions in which elements or
compounds react with one another. The rules followed in the determination of
stoichiometric relationships are based on the laws of conservation of mass and energy and
the law of combining weights or volumes.
• The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, and thus
determines when the reaction stops. From the reaction stoichiometry, the exact
amount of reactant needed to react with another element can be calculated
Concentration
Units.
• Mass per cent = mass of solute/mass of solution*100

• Mole fraction = no. of moles of A/ no. of moles of

solutions

• Molarity = no.of moles of solute/ volume of

solution(litres)

• Molality = no.of moles of solute/ mass of solvent( kg)

Summary
Every substance has unique or characteristic properties. These properties can be
classified into two categories — physical properties, such as colour, odour, melting
point, boiling point, density, etc., and chemical properties, like composition,
combustibility, ractivity with acids and bases, etc.
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