Basic Terms of Chemical Engineering

Index:

1. Introduction
2. Nature Of Matter
2.1 Physical States
2.2 Chemical Structure
3. Physical Quantities
3.1 Different Ways To Measure It
3.2 Types Of Physical Quantities
4. General Terms Of Chemical Engineering
4.1 Atomic Mass
4.2 Molecular Mass
4.3 Molar Mass
5. Stoichiometry Of Chemical Reactions
5.1 Normality
5.2 Molarity
5.3 Molality
5.4 Mole Concept
5.5 ThoD
5.6 COD
5.7 Hardness
 1. INTRODUCTION

Chemistry is the science of molecules, variety of compounds and transformations. Chemistry has
played preventing and finding solution of problems of science. Chemistry is associated with the
substances formed in environment and the changes taking place in it. This purpose can be
understood and described by the fundamental particles that are atoms and molecules of matter.
Generally our topic is based on the finding mass, molecular weight ,etc., which we can described
general terms of chemical engineering
It is the branch which relate with principles of chemistry, physics, design, transform of energy
and materials. It is widely used from nanolabs to large scale industries. This terms are helpful to
define chemical and physical properties of elements in various ways at all the level.
Chemical engineers are involved in many aspects of plant design and operation, including safety
and hazard assessments, process design and analysis, modeling, control engineering, chemical
reaction engineering, nuclear engineering, biological engineering, construction specification, and
operating instructions.

2 NATURE OF MATTER

Anything that occupies space has its mass is known as Matter. They can be classified in:
1. Physical States
2. Chemical Structure
It can be further classified using the flowchart
 2.1 Physical States

2.1.1 Solid:
In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The
force between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate.
As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change
their shape by force, as when broken or cut.
In crystalline solids, the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are packed in a regularly
ordered, repeating pattern. There are various different crystal structure, and the same substance
can have more than one structure (or solid phase.

2.1.2 Liquid:
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but
retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. The volume is definite if
the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it
becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance.
Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have
enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the
shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container.
2.1.3 Gases:
A gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will
also expand to fill the container.
In a gas, the molecules have enough so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero
for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than
the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in
which it is confined.

2.2 Chemical Structure

2.2.1 Element:
A chemical element is a species of atom having the same number of protons in their atomic
nuclei (that is, the same atom number, or Z). For example, the atomic number of oxygen is 8, so
the element oxygen consists of all atoms which have 8 protons.
One hundred eighteen elements have been identified: the first 94 occur naturally on Earth, and
the remaining 24 are synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one
stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radionuclides, which decay over time into other
elements.

2.2.2 Compound:
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules composed
of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds. Two element of the same
atom bonded in a molecule do not form a chemical compound, since this would require two
different elements.
There are four types of compounds, depending on how the constituent atoms are held together:

 molecules held together by covalent bonds.

 Ionic compounds held together by ionic bonds
 Intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds
 certain complexes held together by coordinate covalent bonds.
For example, a water molecule has formula H2O indicating two hydrogen atoms bonded to
one oxygen atom. Many chemical compounds have a unique definite assigned by the Chemical
Abstract Service.

2.2.3 Mixture:
In chemistry, a mixture is a mixture made up of two or more different which are physically
combined. A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the
identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspension and colloids.
Mixtures are one product of mechanically blending or mixing chemical substances such
as elements and compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each
ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup. Despite the fact that there
are no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as
its melting point, may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into
their components by using physical (mechanical or thermal) means.

3 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

The value of physical quantity is always equal to a definite numeric value and a definite unit. It
is necessary to describe the physical quantity with the least possible units. The least value of
quantities of units selected are known as fundamental units or basic units. Other units of
measurements which can be derived from the fundamental units are known as derived units.
For example, just writing 5.0 carries no meaning, but adding the term kg after 5.0 indicates its
mass. In order to express measured or calculated quantity, it is essential to have a suitable system
of units. Thus, for the system of units some least number of these quantities are selected in such a
way that other quantities can be derived from them.

3.1 DIFFERENT WAYS TO MEAURE PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

FPS system (Foot, Pound, Second) in the year 1588.
CGS system (Centimeter, Gram, Second) in the year (1791-1795).
MKS system (Meter, Kilogram, Second) in the year (1791-1795). SI (Le System, International d'
Units) in the year 197I. To solve the difficulties created by a number of methods.
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and IUPAP (International Union of
Pure and Applied Physics).

3.2 TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

1. Mass
Amount of matter present in a substance is called Mass. Its SI unit is kilogram.
2. Volume
Derived unit of volume by using SI units is (meter) volume length x breadth x height meter x
meter x meter = (meter)
3. Density
Density of a substance is the amount of mass per unit volume. Derived unit of density by using
SI units is as under: mass SI unit of mass Density volume SI unit of volume kg kg m Smaller unit
of density is g/cm OR g cm
4. Temperature
Measurement of temperature is done in the two units-degree Celsius ("C) and degree Fahrenheit
CF) SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K)
5. Length
SI unit of length is meter. The meter was redefined in 1983 by CGPM (Conference Generals
does Poids at Measures). Meter The distance travelled by atom in vacuum in tube interval of
1/299,792 458 second is called I sec
6. Pressure
It is defined as physical force exerted on an object. The force is a perpendicular to surface per
unit area. Unit is Pa (Pascal) and Bar.

4 GENERAL TERMS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

4.1 Atomic Mass

Dalton proposed "Atoms of every clement have their own definite characteristic mass." It is
called atomic mass. Every element has its own characteristic atomic mass, It is very difficult to
measure the mass of an extremely small atom.
When divided by unified atomic mass units, or Daltons (abbr. Da), to form a pure numeric ratio,
the atomic mass of an atom becomes a dimensionless value called the relative isotopic
mass (see section below). Thus, the atomic mass of a carbon-12 atom is 12 u (or 12 Da), but the
relative isotopic mass of a carbon-12 atom is simply 12.
4.2 Molecular Mass
Molecular mass can be calculated from the atomic masses of all atoms present in a compound. If
we know the molecular formula of any compound, the molecular mass can be found by
considering total number of atoms present and adding together their total atomic masses.
The related quantity relative molecular mass, as defined by IUPAC, is the ratio of the mass of a
molecule to the unified atomic mass unit and is unitless. The molecular mass and relative
molecular mass are distinct from but related to the molar mass. The molar mass is defined as the
mass of a given substance divided by the amount of a substance and is expressed in g/mol. The
molar mass is usually the more appropriate figure when dealing with macroscopic (weigh-able)
quantities of a substance.

4.3 Molar Mass

Molar mass of a chemical compound is defined as the mass of a sample of that compound
divided by the amount of substance in that sample, measured in moles.
The molar mass is a bulk, not molecular, property of a substance. The molar mass is
an average of many instances of the compound, which often vary in mass due to the presence
of isotopes. Most commonly, the molar mass is computed from the standard atomic weights and
is thus a terrestrial average and a function of the relative abundance of the isotopes of the
constituent atoms on earth. The molar mass is appropriate for converting between the mass of a
substance and the amount of a substance for bulk quantities.

5 Stoichiometry Of Chemical Reactions

A majority of reactions are carried out in solution in the laboratories, Therefore, it is important to
understand as how the amount of substance is expressed when it is present in the form of
solution
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O.
Here, one molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of oxygen gas to yield one molecule
of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water. This particular chemical equation is an example
of complete combustion. Stoichiometry measures these quantitative relationships, and is used to
determine the amount of products and reactants that are produced or needed in a given reaction.
Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical
reactions is known as reaction stoichiometry.
5.1 Normality

One liter of solution prepared by dissolving one gram equivalent of a substance is called 1
normal (N) solution or the normality of the solution. The unit symbol "N" is used to denote
"eq/L" (equivalent per liter) which is normality. Although losing favor, medical reporting of
serum concentrations in "meq/L" (= 0.001 N) still occurs.

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

N=𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙.𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡∗1000
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡∗𝑣 (𝑚𝑙)

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑛

Usage:

 In acid-base chemistry, normality is used to express the concentration of hydronium ions

(H3O+) or hydroxide ions (OH−) in a solution. Here, 1/feq is an integer value. Each solute
can produce one or more equivalents of reactive species when dissolved.
Examples:
Normality can be used for acid-base titrations. For example, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a diprotic
acid. Since only 0.5 mol of H2SO4 are needed to neutralize 1 mol of OH−, the equivalence
factor is:
feq(H2SO4) = 0.5
If the concentration of a sulfuric acid solution is c(H2SO4) = 1 mol/L, then its normality
is 2 N. It can also be called a "2 normal" solution
 5.2 Molarity

One liter of solution containing one gram mole of a substance is called 1 molar (M) solution or
the molarity of solution is 1. Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount
concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical
species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of
solution. In chemistry, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number
of moles per litre, having the unit symbol mol/L. A solution with a concentration of 1 mol/L is
said to be 1 molar, commonly designated as 1 M.

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

In the international system of units (SI) the base unit for molar concentration is mol /m3.
However, this is impractical for most laboratory purposes and most chemical literature
traditionally uses mol /dm3, which is the same as mol /L. These traditional units are often
denoted by the letter M, optionally preceded by an SI prefix as needed to denote sub-multiples,
for example:
mol/m3 = 10−3 mol /dm3 = 10−3 mol /L = 10−3 M = 1 mmol/L = 1 mM.

The adjectives "millimolar" and "micromolar" refer to mM and μM (10−3 mol /L

and 10−6 mol /L ).
Examples:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
We know, n= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

Given mass = 190 gm

Molar Mass (Mgcl2 ) = 24(Mg) + 2* 35.5(cl)
= 95 gm
Hence, n= 190/95 = 2 moles

So, molarity = 2/5=0.4 mol/ltr.

5.3 Molality:

One gram mole of a solute, when dissolved in 1 kilogram of the solvent, the molality (m) of the
solution obtained is 1 molal (m) or it is 1 m solution. A commonly used unit for molality
in chemistry is mol /kg. A solution of concentration 1 mol/kg is also sometimes denoted as 1
molal.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molality= 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚=
𝑘𝑔

Examples:

Determine the mass of the solvent in kg

Mass=d*v = 1 gm/ml * 500 ml
Mass=500 gm

Convert grams to kg(1000 gm =1 kg)

500 gm * 1 kg/1000 g =0.5 kg of water

Calculate Molality

𝟎.𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯

m = mol/kg = 𝟎.𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
m=1.5m or 1.5 mol/kg

Usage:
The primary advantage of using molality as a measure of concentration is that molality only
depends on the masses of solute and solvent, which are unaffected by variations in temperature
and pressure. In contrast, solutions prepared volumetrically (e.g. molar concentration or mass
concentration) are likely to change as temperature and pressure change. In many applications,
this is a significant advantage because the mass, or the amount, of a substance is often more
important than its volume (e.g. in a limiting reagent problem).
5.4 Mole Concept:

The mole (symbol: mol) is the base unit of amount of substance ("number of substance") in
the international system of units or system international (SI), defined as
exactly 6.02214076×1023 particles, e.g., atoms, molecules, ions or electrons. The current
definition was adopted in November 2018, revising its old definition based on the number of
atoms in 12 grms of carbon-12 (12C) (the isotope of carbon with relative atomic mass 12 Da by
definition).The number 6.02214076×1023 (the Avogadro number) was chosen so that the mass
of one mole of a chemical compound, in grams, is numerically equal (for all practical purposes)
to the average mass of one molecule of the compound, in Daltons. Thus, for example, one mole
of water contains 6.02214076×1023 molecules, whose total mass is about 18.015 grams – and
the mean mass of one molecule of water is about 18.015 Daltons. The mole is widely used in
chemistry as a convenient way to express amounts of reactants and products of chemical
reactions.
For example, the chemical equation 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O can be interpreted to mean that
2 mol dihydrogen (H2) and 1 mol dioxygen (O2) react to form 2 mol water (H2O). The mole
may also be used to represent the number of atoms, ions, or other entities in a given sample of a
substance. The concentration of a solution is commonly expressed by its molarity, defined as the
amount of dissolved substance per unit volume of solution, for which the unit typically used is
moles per litre (mol/l), commonly abbreviated M.

5.5 ThoD ( Theoretical Oxygen Demand)

Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) is the calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a
compound to its final oxidation products. However, there are some differences between standard
methods that can influence the results obtained: for example, some calculations assume
that nitrogen released from organic compounds is generated as ammonia, whereas others allow
for ammonia oxidation to nitrate. Therefore, in expressing results, the calculation assumptions
should always be stated.

Examples:
In order to determine the ThOD for glycine (CH2(NH2)COOH) using the following assumptions:

1. In the first step, the organic carbon and nitrogen are converted to carbon dioxide
(CO2) and ammonia (NH3), respectively.
2. In the second and third steps, the ammonia is oxidized sequentially to nitrite and nitrate.
3. The ThOD is the sum of the oxygen required for steps.
 Write balanced reactions for the nitrogenous oxygen demand.
NH3 + 1.5O2 → HNO2 + H2O
HNO2 + 0.5O2 → HNO3
NH3 + 2O2 → HNO3 +
H2O

Determine the ThOD.

ThOD = (1.5 + 2) mol O2/mol glycine
= 3.5 mol O2/mol glycine × 32 g/mol O2 / 75 g/mol glycine
= 1.49 g O2/g glycine
The theoretical oxygen demand represents the worst-case scenario. The actual oxygen demand of
any compound depends on the biodegradibility of the compound and the specific
organism metabolizing the compound.

5.6 COD ( Carbon Oxygen Demand)

It is a second method of estimating how much oxygen would be depleted from a body of
receiving water as a result of bacterial action. While the BOD test is performed by using a
population of bacteria and other microorganisms to attempt to duplicate what would happen in a
natural stream over a period of five days, the
COD test uses a strong chemical oxidizing agent to chemically oxidize the organic material in
the sample of wastewater under conditions of heat and strong acid. The COD test has the
advantage of not being subject to interference from toxic materials, as well as requiring only two
or three hours for test completion, as opposed to five days for the BOD test. It has the
disadvantage of being completely artificial, but is nevertheless considered to yield a result that
may be used as the basis upon which to calculate a reasonably accurate and reproducible
estimate of the oxygen-demanding properties of a wastewater.

5.7 Hardness

It is water that has high mineral content. Hard water is formed when water percolates through
deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum which are largely made up
of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.

Classification of Water
Water, along with soap, is used for washing purposes. On the basis of effective washing with soap,
water has been classified as soft water and hard water.
Soft water: Water which produces good lather with soap is called soft water. When water falls as
rain, it is naturally soft. Washing with soap is easy in soft water.
Hard water: Water which does not produce good lather with soap is called hard water. It is
difficult to wash with soap in hard water. Water seeping through the ground becomes hard water.
It is not useful for laundry and laboratory purposes.

Types of Water Hardness: There are two types of water hardness.

 Temporary hardness: It is a type of water hardness caused by the presence of dissolved

bicarbonate salts of calcium or magnesium. Temporary hardness can be removed by
boiling. When temporary hard water is boiled, the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium
undergo decomposition to form insoluble carbonates.

Ca(HCO3)2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O

Mg(HCO3)2(aq) → MgCO3 (s) + CO2(g) + H2O

The insoluble carbonates of calcium and magnesium can be removed by filtration and the water
thus obtained is free from calcium and magnesium ions and is soft.

 Permanent hardness: This type of water hardness is due to the presence of calcium or
magnesium sulphate or chlorides. Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling. It
can be removed by using water softeners.

Bibliography:

http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1845240&seqNum=4

https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199651450.001.000
1/acref- 9780199651450
https://www.wikipedia.org/
 A Report

On
Basic Terms Of Chemical Engineering
Subject: Material and Energy Balance Computation (3130508)

Academic Year:- 2019-20,3rd Semester

Prepared by
Aaditya Chothani(180110105013)
Shrinil Desai(180110105014)
Dinesh Dungariya(180110105015)
Viren Gajjar(180110105016)
Submitted to
Prof. DHARMESH KAPATEL

Department of Chemical Engineering

G H Patel College of Engineering and Technology Vallabh
Vidhyanagar, Anand-388120
Gujarat Technological University,
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad.
September-2019