DAY ONE

Some Basic
Concepts of
Chemistry
Learning & Revision for the Day

u Importance and Scope of u Dalton‘s Atomic Theory u Stoichiometry and

Chemistry u Atomic and Molecular mass Calculation Based on
Physical Quantities and their Stoichiometry
u
u Equivalent Weight
Measurements u Limiting Reagent
u Mole Concept
u Law of Chemical Combinations

Importance and Scope of Chemistry

Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with the composition, properties and
interaction of all kinds of matter such as air, water, rocks, plants, earth etc.
Different manifestation of chemistry include drugs, polymers, dyes, soaps, detergents,
acids, bases, salts, metals, alloys, etc.
Matter Anything that occupies space and possesses mass is called matter. On the basis of
chemical composition of substance, matter can be:
(i) Elements are the substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by
chemical change, e.g. Na, Mg, Al etc.
(ii) Compounds can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes.
Compound is always homogeneous. Properties of a compounds are different from the
properties of its constituent elements, e.g. H2O, NaCl, CaCO3 etc.
(iii) Mixtures have variable composition and variable properties due to the fact that
components retain their characteristic properties. Components of a mixture can be
separated by applying physical methods.

Physical Quantities and their Measurements

Mass, length, time and temperature are physical quantities. These are expressed in
numerals with suitable units. Units may be basic (fundamental) or derived.
l
A number of quantities must be derived from measured value of the SI base quantities.
These are called derived units, e.g. units of density (kg m−3) is derived from the units of
mass (kg) and volume (m−3 ).
l
The SI unit has seven basic units (See Table given below)
from whom all other units are derived.
The Seven Basic Units
Physical Quantity Unit Unit Symbol
Length metre m chemical reactions of gases are related to each other by
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature Kelvin K (vi) Avogadro’s Law This law is based on Berzelius hypothesis.
Amount of substance mole mol
Electric current Ampere A
Luminous intensity candela cd
Significant Figures
Significant figure includes all those digits that are known
with certainty plus one more which is uncertain.
Rules for reporting significant figures are as follows :
l
Read the number from left to right and count all the digits,
starting with the first digit that is not zero.
l
While adding or subtracting, the number of decimal places
in the answer should not exceed the number of decimal
places in either of the numbers.
l
In multiplication and division, the result should be
reported to the same number of significant figures as that
in the quantity with least number of significant figures.
l
When a number is rounded off, the number of significant
figures is reduced. The last digit retained is increased by
1 only if the following digit is >5 and is left as such if the
following digit is < 4.
l
If the right most digit to be removed is 5 then the
preceeding number is not changed, if it is even number but
it is increased by one if it is an odd number.
Laws of Chemical Combinations
The combination of elements to form compounds is
governed by the following basic laws:
(i) Law of Conservation of Mass (Lavoisier, 1789) It states
that “mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical
reactions.”
Total mass of reactants = total mass of products.
(ii) Law of Constant Composition/Definite Proportions
(Proust, 1799) For the same compound, obtained by
different methods, the percentage of each element
should be same in each case.
(iii) Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton, 1803) An
element may form more than one compound with
another element. The masses of one element that
combine with a fixed mass of another element are in the
ratio of small whole number, e.g. in NH3 and N2 H4 , fixed
mass of nitrogen requires hydrogen in the ratio 3 : 2.
(iv) Law of Reciprocal Proportions (Richter, 1792) When
two different elements combines with a fixed weight of a
third element, the ratio of their combination will either
be same or multiple of the ratio in which they combine
with each other, e.g. CH4 , CO2 and H2O.
(v) Law of Combining Volumes (Gay-Lussac, 1808) The
volume of reactants and products in a large number of
small integers, provided the volumes are measured at the
same temperature and pressure.
According to this law, equal volumes of gases at the
same temperature and pressure should contain equal
number of molecules.
1 mole = atomic/molecular weight
= 22.4 L at STP
= 6.02 × 1023 atoms/molecules/ions
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
John Dalton developed his famous theory of atoms in 1803. The
main postulates of this theory were
l
Atom was considered as a hard, dense and smallest
indivisible particle of matter.
l
Atom is indestructible, i.e. it cannot be destroyed or created.
l
Atom is the smallest portion of matter which takes part in
chemical combination.
l
Atoms combine with each other, to form compound or
molecule, in simple whole number ratio.
l
Atoms of same element are identical in mass and chemical
properties.
Atomic and Molecular Mass
l
Atomic mass is defined as the number which indicates how
many times the mass of one atom of the element is heavier as
compared to 1/12th part of the mass of one atom of C-12. The
gram atomic mass of an element should not be confused with
the actual mass of their atoms. e.g. Gram atomic mass of
H-element is 1.008 g but mass of H atom is 1 µ [1.67 × 10 −24 g].
l
Average atomic mass since most of the elements
have isotopes, so their actual atomic mass is the average of
atomic masses of all the isotopes as present by % in nature
and hence, generally in fraction. Average atomic mass is
calculated as,
m × r + m2 × r2 + m3 × r3
Mav = 1 1
r1 + r2 + r3
where, r1 , r2 and r3 = relative abundances of the isotopes.
l
Molecular mass is defined as the sum of atomic masses of the
elements present in a molecule. Thus, it is obtained by
multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number
of its atoms and then adding them together e.g.,
Molecular mass of methane can be calculated as
CH4 = 1 × atomic mass of C + 4 × atomic mass of H
= (12.011u) + 4 (1.008 u)
= 16.043 u
l
Molecular weight can be determined using following (iii) Chloride Formation Method A known mass of metal is
methods : reacted with chlorine. Mass of chloride obtained is
(i) Molecular weight = 2 × vapour density measured. Equivalent weight of metal
Mass of metal
(ii) Victor Meyer Method The method is used to = × 100
determine the molecular weight of volatile organic Mass of chlorine combined
compounds only. (iv) Double Decomposition Method A known mass of
Molecular weight of volatile organic compound compound (AB) is treated with compound (CD).
Mass of volatile organic compound × 22,400 AB + CD → AD + CB
=
Volume of volatile organic compound The atomic mass is calculated as :
Mass of AB Eq. mass of AB E A + E B
= =
Mass of CB Eq. mass of CB EC + E B
Equivalent Weight
(v) Metal Displacement Method A known mass of metal is
Equivalent weight of an element a compound is the weight of
added to the solution of salt of other metal.
an element a compound, which would combine with or
displace (by weight) by 1 part of hydrogen or 8 parts of oxygen Metal A + salt of B metal → Salt of metal A + metal B
or 35.5 parts of chlorine. Equivalent weight is calculated as:
Equivalent weight and strength are related as Mass of metal A Eq. mass of A
=
Strength Mass of metal B Eq. mass of B
Eq. wt. =
Normality (vi) Electrolytic Method The same quantity of electricity is
Equivalent weight (Eq. wt.) passed through the solution of different electrolytes, the
Atomic weight or molecular weight masses of different substances liberated are measured.
= Eq. wt. is calculated as
n - factor
w 1 E1
=
n-factor for various compounds can be obtained as: w 2 E2
(i) n-factor for acids, i.e. basicity is the number of ionisable where, w 1 and w 2 are mass of first and second substance
H+ per molecule and is called the basicity of an acid. deposited.
e.g. Basicity of HCl = 1 E1 and E2 are eq. wt. of first and second substance.
(ii) n-factor for bases, i.e. acidity is the number number of (vii) Silver Salt Method The method is used to determine the
ionisable OH− per molecule and is called the acidity of a equivalent weight of organic acids only
base. e.g. Acidity of NaOH = 1 Equivalent weight of organic acid
(iii) n-factor for salt is the total positive or negative charge of 108 × weight of silver salt
+ = − 107
ions. e.g. Na2CO3 → 2N a + CO23 − weight of silver metal
(iv) n-factor for ion is equal to charge of that ion.
e.g. E − =
35.5 Mole Concept
Cl 1 Mole is the amount of substance which contains Avogadro’s
= 35.5 number (N A = 6.022 × 1023 ) of particles and has mass equal to
(v) In redox titration n-factor for reducing agent is number of gram-atomic mass or gram-molecular mass. Mole is related to
electrons lost by the molecule and for oxidising agent is the mass of the substance (in grams).
number of electrons gained by the molecule. Therefore, number of moles
Equivalent weight can be determined by following methods: mass of substance (g)
=
(i) Oxide Formation Method This method is used to find out molar mass (g mol−1 )
the equivalent mass of those metals, which can easily
volume of gas at STP (L)
form their oxides. =
22.4(L)
Mass of metal
Eq. wt. of metal = ×8 number of particles at STP
Mass of oxygen combined =
NA
(ii) Hydrogen Displacement Method The known mass of a
metal react with dilute acids and volume of hydrogen Total number of atoms/molecules/ions/electrons
produced is measured and equivalent weight is = mole × N A × number of
calculated as : electrons/atoms/ions in one molecule.
Mass of metal Total charge present on an ion
= × 1.008
Mass of H2 displaced = mole × N A × charge on one ion × 1.6 × 10 −19 C
Molar mass of an element is defined as mass of 1 mole of that molecular mass
n=
element, i.e. mass of 6.023 × 1023 entities or particles of that empirical formula mass
element, e.g. molar mass of oxygen = 32 g/mol, that means Molecular formula = n × empirical formula
6.023 × 1023 molecules of oxygen weight 32 g.
Molar mass = 2 × vapour density

Various Concentration Terms Stoichiometry and Calculation

Concentration of solution can be classified as:
(i) Mole Fraction (χ) It is fraction of substance in
Based on Stoichiometry
A balanced chemical equation with suitable stoichiometric
mixture expressed in terms of mole. Let nA and nB are
coefficients represents the ratio of number of moles of
number of moles of A and B in a mixture.
reactants and products.
nA
Then, mole fraction of A = χ A = For example, in the given reaction, H2 and O2 reacts in 2 : 1 to
nA + nB form 2 moles of H2O.
mole fraction of B = χ B =
nB 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O(g)
nA + nB The equation provides quantitative and qualitative
Sum of mole fractions of all components of mixture is 1. information that helps in solving following problems:
(ii) Molarity (M) It is the number of moles of solute present in (i) Mass/Mass Relationship In this relationship, mass of one
per litre of the solution. of the reactant/product is to be calculated, if mass of the
other is given.
Number of moles of solute
Molarity (M) = (ii) Mole/Mole Relationship Mole of one of the
Litres of solution
reactant/product is to be calculated, if mole of other is
(iii) Normality (N) It is the concentration of solution given.
expressed in number of gram equivalents dissolved per
litre of solution. (iii) Mass/Volume Relationship Mass or volume of one of the
reactant or product is calculated from mass/volume of
Number of gram equivalents
Normality (N) = other substance.
Solution in litres
(iv) Mass/Mole Relationship Mass or mole of one of the
(iv) Molality (m) It is defined as the number of moles of reactants/products is to be calculated if mole or mass of
solute dissolved in 1000g of the solvent. other is given.
or, (v) Volume/Volume Relationship Volume of one of
Moles of solute (n) reactants/ products is to be calculated if volume of other
Molality (m) = × 1000
Weight of solvent (W A ) (in kg) is given.
n × 1000 NOTE Equivalents of reactants react to give same number of
or, (m) =
W A (in g) equivalents of products whereas moles react according to
stoichiometry of equation.

Percentage Composition, Limiting Reagent

Empirical and Molecular Formulae
We can calculate the amount of elements and their percentage
composition using the formula given below :
Mass % of an element
mass of element in 1 mole of compound × 100
=
mass of 1 mole of compound
Dividing percentage by atomic mass gives molar ratio, from
which empirical formula is obtained.
Limiting reagent is the substance which is completely
consumed first in a reaction is called limiting reagent. It
determines
Actual yield × 100
the amount of product. Reaction yield =
Theoretical yield
It must be noted that in stoichiometry, if the quantities of two
or more reactants are given, the amounts of products formed
depend upon the limiting reactant (the reactant which
consumed first in the reaction).
DAY ONE SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY 5

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 How many significant figures should be present in the 12 A mixture of 2.3 g formic acid and 4.5 g oxalic acid is
following calculation? treated with conc. H2SO4. The evolved gaseous mixture
2.5 × 1.25 × 3.5 is passed through KOH pellets. Weight (in g) of the
2.01 remaining products at STP will be ª NEET 2018
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6 (a) 2.8 (b) 3.0 (c) 1.4 (d) 4.4
35 37
2 and
17 Cl are two isotopes of chlorine. If average
17 Cl 13 The number of atoms in 0.1 mole of a triatomic gas is
atomic mass is 35.5, then ratio of these two isotopes is (NA = 6.02 × 10 23 mol −1) ª CBSE-AIPMT 2010
(a) 35 : 37 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 2 : 1 (a) 6.026 × 10 22
(b) 1.806 × 1023
(c) 3.600 × 1023 (d) 1.800 × 1022
3 If Avogadro number NA , is changed from
6.022 ×1023 mol −1 to 6.022 × 1020mol −1 this would change 14 When 22.4 L of H 2(g) is mixed with 11.2 L of Cl 2 (g ) each
(a) the definition of mass in units of grams at STP, the moles of HCl (g) formed is equal to
(b) the mass of one mole of carbon ª CBES-AIPMT 2014
(c) the ratio of chemical species to each other in a (a) 1 mole of HCl (g)
balanced equation (b) 2 moles of HCl (g)
(d) the ratio of elements to each other in a compound (c) 0.5 mole of HCl (g)
4 Two oxides of a metal contain 53.4% and 36.4% of (d) 1.5 mole of HCl (g)
oxygen by mass respectively. If the formula of first oxide 15 A sample of commercial sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO4 by
is MO , then that of the second is mass. The mole fractions of H2SO4 and H2O are
(a) M O (b) M 2O (c) M 2O5 (d) MO 2 (a) 0.9, 0.1 (b) 0.1, 0.9 (c) 0.2, 0.8 (d) 0.8, 0.2
−23
5 In an experiment, 4 g of M 2Ox oxide was reduced to 16 Mass of one atom of X is 2.66 × 10 g, then its 32 g is
2.8 g of the metal. If the atomic mass of the metal is equal to
56 g mol −1, the number of O-atoms in the oxide is (a) 32 × 2.66 × 10− 23 mol
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 32
(b) −23
mol
6 A gas is found to have a formula (CO)x . If its vapour 2.66 × 10 × 6.023 × 1023
density is 70, the value of x is 32 × 2.66 × 10−23
(c) mol
(a) 2.3 (b) 3.0 (c) 5.0 (d) 6.0 6.02 × 1023
(d) None of the above
7 The equivalent weight of H3PO2, when it
disproportionates into PH3 and H3PO3 is 17 Equal volumes of 0.1 M AgNO 3 and 0.2 M NaCl are
(a) 82 (b) 61.5 (c) 41 (d) 20.5 mixed. The concentration of NO−3 ions in the mixture
will be
8 0.45 g acid of molecular weight 90 was neutralise by
(a) 0.1 M (b) 0.05 M
20 mL of 0.5 N KOH. The basicity of acid is
(c) 0.2 M (d) 0.15 M
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 3
18 Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H 2SO 4 by
9 One mole of any substance contains 6.022 × 1023 mass and has a density of 1.80 g mL −1. Volume of acid
atoms/molecules. Number of molecules of H2SO4 present required to make one litre of 0.1 M H 2SO 4 solution is
in 100 mL of 0.02M H2SO4 solution is (a) 11.10 mL (b) 16.65 mL
(a) 12.044 × 1020 molecules (b) 6.022 × 1023 molecules (c) 22.20 mL (d) 5.55 mL
(c) 1 × 1023 molecules (d) 12.044 × 1023 molecules 19 What is the percentage of cation in ammonium
10 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100mL of its dichromate?
solution. The concentration of solution is ª NEET 2013 (a) 14.29% (b) 80%
(a) 0.02 M (b) 0.01 M (c) 0.001 M (d) 0.1 M (c) 50.05% (d) 20.52%

11 In which case is the number of molecules of water 20 The isotopic abundance of C-12 and C-14 is 98% and
maximum? ª NEET 2018 2%, respectively. What would be the number of C-14
(a) 0.00224 L of water vapours at 1 atm and 273 K isotope in 12 g carbon sample?
(b) 0.18 g of water (a) 1.032 × 10 22 (b) 3.01 × 10 23
(c) 18 mL of water (d) 10 −3 mol of water (c) 5 .88 × 10 23 (d) 6.02 × 10 23
21 What volume of a solution of hydrochloric acid containing 27 The decomposition of a certain mass of CaCO3 gave
73g of acid per litre would sufficient for exact 11.2 dm 3 of CO2 gas at STP. The mass of KOH required
neutralisation of sodium hydroxide obtained by allowing to completely neutralise the CO2 is
0.46 g of metallic sodium to act upon water? (a) 56 g (b) 28 g
(Cl = 35.5, Na = 23.0, O =16) (c) 42 g (d) 20 g
(a) 10 mL (b) 20 mL 28 How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3 (PO4 )2
(c) 30 mL (d) 40 mL will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?
22 Suppose the elements X and Y combine to form two (a) 0.02
compounds XY2 and X 3Y2. When 0.1 mole of XY2 weighs (b) 3.125 × 10−2
(c) 1. 25 × 10−2
10 g and 0.05 mole of X 3Y2 weighs 9 g, the atomic
(d) 2.5 × 10−2
weights of X and Y are ª NEET 2016, Phase II
(a) 40, 30 (b) 60, 40 Direction (Q. Nos. 29-30) Each of these questions contains
(c) 20, 30 (d) 30, 20 two statements : Statement I and II. Each of these questions
also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the
23 The weight of iron which will be converted into its oxide
correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c)
(Fe3O4 ) by the action of 18 g of steam on it will be and (d) given below.
(atomic weight of Fe = 56) (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
(a) 168 g (b) 84 g (c) 42 g (d) 21 g correct explanation for Statement I
24 1.0 g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56 g O 2 in a closed (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
vessel. Which reactant is left in excess and how much? not a correct explanation for Statement I
(At.wt. of Mg = 24; O =16) (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) Mg, 0.16 g (b) O 2 , 0.16 g
(c) Mg, 0.44 g (d) O 2 , 0.28 g 29 Statement I Equivalent weight of ozone in the change
21 O 3 → O 2 is 8.
25 10 molecules are removed from 200mg of CO2. The
moles of CO2 left are Statement II 1 mole of O 3 on decomposition gives
−3 −3 3
(a) 2.88 × 10 (b) 28.8 × 10 moles of O 2 .
(c) 288 × 10−3 (d) 28.8 × 10−3 2
26 An aqueous solution of glucose is 10% in strength. The 30 Statement I The molality of the solution does not change
volume in which 1g mole of it is dissolved will be with change in temperature.
(a) 18 L (b) 92 L Statement II The molality of the solution is expressed in
(c) 0.9 L (d) 1.8 L units of moles per 1000 g of solvent.

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 Two parts of an element P combines with four parts of 3 The vapour density of a volatile chloride of a metal is
another element Q. Six parts of the element R combine 95 and the specific heat of the metal is 0.13 cal/g. The
with four parts of the element Q. If P and R combine equivalent weight of the metal will be approximately
together, the ratio of their weight will be governed by (a) 6 (b) 12
(a) law of multiple proportions (c) 18 (d) 49
(b) law of reciprocal proportions
4 Excess of carbon dioxide is passed through 50 mL of
(c) law of conservation of mass
(d) law of definite proportions 0.5 M calcium hydroxide solution. After the completion of
the reaction, the solution was evaporated of dryness. The
2 A metal oxide contains 53% metal and carbon dioxide
solid calcium carbonate was completely neutralised with
contains 27% carbon. Assuming the law of reciprocal
0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The volume of hydrochloric acid
proportions, the percentage of metal in the metal carbide is
required is (atomic mass of calcium = 40)
(a) 75 (b) 25
(a) 200 cm3 (b) 500 cm3
(c) 37 (d) 66
(c) 400 cm3 (d) 300 cm3
 5 0.5 g of fuming H 2SO 4 (oleum) is diluted with water. This 11 If 1 mL of water contains 20 drops, then number of
solution is completely neutralised by 26.7 mL of 0.4 N molecules in one drop of water is
NaOH. The percentage of free SO 3 in the sample is (a) 6.023 × 1023 (b) 1.376 × 1026
(a) 30.6% (b) 40.6% (c) 1.344 × 1018 (d) 4.346 × 1020
(c) 20.6% (d) 50% 12 The mass of carbon anode consumed (given only
6 100 mL each of 0.5 N NaOH, N/5 HCl and N/10 H 2SO 4 CO 2 ) in production of 270 kg of aluminium metal from
are mixed together. The resulting solution will be bauxite by the Hall process is (atomic mass of Al = 27)
(a) acidic (b) neutral (a) 180 kg (b) 270 kg
(c) alkaline (d) None of these (c) 540 kg (d) 90 kg
7 In a compound C, H and N are present in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by 13 A sample of CaCO 3 is 50% pure. On heating, 1.12 L of
weight. If molecular weight of compound is 108, the CO 2 (at STP) is obtained. Residue left (assuming
molecular formula of compound is non-volatile impurity) is
(a) C2H6N2 (b) C3H4N (a) 7.8 g (b) 3.8 g
(c) C6H8N2 (d) C9H12N3 (c) 2.8 g (d) 8.9 g
8 The vapour density of a mixture of NO2 and N2O4 is 38.3 14 Sulphuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide follows
at 26.7°C. The number of moles of NO2 in 200 g of the H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na 2SO4 + 2H2O
mixture are
When 1L of 0.2M sulphuric acid solution is allowed to
(a) 0.437 (b) 0.874 react with 1L of 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution, the
(c) 0.824 (d) 1.758
amount of sodium sulphate formed and its molarity in the
9 Acidified KMnO 4 oxidises oxalic acid to CO2.What is the solution obtained respectively is
volume (in litres) of 10−4 MKMnO4 required to completely (a) 14.2g, 0.05 molL −1
oxidise 0.5 L of 10−2 M oxalic acid in acidic medium? (b) 7.1g, 0.05 molL −1
(a) 125 (b) 1250 (c) 14.2g, 0.1 molL −1
(c) 200 (d) 20 (d) 7.1g, 0.1 molL −1

10 Number of atoms in 560 g of Fe is 15 Assertion If 30 mL of H2 combines with 20 mL of O2 to

(Given, atomic mass of Fe = 56 g mol −1)
I. twice that of 70 g N
II. half that of 20 g H
III. half that of 72 g C
IV. twice that of 40 g N
Choose the corret options
(a) I, II and III are correct
(c) II and IV are correct
form water, 5mL of H2 left after the reaction.
Reason H2 is the liniting reapent.
(a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a correct
explanation for Assertion
(b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a correct
explanation for Assertion
(b) I and II are correct
(c) Assertion is true, Reason is false
(d) I and III are correct
(d) Assertion is false, Reason is true

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (a) 13 (b) 14 (a) 15 (a) 16 (b) 17 (b) 18 (d) 19 (a) 20 (a)
21 (a) 22 (a) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (d) 27 (b) 28 (b) 29 (b) 30 (b)

SESSION 2 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (c) 8 (b) 9 (d) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (a) 14 (a) 15 (d) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
8 40 DAYS ~ NEET CHEMISTRY DAY ONE

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 The number of O-atoms in the oxide 1 × 10−3
= mol −1 = 1 × 10−2 mol −1
is 3. 01.
1 Least precise term 2.5 has two
signficant figures. Hence, the answer 6 Molecular weight = 2 × vapour density = 0.01 mol L −1
should have two significant figures
2.5 × 1.25 × 3.5 = 2 × 70 = 140 11 (i) Number of moles (n H 2O )
= 5. 4415 ≈ 5. 4 Mass of substance in g (W H 2O )
2.01 ∴ (CO) x = 140 =
Molar mass in g mol −1 (M H 2O )
2 Average atomic mass, ⇒ (12 + 16)x = 140
x ×a+ y×b ∴ (28)x = (28) × 5 ⇒ x = 5 w H 2O =18 g
A= [∴Density of water (dH 2O ) = 1 gL−1]
x+ y 7 The reaction can be written as
35 x1 + 37 y2 +1 −3 +3
∴ nH 2O =
18
=1
35 . 5 = 3H3PO 2 → PH3 + 2H 3PO 3
x1 + y2 18
Molecular weight of H3PO 3 Number of molecules of water = 1× NA
x1 3
= ∴ x1 : y2 = 3 : 1 = 3 + 31 + 48 = 82
y2 1 (ii) 0.18 g of water,
82 82
Equivalent weight = + w .
018
3 If Avogadro number NA , is changed 1 − (−3) 1 − 3 nH 2O = H 2O = = 0.01
MH 2O 18
from 6.022 × 1023 mol −1, to 6.022 × 1020 =
82 82
+ = 61.5
4 2 Number of molecules of water= 0.01× NA
mol −1 this would change the mass of
one mole of carbon. Molecular weight (iii) 0.00224 L of water vapours at 1 atm
8 Basicity = and 273 K.
Q 1 mole of carbon has mass =12 g Equivalent weight
At STP [1atm and 273 K],
or 6.022 × 1023 atoms of carbon have Now, gram equivalents of acid
= gram equivalents of KOH Number of moles [with refrence to volume]
mass =12 g
Volume of gas in litre 0.00224
∴ 6.022 × 1023 atoms of carbon have 0.45 20 × 0.5 = = = 0.0001
⇒ = ⇒ E = 45 22.4 22.4
12 E 1000
mass = × 6.022 × 1020 (iv) 10−3 mol of water
6.022 × 1023 ∴ Basicity = 2
Number of molecules of water= 10−3 × NA
= 0.012 g 9 One mole of any substance contains
4 In 2nd oxide, 36.4 parts of O combine 6 . 022 × 1023 atoms/molecules. 12
Conc. H2SO4
with 63.6 parts of M HCOOH
Hence, number of millimoles of H2SO 4
∴O present = 36.4 parts = molarity × volume in mL Formic acid
CO(g) + H2O(l)
2.3 1
Initial moles = mol
M present = 63.6 parts 0.02 × 100 = 2 millimoles 46 20 0

31.8 parts of M =1atom of M = 2 × 10−3 mol Final moles 0 1

20
∴63.6 parts of M =2 atoms of M Number of molecules Similarly,
36.4 parts of O =1atom of O = Number of moles × NA COOH Conc. H2SO4
∴ In second oxide, M : O =2 : 1 = 2 × 10 −3
× 6 . 022 × 10
23
COOH CO(g) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)
Hence, formula of second oxide = M 2 O Oxalic acid
= 12 . 044 × 1020 molecules 4.5 1
Initial moles = mol 0 0
5 Mass of oxygen in oxide 90 20
1 1
= 4 − 2.8 = 1.2 g 10 Given, number of molecules of urea Final moles 0 20 20
= 6.02 × 1020
Equivalent weight of metal
6.02 × 1020 Now, H2O(l ) gets absorbed by conc.
Number of moles = H2SO 4 . Gaseous mixture CO and CO 2
Mass of metal NA
= ×8 when passed through KOH, only CO 2
Mass of oxygen combined
6.02 × 1020 gets absorbed. Thus, CO is the remaining
2.8 = = 0.999 × 10−3
= × 8 = 18.67 6.023 × 1023 gas. Total number of moles of CO formed
1.2 in the above equations
Valency of metal −1 × 10−3 mol
~
1 1 1
Atomic weight ofmetal Volume of the solution = + =
= 20 20 10
Equivalent weight ofmetal 100
= 100 mL = L = 01
. L Weight
56 1000 ∴ Moles =
= = 2.99 ≈ 3 Molar mass
18.67 Concentration of urea solution 1
(in mol L−1) or, weight of CO formed = × 28 = 2.8 g
10
13 Number of atoms millimolesof[NO −3 ] On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
[NO −3 ] =
= number of moles × NA × atomicity total volume AX = 40 g mol −1 ⇒ AY = 30 g mol −1
= 0.1 × 6.02 × 1023 × 3 . ×V
01
= = 0.05 23 3Fe + 4H2 O → Fe 3O 4 + 4H2
= 1.806 × 1023 atoms 2V
3 × 56 g =168g 4 ×18 g = 72g
H2 (g ) + Cl 2 (g ) → 2HCl(g ) Weight × density × 10
14 18 Normality =
Equivalent weight Q 72 g steam requires Fe = 168 g
Initial volume 22.4 L 11.2 L 2 mol
98 × 1.8 × 10 ∴ 18 g steam require
= = 36 N
22.4 L volume at STP is occupied by 168 × 18
49 Fe = = 42 g
Cl 2 = 1mol 72
Q N1V1 = N2 V2
∴11.2 L volume will be occupied by ∴ 36 × V = 0.2 × 1000 24 The balanced chemical equation is
1 × 11. 2 0.2 × 1000
Cl 2 = mol V= = 5.55mL 1
Mg + O 2 → MgO
22 .4 36 2
24 g 40 g
16 g
= 0.5 mol 19 ( NH4 )2Cr2O 7 has molecular weight
Thus, H2 (g ) + Cl 2 (g ) → 2HCl(g ) 252.07 g/mol and ammonium cation
From the above equation, it is clear that
1 mol 0.5 mol
24 g Mg reacts with 16 g O 2 .
have molecular weight 18.039 g/mol.
Since, Cl 2 possesses minimum Since, there are two ammonium cation Thus, 1.0 g Mg reacts with
number of moles, thus it is the limiting per mole of ammonium dichromate. 16
O 2 = 0.67 g O 2
reagent. Hence, % of NH+4 24
As per equations,
Number of parts by weight NH+4 But only 0.56 g O 2 is available, which is less
1 mol Cl 2 = 2 L mol HCl = × 100 than 0.67 g. Thus, O 2 is the limiting reagent.
Molecular weightof(NH4 )2 Cr2O 7
∴ 0.5 mol Cl 2 = 2 × 0.5 mol HCl
18.039 g / mol × 2 Further, 16 g O 2 reacts with 24 g Mg.
= 1.0 mol HCl = × 100 = 14.29%
252.07g / mol ∴0.56 g O 2 will react with Mg
Hence, 1.0 mol of HCl (g) is produced
24
by 0.5 mole of Cl 2 [or 11.2 L] 20 Weight of C-14 isotope in 12 g sample = × 0.56 = 0.84 g
16
15 Consider 100 g of solution. Thus, 2 × 12
= ∴Amount of Mg left unreacted
mH 2SO 4 = 98g, mH 2O = 2 g 100
Mass of H2SO 4 Number of C-14 isotope = 10
. − 0.84 = 016
. g Mg
n H 2SO 4 =
Molar mass of H2SO 4 Hence, Mg is present in excess and 0.16 g
2 × 12 × 6.02 × 10 23

98 g = Mg is left behind unreacted.

= = 1mol 100 × 14
98 g mol −1 25 1 mole of CO 2 = 6.023 × 1023 molecules of
= 1032
. × 1022 atoms
nH 2O =
Mass of H2O CO 2 = 44 g of CO 2
Molar mass of H2O 1 ∴1021 molecules of CO 2
21 Na + H2O → NaOH + H2
2g 1 2 44
= = mol = × 1021 g CO 2
18 g mol −1 9 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O 6.023 × 1023
Meq of Na = Meq of NaOH
χH 2SO 4 =
nH 2SO 4
=
1mol = 7.31× 10−2 g = 731
. mg
nH 2SO 4 + nH 2O (1+1 / 9) mol = Meq of HCl
∴CO 2 left = 200 − 731
. = 126.9 mg
[Meq = molarity equations
1 10 Hence, moles of CO 2 left
= = = 0.9 M1V1 = M 2 V2 ]
10 / 9 9 126.9 × 10−3
0.46
× 1000 =
73
×V = = 2.88 × 10−3 mol
χH 2O = 10
. − χH 2SO 4 = 10
. − 0.9 = 01
. 23 36.5 44
 M = N × V and N (HCl) = 73 
16 Mass of one atom = 2.66 × 10−23 g  eq  26 10% glucose solution means 10 g
 36.5  10
Mass of N0 atoms = moles are present in 100 cc i.e. 0.1L
∴ V = 10mL 180
= 2.66 × 10−23 × 6.023 × 1023 g mol −1
22 Let atomic masses of X and Y be AX [Molecular weight of glucose
= atomic mass
C 6H12O 6 = 180]
Thus, number of moles in 32 g and AY , respectively
32 10 Hence, 1 mole of glucose will present in
= mol. For XY2 , nXY2 = 01
. = 0.1 × 180
2.66 × 10−23 × 6.023 × 1023 AX + 2 AY = = 1.8 L
10
17 Millimoles of AgNO 3 = 0 .1 × V or AX + 2 AY = 100 ...(i)
9 27 KOH + CO 2 → KHCO 3
Millimoles of NaCl = 0 . 2 × V For X 3 Y2 , nX 3Y2 = 0.05 =
3 AX + 2 AY 39 + 16 + 1 22.4 dm 3
Millimoles of [NO −3 ] = 0 . 1 × V = 56 g

Total volume of mixture = V + V = 2 V or 3 AX + 2 AY = 180 ...(ii)

Q 22.4 dm3 CO 2 required KOH = 56 g
 ∴ 11.2 dm3 CO 2 will require KOH Let the metal chloride be MCl n . 7
56 × 11.2 49.23 + n × 35.5 = 190
= = 28 g Ratio
22.4 n = 3.9 ≈ 4 Element (by
Atomic
Mole ratio
Simplest
weight mole ratio
Equivalent weight of metal weight)
28 Mg 3 (PO 4 )2 ; 1 mol
49.23
= = 12.3 9
= 0.75
0.75
=3
8 moles of O-atom are contained by 4 C 9 12
12 0.25
1 mole of Mg 3 (PO 4 )2 .
4 According to the question, the reaction 1 1.00
Hence, 0.25 moles of O-atom are H 1 1 = 1.00 =4
occurs as 1 0.25
contained by
1 Ca(OH)2 + CO 2 → CaCO 3 + H2O 0.25
= × 0. 25 = 3 .125 × 10−2
3.5
74 44 100 18 N 3.5 14 = 0.25 =1
8 ( = 1 mol) ( = 1 mol) ( = 1 mol) ( =1 mol) 14 0.25
Given, 50 mL of 0.5 M Ca(OH)2 reacts
29 2O 3 → 3O 2
with excess of CO 2 . ∴ Empirical formula = C 3H4N
2 mol O 3 ≡≡ 3 mol O 2 = 3 × 2 eq O 2 ∴Number of millimoles of Ca(OH)2 and empirical formula weight
[M = molecular weight of O 3 = 48 ] reacted = 25 mmol
M 48 = 3 × 12 + 4 × 1 + 14 = 54
EO 3 = = =8 Q 1 mole of Ca(OH)2 gives 1 mole of
Molecular weight = 108
6 6 CaCO 3 .
molecular weight
30 Molality does not depend upon volume ∴Number of millimoles of CaCO 3 Q n=
empirical formula of weight
of the solution as molarity or normality. formed = 25 mmol
So, it does not depend upon ∴Number of milliequivalent 108
∴n= =2
temperature. Weight (in mg) 54
=
Equivalent weight ∴ Molecular formula
SESSION 2 25 × 100 = (empirical formula) n
= = 50
1 For the given relations 50 = (C 3H4N)2 = C 6H8N2
(i) 2 P + 4Q → Products Number of milliequivalent of
(ii) 6 R + 4Q → Products 8 Let, NO 2 present in 200g of the mixture
CaCO 3 = 50 =xg
(iii) x. P + y. R → Products
As, volume of CaCO 3 solution = 50 mL ∴N2O 4 present in the mixture
According to the given relation; when = (200 − x) g
So, normality of CaCO 3 solution = 1N
two different elements combine with a
fixed mass of a third element, the ratio [milliequivalent = N × V (in mL)] Molar mass of NO 2 = 14 + 32 = 46 g mol −1
of their combination will either same Normality of HCl = 0.1N [given] Molar mass of N2O 4 = 92g mol −1
or multiple of the ratio in which they Volume of HCl = ? Molar mass of mixture
are combined with either.
NHCl × VHCl = NCaCO 3 × VCaCO 3 = 2 × V.D. = 2 × 38.3 = 76.6 g/mol
e.g. CH4, CO 2 and H2O.
. × VHCl = 1 × 50
01 x 200 − x 200
Hence law of reciprocal proportion will ⇒ + =
50 46 92 76.6
governed the above said relation. VHCl = = 500 cm3
01. 92 x + 9200 − 46 x = 1104975.
2 In metal oxide, metal = 53%,O = 47% 5 Millieq. of H2SO 4 + Millieq of SO 3 46 x = 184675
. or x = 40212
. g
In CO 2 , ∴ Number of moles of NO 2 in the mixture
≡ Millieq of NaOH
C = 27%, O = 73% 0.5 − a 40.212
× 1000 +
a
× 1000 = 26.7 × 0.4 = = 0.874 = 0.874
Q 73 parts of oxygen combines with 49 80/2 46
27 parts of carbon. 9 KMnO 4 reacts with oxalic acid
∴ 47 parts of oxygen will combine ∴ a = 0.103
according to the following equation.
0.103
27 % of SO 3 = × 100 = 20.6% 2MnO −4 + 5C 2O 24 − + 16H+ →
= × 47 = 17.38 parts of C. 0.5
73 2Mn2 + + 10CO 2 + 8H2O
Thus, metal and carbon will be 6 Millieq. of NaOH = 100 × 0.5 = 50
Equivalent mass of KMnO 4
Millieq. of HCl =   × 100 = 20
present in the ratio of 53 : 17.38 . 1
 5 molecular mass
Hence, % of metal =
(7 − 2 )
Millieq. of H2SO 4 =   × 100 = 10
53 1
= × 100 = 75.3% ≈ 75%  10  NKMnO 4 = 5 × molarity = 5 × 10−4
53 + 17.38
Total millieq. of acid = 20 + 10 = 30 Equivalent mass of
3 Molecular weight of metal chloride
Total millieq. of base (NaOH) = 50 molecular mass
= 95 × 2 = 190 4 =
C 2O 2−
Millieq. of NaOH left = 50 − 30 = 20 2(4 − 3)
[molecular weight = 2 × vapour density] molecular mass
6.4
Thus, resulting solution is alkaline in =
Atomic weight of metal = = 49.23 nature. 2
0.13
 N = 2 × molarity 11 22400 mL water contains water CaO(s ) left = 2.8 g
C 2O 2−
4
= 2 × 10−2 molecules = 6.023 × 1023 Impurity = 5.0g
N1V1 = N2 V2 In 1 mL, the number of water Total residue = 7.8 g
5 × 10−4 × V1 = 2 × 10−2 × 0.5 6.023 × 1023
molecules = 14 1L of 0.2M H2SO 4 contains
22400
2 × 10−2 × 0.5 = 02
. mole of H2SO 4
V1 = = 20L Since, 1 mL contains 20 drops,
5 × 10−4 1L of 0.2M NaOH contains
∴ number of water molecules in
10 Number of atoms = 02
. mole of NaOH
6 . 023 × 1023
Mass 1 drop = According to the given equation, 1 mole
= × NA 22400 × 20
Atomic mass of H2SO 4 reacts with 2 moles of NaOH.
= 1.344 × 1018 molecules Hence, 0.2 mole of NaOH will react with
(i) Number of atoms in 560 g Fe
0.1 mole of H2SO 4 , i.e;NaOH is the
=
560
× NA = 10NA 12 2Al 2O 3 + 3C → 4Al + 3CO 2 limiting reagent. 2 moles of NaOH
56
(C) ⇒ 3 × 12 = 36 (Al) = 4 × 27 = 108 produce 1 mole of Na 2SO 4 . Hence, 0.2
(ii) Number of atoms in 70 g N mole of NaOH will produce 0.1 mole of
∴108 kg of Al required C = 36kg
70 Na 2SO 4
= × NA = 5 NA 270 kg of Al required C
14 = 01
. × (46 + 32 + 64) g = 01
. × 142g =142
. g
36 × 270
(iii) Number of atoms in 20 g H = = 90 kg Volume of solution after mixing =2L
108
20
= × NA = 20 NA H2SO 4 left unreacted in the solution
1 ∆
13 CaCO 3 (s ) → CaO(s ) ↓ = 01
. mole
(iv) Number of atoms in 72 g C 1 mol = 100 g 1 mol = 56 g
01
.
0.05 mol = 5 g pure 0.05 mol = 2.8 g ∴Molarity of the solution = = 0.05 molL −1
72
= × NA = 6 NA 2
12 + CO 2 (g ) ↑
22.4 L at STP 15 Assertion is wrong (false) but Reason is
(v) Number of atoms in 42 g 1.12 L at STP correct (True).
42
N= × NA = 3NA Impure CaCO 3 taken = 10 g H2 +
1
O2 → H2O
14 2
(5g pure CaCO 3 + 5 g impurity, as 30 mL reacted
∴ Number of atoms in 560 g Fe CaCO 3 is 50% pure)
15 mL
= 2 × number of atoms in 70 g N (Here, wt. of CO 2 = 2.2 g Volume of O 2 left = 20 − 15 mL = 5 mL
1
= × number of atoms in 20 g H so, weight of CaO = 5 − 2.2 = 2.8 g)
Therefore, no H2 left after the reaction
2 hence, H2 is the limiting reagent.