CBSE Class 9 Science Notes Atoms and Molecules

SURESH KUMAR 9053505049 777ACADEMY
CBSE Class 9
Science Notes
Chapter 3
Atoms and Molecules
Facts that Matter (b) Symbols of some common elements:
Law of Chemical Combination
Given by Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust as
follows:
1. Law of conservation of mass: Mass can
neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction. e.g., A + B → C + D Reactants →
Products Mass of reactants = Mass of products
2. Law of constant proportion: In a chemical
substance the elements are always present in
definite proportions by mass.
E.g., in water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen
to the mass of oxygen is always 1 : 8
respectively.
These laws lacked explanation. Hence, John777academy
Dalton gave his theory about the matter. He said
that the smallest particle of matter is called
‘atom’.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 Every matter is made up of very small or tiny
particles called atoms.
 Atoms are not divisible and cannot be created
or destroyed in a chemical reaction. Molecule
 All atoms of a given element are same in
It is the smallest particle of an element or a
size, mass and chemical properties.
 Atoms of different elements are different in
compound which can exist independently.
 Molecules of an element constitute the same
size, mass and chemical properties.
type of atoms.
 Atoms combine in the ratio of a small whole
 Molecules may be monoatomic, diatomic or
number to form compounds.
polyatomic.
 The relative number and kinds of atoms are
 Molecules of compounds join together in
constant in a given compound.
definite proportions and constitute a different
Atom
type of atoms.
Atoms are the smallest particles of an element Atomicity
which can take part in a chemical reaction. The number of atoms constituting a Molecule is
Size of an atom: Atomic radius is measured in known as its atomicity.
nanometres.
Symbols of atoms:
(a) Symbols for some elements as proposed
by Dalton:
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Ions H1+ SO42- H2SO4

→
The charged particles (atoms) are called ions,

they are formed by attaining positive charge or
negative charge on it.
Negatively charged ion is called anion (Cl ). –
Positively charged ion is called cation (Na ).+
Valency
The combining capacity of an element is known
as its valency. Valency is used to find out how
the atom of an element will combine with the
atom of another element to form a chemical
compound.
(Every atom wants to become stable, to do so it Molecular Mass
may lose, gain or share electrons.) It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the
 If an atom consists of 1, 2 or 3 electrons in its atoms in a molecule of the substance. It is
valence shell then its valency is 1, 2 or 3 expressed in atomic mass unit (u).
respectively,
 If an atom consists of 5, 6 or 7 electrons in
the outermost shell, then it will gain 3, 2 or 1
electron respectively and its valency will be 3, Formula Unit Mass
2 or 1 respectively. It is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in
 If an atom has 4 electrons in the outermost a formula unit of a compound. The constituent
shell than it will share this electron and hence particles are ions.
its valency will be 4. 777academy
 If an atom has 8 electrons in the outermost
electron and hence its valency will be 0.
Mole Concept
Definition of mole: It is defined as one mole of
any species (atoms, molecules, ions or particles)
is that quantity in number having a mass equal
to its atomic or molecular mass in grams.
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 in number
Molar mass = mass of 1 mole is always
→
expressed in grams and is also known as gram

atomic mass.
lu of hydrogen has 1 atom of hydrogen 1g of
→
hydrogen has 1 mole of hydrogen

→
= 6.022 x 1023 atoms of hydrogen

Some elements show more than one
valency,hence termed as variable valency. Important Questions for CBSE
Class 9 Science Chapter
3 Atoms and Molecules
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Chemical Formulae Question. 1. Name the scientist who laid the
Rules: (i) The valencies or charges on the ion foundation of chemical sciences. How ?
must balance. Answer. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, by
(ii) Metal and non-metal compound should show establishing two important laws of chemical
the name or symbol of the combination.
metal first. Question. 2. Define law of conservation of
e.g., Na+ Cl NaCl
–→
mass.
(ii) If a compound consists of polyatomic ions. Answer. It states that, ‘Mass is neither created
The ion is enclosed in a bracket before writing nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.’ In other-
the number to indicate the ratio.
e.g., [SO4]2- polyatomic radical
→
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words, the mass of the reactants must be equal Answer. One gram of hydrogen = One mole
to the mass of products. =6.022 x atoms
Question. 3. Define law of constant Question. 16. What is molar mass ? What are
proportion. its units ?
Answer. It states that, ‘In a pure chemical Answer. The mass of one mole of a substance
substance, the elements are always present in is called its molar mass. Its unit is gram per mole
definite proportions by mass’. (g ).
Question. 4. Which organisation approves Question. 17. Define atomic mass unit.
the names of elements all over the world ? Answer. One atomic mass unit is a mass unit
Write the symbol of gold. [SA II-2014] equal to exactly one twelfth (1/12th) the mass of
Answer. one atom of carbon -12.
Question. 5. Write the symbols of tungsten Question. 18. The relative atomic mass of
and iron. oxygen atom is 16. Explain its meaning.
Answer. (i) Tungsten (W) (ii) Iron (Fe). Answer. The relative atomic mass of an atom is
Question. 6. Name the element which is used the average mass of the atom, as compared to
as the reference for atomic mass. 1/12th the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
Answer. Carbon. Question. 19. Distinguish between molecular
Question. 7. ‘Atoms of most elements are not mass and molar mass.
able to exist independently’. Name two atoms Answer. The molecular mass of a substance is
which exist as independent atoms. [SA II- the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a
2012] molecule, whereas the mass of 1 mole of any
Answer. Noble gases such as argon (Ar), substance is called its molar mass.
helium (He) exist as independent atoms. Question. 20. Which postulate of Dalton’s
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Question. 8. What is the number of electrons atomic theory is the result of the law of
in Mg atom and ion ? [SA II-2014] conservation of mass ? [SAII-2011]
Answer. Answer. Atoms are indivisible particles, which
Question. 9. Which of the following species cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical
is electrically neutral and why ? [SA II-2014] reaction.
Answer. Question. 21.Which postulate of Dalton’s
Question. 10. Write atomicity of the atomic theory can explain the law of definite
following: proportions ? [SAII-2011]
(i) Sulphur, (ii) Phosphorus [SA 11-2014] Answer. Atoms combine in the ratio of small
Answer. (i) Polyatomic, (ii) Tetra atomic. numbers to form compounds. In a compound,
Question. 11. Define atomicity. the relative number and kinds of atoms are
Answer. The number of atoms present in one constant.
molecule of an element or a compound is known Question. 22. Define the atomic mass unit.
as its atomicity. [SAII -2011]
Question. 12. What are polyatomic ions ? Answer. The mass of 1/12 part of C-12 is
Give two examples. equivalent to one atomic mass unit. Previous, it
Answer. A group of atoms having a charge is was denoted by symbol amu but now, these
known as polyatomic ion. days it is denoted by symbol u.
Question. 23. Why is it not possible to see an
Examples : atom with naked eyes ?
Question. 13. What is the atomicity of Answer. Because an atom is too small, i.e., the
Argon ? atomic radii of an atom is of the
Answer. Mono atomic. order m to m.
Question. 14. Give one relevant reason why Question. 24. What is meant by the term
scientists choose 1/16 of the mass of an chemical formula ?
atom of naturally occurring oxygen as the Answer. The chemical formula of a compound is
atomic mass unit. a symbolic representation of its composition and
Answer. Initially 1/16th of the mass of naturally actual number of atoms in one molecule of a
occurring oxygen was taken as the atomic mass pure substance, may be an atom or a
unit because this unit gave masses of most of compound.
the elements as whole numbers. Question. 25. How many atoms are present in
Question. 15. State the number of hydrogen
atoms in 1 g of hydrogen. a (i) S molecule and (ii)
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ion ? [SAII – 2011] Answer. Molecule of an element is made-up of

Answer. (i) In S, 3 atoms are present only one kind of atoms,
(ii) In , 5 atoms are present. e.g., etc.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS Molecule of a compound is made-up of two or
Question. 1. Name the scientists more different kinds of atoms in a fixed ratio,
whose experimentation established laws of e.g., .
chemical combination. Name the laws also. Question. 7. What is meant by a chemical
[SAII-2014] formula ? Give examples. [SA II-2012]
Answer. Experimentation done by Antoine Answer. A chemical formula of a compound
Laurent Lavoisier and Joseph L Broust shows its constituent elements and the number
established two laws of chemical combination. of atoms of each combining element.
These laws are :(i) Law of conservation of mass. e.g., Chemical formula of ammonia
(ii) Law of constant proportions. is ,water is ,carbon
Question. 2. Give two drawbacks of Dalton’s dioxide is
atomic theory. Question. 8. What is meant by a molecule ?
Answer. Drawbacks of Dalton’s Atomic Theory : Give examples. [SA II-2012]
(i) According to modern theory, atom is not the Answer. A molecule is the smallest particle of
ultimate indivisible particle of matter. Today, we an element or a compound capable of
know that atoms are divisible, i.e., they are independent existence under ordinary
themselves made-up of particles (protons, conditions. It shows all the properties of the
electrons, neutrons, etc.). substance. e.g., molecule of oxygen is ,
(ii) In case of isotopes of an element, the ozone is , phosphorus is ,
assumption that the atoms of the same element sulphur
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have same mass does not hold good. Question. 9. Define one mole, illustrate its
Question. 3. Calculate molar mass of relationship with Avogadro constant.
sulphuric acid. Answer. One mole of any species (atoms,
Answer. molecules, ions or particles) is that quantity in
number having a mass equal to its atomic or
molecular mass in grams.
The number of particles (atoms, molecules or
ions) present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed,
with a value of 6.022 x . This number
is called Avogadro constant or Avogadro
Question. 4. Give the electronic configuration number.
of: Question. 10. Hydrogen and oxygen combine
(i) Al atom and its ion in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water.
(ii) O atom and its ion What mass of oxygen gas would be required
Answer. to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen
gas ? [SAII -2011]
Answer. 1 g of hydrogen reacts with oxygen = 8
g
3 g of hydrogen reacts with oxygen
= 8 x 3 g = 24 g
Question. 11. Write down the formula of :
Question. 5. Give one example each of (i) [SAII-2011]
Monovalent cation (ii) Bivalent cation (iii) (i) Sodium oxide (ii) Aluminium chloride
Monovalent anion (iv) Bivalent anion (iii) Sodium sulphide (iv) Magnesium
Answer. hydroxide
Question. 6. How would you differentiate

between a molecule of element and a
molecule of compound ? Write one example
of each type. [SA II-2012]
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Answer. 3 MARKS QUESTIONS

Question. 1. Write the chemical symbols of
two elements:
(i) Which are formed from the first letter of
the elements’ name ?
(ii) Whose names have been taken from the
names of the elements in Latin ?
(iii) Which are formed from the first two
letters of the elements’ name ?
Answer. (i) N (Nitrogen), F(Fluorine), I (Iodine),
O (Oxygen) (any two)
(ii) Fe (Ferrum), Cu (Cuprum), Ag (Argentum),
Au (Aurum) (any two)
(iii) Ca (Calcium), He (Helium), Al (Aluminium),
Si (Silicon) (any two)
Question. 12. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt
Question. 2. Write the correct symbols of the
in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is
following elements which are written
produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will
incorrectly. (i) FE (Iron) (ii) AL (Aluminium)
be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in
(iii) CO (Cobalt) (iv) AG (silver) (v) NA
50.00 g of oxygen ? Which law of chemical
(sodium) (vi) AR (Argon)
combination will govern your answer ? [SAII
Answer. (i) Fe (ii) Al (iii) Co (iv) Ag (v) Na (vi) Ar
-2011]
Question. 3. State two examples in each case
Answer. 3 g of carbon produce carbon dioxide =
and write their chemical formulae:
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11 g.
(a) Molecules having (me kind of atoms only.
The remaining oxygen 50 g – 8 g = 42 g does
(b) Molecules having two different kinds of
not take part in the reaction.
atoms.
The law of definite proportion is governed by the
(c) Molecules having three different kinds of
above data.
atoms.
Question. 13. What are polyatomic ions ?
Answer.
Give examples. [SAII -2011]
Answer. Polyatomic ions: Two or more different
atoms unite to form a charged particle is called
polyatomic ions.
Examples: Phosphate,
Nitrate. Question. 4. State what are ions. Write the
Question. 14. Give the names of the elements formulae of two divalent cations and anions
present in the following compounds: each.
(a) Quicklime (b) Hydrogen bromide Answer. Ions are charged particles of atoms or
(c) Baking powder (d) Potassium sulphate. group of atoms
Answer.
Cations
Anions :
Question. 5. Classify the following
compounds diatomic, triatomic and
polyatomic molecules: [SAII-2014]
Question. 15. What is the mass of: [SAII
-2011] Answer. Diatomic :
(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms ? Tri atomic :
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules ? Polyatomic :
Answer. (a) 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 1 x 16 –
16 g Question. 6. Write the names of the following
0.2 mole of oxygen atoms – 16 g x 0.2 = 3.2 g compounds:
(b) 1 mole of water ( ) molecules = 2
x 1 g + 1 x 16 g=18 g
0.5 mole of water ( ) molecules – 18 Answer. (a) Nickel sulphide, (b) Magnesium
g x 0.5 = 9.0 g nitrate,
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(c) Sodium sulphate, (d) Aluminium nitrate, Answer.

(e) Potassium phosphate, (f) Calcium nitride
Question. 7. Write the chemical names of the
following compounds:
Answer. (a) Potassium sulphate, (b) Magnesium

phosphate,
(c) Ammonium chloride, (d) Zinc sulphide,
(e) Sodium nitride, (f) Silver bromide.
Question. 8. In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium Question. 11. If one mole of carbon atoms
carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. weighs 12 gram, what is the mass (in gram)
The products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, of 1 atom of carbon? [SAII-2011]
0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Answer.
Show that these observations are in
agreement with the law of conservation of
mass, sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid —>
sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water.
Answer. Mass of reactants before experiment
Question. 12. A 0.24 g sample of compound
= Mass of sodium carbonate + Mass of ethanoic
of oxygen and boron was found by analysis
acid
to contain 0.096 g of boron and 0.144 g of
= 5.3 g + 6g = 11.3 g
oxygen. Calculate the percentage
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Mass of products after experiment
composition of the compound by weight.
= Mass of sodium ethanoate + Mass of carbon
Answer.
dioxide + Mass of water
=8.2 g + 2.2 g +0.9 g = 11.3 g
The mass of reactants is equal to the mass of
products, therefore, it proves law of conservation
of mass.
Question. 9. Write down the names of
compounds represented by the following
formulae: [SAII -2011]
Question. 13. Write the chemical formulae of
the following: [SAII-2015]
Answer. (a) Magnesium chloride (b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate (d) Aluminium chloride
(e)Calcium carbonate. (f) Ammonium
hydroxide
Question. 10. Calculate the formula unit

masses of ZnO, O, C
, given atomic masses of Zn = 65u,
Na = 23u, K = 39 u, C =3 12 u, and O = 16 u.
[SAII – 2015]
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Answer. Answer.
Question. 16. Calculate the number of

molecules of sulphur ( ) present in 16
g of solid sulphur. [SAII – 2011]
Answer.
Question. 17. Calculate the number of

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aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of
aluminium oxide.(Hint: The mass of an ion is
the same as that of an atom of the same
element. Atomic mass of Al = 27 u). [SAII-
2011]
Question. 14. What is the mass of: Answer.
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms ?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic
mass of aluminium = 27) ?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (
) ? [SAII-2011]
Answer. (a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms
= 1 x gram atomic mass of nitrogen atom
= 1 x 14 g = 14 g
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms
= 4 x gram atomic mass of aluminium atoms
= 4 x 27 g = 108 g
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (
)
= 10 (2 x gram atomic mass of Na + 1 x gram
atomic mass of sulphur + 3 x- gram atomic mass 5 MARKS QUESTIONS
of oxygen) Question. 1. Give the postulates of Dalton’s
= 10(2x23g+1 x32g + 3x16g) atomic theory.
= 10 (46 g + 32 g + 48 g) Answer.
= 10 x 126 g = 1260 g 1. Every element is composed of extremely
Question. 15. Convert into mole. (a)12 g of small particles called atoms.
oxygen gas (b) 20 g of water (c) 22 g of 2. Atoms of a given element are identical, both
carbon dioxide. [SAII-2011] in mass and properties. Different chemical
elements have different kinds of atoms; in
particular, their atoms have different masses.
3. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or
transformed into atoms of other elements.
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4. Compounds are formed when atoms of Answer.

different elements combine with each other in
small whole number ratios.
5. The relative number and kinds of atoms in a
given compound are constant.
Question. 2. (a) Give one point of difference
between an atom and an ion.
(b) Give one example each of a polyatomic
cation and an anion.
(c) Identify the correct chemical name of FeS
: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous sulphide,
Ferrous sulphite.
(d) Write the chemical formula for the
chloride of magnesium. [SAII-2014]
Answer.
Question. 3. (a) Define: (i) Molecular mass, (ii)

Avogadro constant.
(b) Calculate the number of molecules in 50 g
of CaC . (Atomic mass of Ca = 40 777academy
u, C
= 12 u and O = 16 u)
(c) If one mole of sodium atom weighs 23 g, Question. 5. Calculate the molar mass of the
following substances:
what is the mass (in g) of one atom of
(a) Ethyne, (b) Sulphur
sodium ?
molecule,
Answer.
(c) Phosphorus molecule, (Atomic
mass of phosphorus = 31)
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCI (e) Nitric acid, HN
[SAII-2011]
Answer.
Question. 4. Calculate the molecular masses

of , ,C ,C ,C
, , ,
N ,C OH, S.
APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS

Question. 1. When 3.0 g of magnesium is
burnt in 2.00 g of oxygen, 5.00 g of
magnesium oxide is produced. What mass of
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magnesium oxide will be formed when 3.00 g carbon atom carried by Sidak = (5 x 12) g = 60 g
magnesium is burnt in 5.00 g of oxygen ? Thus, Sehaj’s container is heavy.
Which law of chemical combination will (b) Both the bags have same number of atoms
govern your answer ? State the law.[SAII- as they have same number of moles of atoms.
2014] Question. 5. Fill in the missing data in the
Answer. When 3.0 g of magnesium is burnt in table:
2.00 g of oxygen, 5.00 g of magnesium oxide is
produced. It means magnesium and oxygen are
combined in the ratio of 3 : 2 to form magnesium
oxide.
Thus, when 3.00 g of magnesium is burnt in 5.00
g of oxygen, 5.00 g of magnesium oxide will be Answer.
formed and the remaining oxygen will be left
unused.
It is governed by law of definite proportion.
It states that in a chemical substance, the
elements are always present in definite
proportions by mass.
Question. 2. State the law of conservation of
Question. 6. The visible universe is estimated
mass. Is this law applicable to the chemical
to contain stars. How many
reactions ? Elaborate your answer with the
moles of stars are present in the visible
help of an example. [SAII-2014]
universe ?
Answer. Law ,of conservation of mass states 777academy
Answer.
that mass can neither be created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction.
Yes, this law is applicable to the chemical
reactions.
In all chemical reactions, there is only exchange Question. 7. The formula unit of mass
of reactants taking place when products are of 0 is 62 U. Calculate the atomic
formed. There is no loss or gain of mass. mass of sodium (Na). (Given atomic mass of
For example, in the following reaction, the total oxygen = 16)
mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass Answer.
of the products formed.
Question. 3. A sample of vitamin C is known

to contain 2.58 x oxygen atoms. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
How many moles of oxygen atoms are Questions
present in the sample ? Question. 1. Calcium chloride when
Answer. dissolved in water dissociates into its ions
according to the following
equation:

Calculate the number of ions obtained from
Ca when 222 g of it is dissolved in
water.
Question. 4. Sidak took 5 moles of carbon Answer.
atoms in a container and Sehaj also took 5
moles of sodium atoms in another container
of same weight, (a) Whose container is
heavier ? (b) Whose container has more
number of atoms ?
Answer. (a) Mass of sodium atoms carried by
Sehaj = (5 x 23) g = 115 g While, mass of
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Answer.
Question. 6. Which has more number of

atoms ? (i) 100 g of or (ii) 100 g of N
Question. 2. The difference in the mass of
100 moles each of sodium atoms and sodium Answer.
ions is 5.48002 g. Compute the mass of an
electron.
Answer. A sodium atom and ion, differ by one
electron. For 100 moles each of sodium atoms
and ions there would be a difference of 100
moles of electrons.
Mass of 100 moles of electrons = 5.48002 g
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Question. 7. Compute the number of ions
present in 5.85 g of sodium chloride.
Answer.
Question. 3. Cinnabar (HgS) is a prominent
ore of mercury. How many grams of mercury
is present in 225 g of pure HgS ? Molar mass
of Hg and S are 200.6 g and 32
g respectively.
Answer.
Question. 8. A gold sample contains 90% of
gold and the rest copper. How many atoms of
gold are present in one gram of this sample
of gold ?
Answer.
Question. 4. The mass of one steel screw is
4.11 g. Find the mass of one mole of these
steel screws. Compare this value with the
mass of the earth (5.98 x 1024kg). Which one
of the two is heavier and by how many
times ?
Question. 9. What are ionic and molecular
Answer.
compounds ? Give examples.
Answer. Atoms of different elements join
together in definite proportions to form molecules
of compounds.
Examples : water, ammonia, carbon dioxide.
Compounds composed of metals and non-
metals contain charged species. The charged
Question. 5. Compute the difference in species are known as ions. An ion is a charged
masses of moles each of particle and can be negatively or positively
magnesium atoms and magnesium ions. charged. A negatively charged ion is called an
(Mass of an electron = 9.1 x kg) anion and the positively charged ion is called
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

cation. Examples : sodium chloride, calcium Answer.

oxide.
Question. 10. Compute the difference in
masses of one mole each of aluminium
atoms and one mole of its ions. (Mass of an
electron is 9.1 x g). Which one is
heavier ?
Answer.
Question. 13. (a) Calculate the number of

molecules of S present in 44 g of it.
(b) If one mole of oxygen atoms weighs 16
grams, find the mass of one atom of oxygen
in (grams).
Answer.
Question. 11. A silver ornament of mass ‘m’

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gram is polished with gold equivalent to 1 %
of the mass of silver. Compute the ratio of
the number of atoms of gold and silver in the
ornament.
Answer.
Question. 14. Sodium is represented

as
(а) What is its atomic mass ?
(b) Write its gram atomic mass.
(c) How many atoms of Na will be there in
11.5 g of the sample ?
Answer.
Question. 12. A sample of ethane (
) gas has the same mass as 1.5
x molecules of methane (C
). How many
molecules does the sample of gas contain ?
Reasoning Questions
Question. 1. (а) Why does not atomic mass of
an element represent the actual mass of its
atom ?
(b) “The atomic mass of an element is in
fraction.” What does it mean ?
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Answer. (a) Atoms of different elements are mass of Na = 23 u, Cl = 35.5 u)

very small and their actual masses are extremely Answer. The formula unit mass is same as
small. To solve this problem we consider the molecular mass which is equal to the sum of
relative atomic mass of the element. The relative masses of atoms present in a formula unit.
atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 u and its Formula unit mass of NaCI = (23 + 35.5) = 58.5
corresponding gram atomic mass is 1 g. u.
(b) If the atomic mass of an element is in fraction Question. 3. (a) Give an example in each of
this means that it exists in the form of isotopes. the following cases:
The atomic mass of such element is the average (i) a divalent anion. (ii) a trivalent cation.
of atomic masses of its isotopes and is generally (iii) a monovalent anion.
in fraction. (b) Calculate the mass of the following:
Question. 2. Explain why the number of (i) 2 moles of carbon dioxide. (ii) 6.022
atoms in one mole of hydrogen gas is double x molecules of carbon dioxide.
the number of atoms in one mote of Helium Answer.
gas ?
Answer. The number of atoms in one mole of
hydrogen gas is double the number of atoms in
one mole of helium gas because hydrogen
molecule is diatomic i.e., a molecule of hydrogen
consists of two atoms of hydrogen, whereas
helium is monoatomic. Question. 4. (a) Write the chemical formulae
Question. 3. Why atoms form ions ? of the following:
Answer. In order to become stable by acquiring (i) Calcium oxide, (ii) Magnesium chloride,
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the stable electronic configuration of nearest (iii) Aluminium hydroxide
noble gas. (b) Calculate the number of molecules of
Important Topics/Areas/Questions which are sulphur ( ) present in 128 g of solid
frequently asked in the examination sulphur. (Atomic mass S = 32 u)
Question. 1. Write three points of difference Answer.
between an atom and a molecule. [SAII-2011 ]
Or
What is the difference between an atom and a
molecule ? [SAII-2011, 2012]
Answer.
Question. 2. Define formula unit mass.

Calculate formula unit mass of NaCI (Atomic
CBSE Class 9
Science Notes
Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms
Diversity: This earth is full of organisms of various shapes and sizes. The largest Phylum of
animal kingdom alone contains over a million species. There are varieties of plants, right from
small grasses to tall Eucalyptus trees. This variety in living beings is called diversity.
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Biodiversity: The variety of animals and plants living in a given geographical area is called
biodiversity of that geographical area.
Need for a System of Classification: Because of the huge diversity in living beings it becomes
very difficult task to study each of them one by one. To make their study easier animals and plants
were categorized in groups and sub¬groups. Thus the system of classification started.
Classification by Aristotle: Aristotle classified animals according to their living environment. So
he categorized them as either aquatic or terrestrial.
Drawbacks of Aristotle’s Classification: Both in sea as well as on land we can find animals and
plants. Moreover, there are very small animals, like sea-horse, along with large animals, like
whale. So, this was not a good basis of classification.
Basis of Classification
(a) Presence or Absence of Nucleus in Cells
Prokaryotes: Those organisms which have cells without well defined nucleus are called
prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes: Those organisms which have cells with well defined nucleus are Called eukaryotes.
Presence of nucleus and membrane-bound organelles gives better efficiency to cells.
(b) Number of Cells in an Organism
Unicellular: Those organisms having single cell are termed as unicellular organisms. In them the
single cell is responsible for carrying out all necessary functions to maintain life.
Multicellular: Those organisms having more than one cell are called multicellular organisms.
Because of more number of cells there can be some division of labour to gain more efficiency.
(c) Mode of Nutrition
Autotrophs: Organisms producing their own food are called autotrophs. All green plants are
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autotrophs. They have a pigment (chlorophyll) in green parts which facilitates photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs: Organisms dependent on either plants or animals are called heterotrophs.They
don’t have chlorophylls. All animals, fungi and certain bacteria and protozoa belong to this group.
(d) Level of Organisation in Body
In multicellular organisms which are small, like hydra particular group of cells are assigned a
particular function. But in larger organisms, tissues group to form an organ, which in turn make
organ system. For example, in human beings there are separate systems for performing specific
tasks.
Even in larger plants there is separate root system for conduction of water and minerals, leaf for
photosynthesis and flowers for reproduction. Based on these characters organisms can be further
classified into various sub-groups.
Evolutionary Relationship or Phylogenetic Relationship
Charles Darwin wrote a book “Origin of Species’ in 1859 and gave his theories of evolution. As per
his theories all organisms have evolved from unicellular organisms. Primitive body designs came
early in evolutionary history leading to more complex designs. This gave rise to such a huge
diversity in life forms. Because of common ancestry, all organisms are related. The closer
evolutionary relation between two organisms is also one of the basis of classification of organisms.
The Hierarchy of Classification—Groups
Biologists, such as Ernst Haeckel (1894), Robert Whittaker (1959) and Carl Woese (1977) have
tried to classify all living organisms into broad categories, called kingdoms.
 Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification:
 Monera
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia.
 Further Levels of Classification Beyond Kingdom
 Phylum (for animals)/Division (for plants)
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
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 Species
Thus, by separating organisms on the basis of a hierarchy of characteristics into smaller and
smaller groups, we arrive at the basic unit of classification, which is a ‘species’. Broadly, a species
includes all organisms that are similar enough to breed and perpetuate.
 Monera
 These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or organelles and are unicellular.
 Cell walls present in some organisms of this group.
 Nutrition: Autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Examples: Bacteria and blue-green algae
 Protista
 Unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
 Locomotion: By Jair-like cilia or whip-like flagella for moving around in some members.
 Nutrition: Autotrophic or heterotrophic.
 Examples: Algae, protozoans {Plasmodium, Entamoeba)
 Fungi
 Heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
 Nutrition: Saprophytic they use decaying organic materials as food.
 Lichens: Some fungi live in a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria. They are called lichens.
The algal part provides food and the fungal part provides minerals and substratum.
 Plantae
 Multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls.
 Nutrition: Autotrophs use chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
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 • Animalia
 Multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls.
 Nutrition Heterotrophs.
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
Thallophyta or Algae: Plants that do not have well-differentiated body design fall in this group.
The plants in this group are commonly called algae. These plants are predominantly aquatic.
Examples are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora and Chora.
Bryophyta: These are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom. The plant body is commonly
differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures. However, there is no specialized tissue for the
conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another. Examples
are moss (Funaria) and Marchantia.
Pteridophyta: The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has specialized
tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.
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Some examples are MarsUea, ferns and horse-tails.
Gymnosperms: The plants of this group bear naked seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen
and woody. Examples are pines and deodar.
Angiosperms: This word is made from two Greek words: angio means covered and sperma—
means seed. The seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit. These are
also called flowering plants. Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons.
Cotyledons: Cotyledons are called ‘seed leaves’ because in many instances they emerge and
become green when the seed germinates.
The angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in
the seed.
 Monocotyledonous: Seeds have a single cotyledon.
 Dicotyledonous: Seeds have two cotyledons.
Classification of Kingdom Animalia: Kingdom Animalia is further classified into several following
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phylum. Each phylum has it own classes, sub-classes orders, families, etc.
1. Porifera
 These are non-motile animals attached to some solid support which comprises of spicules of
calcium carbonate, silica.
 There are holes or “pores’, all over the body. These lead to a canal system that helps in
circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.
 Animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton which comprises of spicules of
calcium carbonate, silica.
 They have very minimal differentiation and division into tissues.
 Examples: Sponges
. Coelenterata
 Aquatic animals.
 There is a cavity in the body hence the name Coelenterate (coelom means cavity).
 Body is made of two layers of cells.
 Examples: Hydra, Jellyfish
. Platyhelminthes
 The body is bilaterally symmetrical, meaning that the left and the right halves of the body
have the same design.
 There are three layers of cells from which differentiated tissues can be made, which is why
such animals are called triploblastic.
 There is no true internal body cavity or coelom, in which well developed
organs can be accommodated.
 The body is flattened dorsiventrally, meaning from top to bottom, which is why these animals
are called flatworms.
 They are either free-living or parasitic.
 Examples: Planaria, Liver fluke
. Nematoda
 Body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
 Body is cylindrical rather than flattened.
 False body cavity or a pseudocoelom, is present.
 These are very familiar as parasitic worms causing diseases, such as the worms causing
elephantiasis (filarial worms) or the worms in the intestines (roundworm or pinworms).
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 Examples: Ascaris, Wucheraria

. Annelida
 These are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
 True body cavity present.
 Body is divided into many ring like segments, hence the name annelida.
 Examples: Earthworms, Leech
. Arthropoda
 The largest group of animals.
 These are bilaterally symmetrical and segmented.
 There is an open circulatory system, and so the blood does not flow in well defined blood
vessels.
 They have jointed legs (the word ‘arthropod’ means jointed legs’).
 Examples: Ants, Cockroach, Grasshopper, Scorpions
. Mollusca
 These are bilaterally symmetrical.
 Reduced coelomic cavity.
 The soft body is covered with a hard shell made of calcium carbonate.
 Examples: Snails, Mussels.
. Echinodermata
 In Greek, echino means hedgehog, and derma means skin. Thus, these are spiny skinned
organisms.
 Exclusively free-living marine animals.
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 Triploblastic animals with coelom.
 They have a peculiar water-driven tube system that they use for moving around.
 Skeleton made of calcium carbonate.
 Examples: Starfish and Sea urchins
. Protochordata
 These animals are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a coelom.
 In addition, they show a new feature of body design, namely a notochord, at least at some
stages during their lives.
 The notochord is a long rod-like support structure (chord*string) that runs along the back of
the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut. It provides a place for muscles to attach
for ease of movement.
 Examples: Balanoglossus, Herdemarda and Amphioxus.

. Vertebrata
These animals have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton, allowing a completely different
distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement. Vertebrates are bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented, with complex differentiation of body tissues and
organs. All chordates possess the following features:
 Notochord
 Dorsal nerve cord
 Triploblastic
 Paired gill pouches
 Coelomate
Vertebrates are grouped into five classes:
1. Pisces
 Body is streamlined and has fins and tail for swimming.
 Skin is covered with scales.
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 Skeleton can be made of bone or cartilage.

 Intake’ of oxygen is by gills.
 Cold-blooded animals.
 The two-chambered heart is present.
 Examples: Fishes like Rohu, Tuna, Shark
. Amphibia
 They are adapted to live both on land and water.
 Respiration is through either gills or lungs.
 The three-chambered heart is present.
 Examples: Frogs, Toads, Salamander
. Reptilia
 These are crawling animals.
 Skin is rough and modified to withstand extreme temperatures.
 The heart is three chambered in most, while four-chambered in crocodiles.
 Cold-blooded animals.
 Examples: Lizards, Turtles, Snakes
. Aves
 Body is covered with feathers and forelimbs are modified for flying.
 Breathing through lungs.
 Warms blooded animals.
 The four-chambered heart is present.
 Examples: Sparrow, Eagle, Crow,777academy
Parrot
. Mammalia
 Mammary glands are present which produce milk to nurture young ones.
 Skin is covered with hairs and has sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
 Warm-blooded animals with four-chambered heart.
 Most animals are viviparous (giving birth to live young ones), some are oviparous (producing
eggs).
 Examples: Man, Horse, Kangaroo, Lion
Conventions for writing the scientific names:
1. The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
2. The name of the species begins with a small letter.
3. When printed, the scientific name is given in italics.
4. When written by hand, the genus name and the species name have to be underlined separately.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Answer. Diploblasty is a condition of the blastula
in which there are two primary germ layers —
1 MARK QUESTIONS the ectoderm and the endoderm.
Question. 1 Name one basic characteristic Example: Jellyfish.
for classifying organisms. Question.5 A pore bearing organism like
Answer. Cell structure. creature ‘A’ belongs to a phylum ‘B’ of
Question. 2 What was the modification kingdom Animalia. Identify ‘A’and’B’ [SAII-
introduced by Woese in kingdom Monera ? 2014]
[SAII -2012] Answer. A — Sponges, B — Porifera.
Answer. Carl Woese modified the Kingdom Question.6 Homo sapiens is the scientific
Monera by dividing it into Archae-bacteria and name of human beings. What do these two
Eubacteria. terms imply ? [SAII – 2014]
Question. 3 Define the term henpaphrodite. Answer. Homo sapiens : Homo is the
Give one example [SAII – 2014] human”genus and sapiens is the only surviving
Answer. A hermaphrodite is an organism that species of the genus Homo.
has both male and female genitalia. Question.7 Rewrite the scientific names
Example: Earthworm. correctly (i) panthera tigris (ii) periplaneta
Question. 4 What do you understand by Americana. [SAII – 2014]
diploblasty ? Give one example of an Answer. (i) Panthera tigris (ii) Periplaneta
organism which is diploblastic. [SAII -2014] americana.
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Question.8 Name two egg laying mammals. found ? [SAII -2014]

Answer. (i) Platypus (ii) Echidna. Answer.
Question.9 What is the primary characteristic (i) Thalldphyta
on which the first division of organisms is (ii)These plants are predominantly found in
made ? aquatic habitat.
Answer. The primary characteristics on which Question.6 Differentiate between Bryophyta
the first division of organisms is made in : Do the and Pteridophyta. Give one example of each.
cells Answer.
occur singly or are they grouped together and do
they live as an indivisible group
Question.10 Which division among plants
has the simplest organisms ?
Answer. The division ‘Thallophyta’ among plants Question.7 Prawn, housefly and spider
has the simplest organisms as they do not have belong to one group.
well- differentiated body design. (i) Name the group.
2-MARKS QUESTIONS (ii)Justify the name given to this group.
Question.1 In which two categories, the Answer.
organisms are divided on the basis of (i) Arthropoda.
evolution ? How are the two categories (ii) They have jointed legs. The word ‘arthropod’
different from each other ? [SAII – 2014] means jointed legs.
Answer. On the basis of evolution, the Question.8 What is meant by warm-blooded
organisms are divided into two categories : and cold-blooded animals ? Explain. [SAII –
(a) ‘Primitive’ or ‘lower’ organisms 2014]
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(b) ‘Advanced’ or ‘higher’ organisms Answer. Warm-blooded animals have a
Advanced organisms results from the gradual relatively higher blood temperature and can
development of more complex organisms jfrom maintain the constant internal body temperature
the simpler ones /.e., primitive organisms. through metabolic processes. Mammals and
Question.2 Why is it difficult to classify birds are warm-blooded animals.
bacteria ? Give two reasons. [SAII -2014] Cold-blooded animals like reptiles, amphibians
Answer. It is difficult to classify bacteria because and fish continuously change their body
: temperature
(i) These organisms do not have a well defined with change in the temperature of the
nucleus or organelles and do not have environment.
multicellular body designs. Question.9 List two distinguishing features
(ii) Mode of nutrition of these organisms can be between annelids and arthropods.
either autotrophic or heterotrophic. Answer.
Question.3 What are species ? State in terms 1. Arthropods have jointed legs that annelids
of (1) hierarchy of classifications and (2) in lacks.
relation to reproduction. [SAII -2014] 2. Arthropods have their coelomic cavity filled
Answer. with blood that is absent in annelids,
1. Hierarchy of classification: Species is the Question. 10 Write the type of body cavity
lowermost category in the hierarchy of and symmetry possessed by nematodes.
classification of groups of organisms. [SAII-2014]
2. In relation to reproduction : A species Answer. Body cavity: Pseudocoelom.
includes all organisms that are similar enough Symmetry: Bilateral.
to breed and perpetuate. Question.11 Give two features of Pisces.
Question.4 What are Cryptogams ? Why are Answer.
they called so ?
1. Their skin are covered with scales/plates.
Answer. Thallophytes, Bryophytes and
2. They are cold-blooded animals.
Pteridophytes are classified as Cryptogams as
Question.12 On what basis are plants and
they have hidden reproductive organs.
animals put into different categories ?
Question.5 We start classification of plants
Answer. Plants and animals are put into
on the basis of differentiation of plant body.
different categories on the basis of their ability to
(i) Which division lacks a well differentiated
make their f own food. Being able to produce
body design ?
one’s own food versus having to get food from
(ii). Where are such plants pr&iominantly
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outside would make very different body designs Question. 3 Study the figure and Answer the
necessary. following questions:
Question.13 Will advanced organisms be the
same as complex organisms ? Why ?
Answer. Yes, advanced organisms be the same
as complex organisms because there is a
possibility that complexity in design will increase
over evolutionary time. Thus, it may not be
wrong to say that ‘older’ (‘primitive’ or ‘lower’)
organisms are simpler while ‘younger’
(‘advanced’ or ‘higher’) organisms are more
complex. Answer.
Question.14 In the hierarchy of classification,
which grouping will have the smallest
number of organisms with a maximum of
characteristics in common and which will
have the largest number of organisms? [SAII
– 2011] Question.4 Give three differences between
Answer. The grouping having the smallest Monocot and Dicot plant. [SAII – 2014]
number of organisms with a maximum of Answer.
characteristics in ; common is the ‘species’.
While the grouping having the largest number of
organisms with a maximum of characteristics777academy
in
common is the ‘kingdom’.
Question.15 Explain the basis for grouping
organisms into five kingdoms.[SAII – 2011]
Answer. The basis for grouping organisms into Question.5 What is meant by characteristic of
five kingdoms depends on their: an organism ? Mention two characteristics of
(a) Cell structure. class reptilia. [SAII- 2014]
(b) Mode and source of nutrition. Answer.
(c) Body organisation. Characteristics of an organism are the features
3 MARKS QUESTIONS that help us in knowing, identifying and
Question.1 Classify the following organisms classifying the organism.
into their respective kingdoms as per The two characteristics of class Reptilia are as
Whittaker’s five kingdom classification: follows :
Amoeba, Euglena, Birds, Herbs, Cats, 1. These are cold-blooded animals.
Lactobacillus. 2. They respire through lungs.
Answer. Amoeba — Protista Euglena — Question.6 State any two characteristics of
Protista mammalia. Name two egg laying mammals.
Birds — Animalia Herbs — Plantae [SAII – 2014]
Cats — Animalia Lactobacillus — Monera Answer. Characteristics of mammalia :
Question.2 Make a table to differentiate 1. Mammals are warm-blooded animals having
between Monera and Fungi on the following hairs on body.
basis: 2. They have four chambered heart.
(а) Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic 3. They have mammary glands for the
(b) Cell wall production of milk to nourish their young onesv
Answer. 4. Skin has sweat or oil glands.
Egg laying mammals: Platypus, Echidna.
Question.7 Explain the following terms:
(i) Bilateral symmetry, (ii) Triploblastic
animals and (iii) Open circulatory system.
[SAII-2014]
Answer.
(i) Bilateral symmetry : It means that the left and
right halves of the body have the same design. It
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is fourid in Platyhelminthes. organelles, including a nucleus, which allow

(ii) Triploblastic animals : In triploblastic animals, cellular processes to be carried out efficiently in
there are three layers of cells from which isolation from each other.
differentiated tissues can be made. (b) Further, nucleated cells would have the
(iii) Open circulatory system : In open circulatory capacity to participate in makinga multicellular
system, blood does not flow in well defined blood organism because they can take up specialised
vessels. Blood is pumped by a heart into the functions. Therefore, this is a basic characteristic
body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by of classification.
the blood. Question.12 Which organisms are called
Question.8 Tabulate the following features primitive and how are they different from the
and compare Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia: so-called advanced organisms ? [SAII – 2011]
(a) Exoskeleton (b) Number of chambers in Answer.
heart [SAII – 2014]
Answer.
Question.9 Write appropriate terms for the

following:
(a) Animals that are able to maintain a certain Question.13 How are pteridophytes different
body temperature over a wide range of 777academy from the phanerogams? [SAII-2011]
temperature in the environment. Answer.
(b) Plants which bear naked seed.
(c) Animals which have pseudocoelom.
Answer. (a) Warm-blooded animal, (b) Gym
nosperms, (c) Nematoda.
Question.10 Give three examples of the
range of variations that you see in life forms
around you.
Answer. The following range of variations can Question.14 How do gymnosperms and
be seen in different life forms which occurs on angiosperms differ from each other ? [SAII
Earth. -2011]
1. Variation in size: Some microscopic bacteria Answer.
are few micrometre in size whereas blue whale
and redwood trees of California are
approximately of 30 metres and 100 metres
respectively.
2. Variation in lifespan : Some pine trees live
for thousands of years while insects like
mosquitoes die within a few days.
3. Variation in body colours: Some life forms
such as worms are colourless or even
transparent whereas many of the birds,
insects, flowers etc., are brightly coloured.
Question.15 How would you choose between
Question.11 Which do you think is a more two characteristics to be used for developing
basic characteristic for classifying a hierarchy in classification ?
organisms : Answer. The characteristics which are taken
(a) the place where they live ? into account for developing a hierarchy in
(b) the kind of cells they are made of with? classification are :
Answer. The more basic characteristic for 1. Whether cell has membrane-bound
organelles present or not. Because such cells
classifying organisms is the kind of cells they are
would have different biochemical pathways
made of because: having an effect on every aspect of cell design.
(a) An eukaryotic cell has membrane-bound
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2. Whether the cells occur singly or are they (d) Cell structure
grouped together. Because this makes a very (e) Protista.
basic distinction in the body designs of Question.3 (a) Why are angiosperms so
organisms. called ? In which structures do the seeds
3. Whether organisms produce their own food develop ? Why are cotyledons considered an
(plants) or acquire it(animals). important part of seed ?
In this way, we can build-up a whole hierarchy of (b) Differentiate between the two categories
mutually related characteristics to be used for of angiosperms giving an example of
classification. each. [SAII – 2014]
Question.16 How are the criteria for deciding Answer.
divisions in plants different from the criteria (a) Angiosperms are so called because these
for deciding the subgroups among animals ? plants have covered seeds.
Answer. The characteristics of body design Seeds develop within ovary which later modify
used for classification of plants will be very into fruit.
different from those important for classifying Cotyledons are considered an important part of
animals. This is because the basic designs are seed as these are seed leaves. In many
different, based on the need to make their own instances, they emerge and become green when
food (plants) or acquire it (animals). Therefore, the seed germinates.
these design features (having a skeleton) are to (b) The angiosperms are divided into two
be used to make subgroups, rather than making categories depending upon the number of
broad groups. cotyledons present in the seeds:
5 MARKS QUESTIONS (i) Monocot — Plants having single cotyledon,
Question.1 X, Y and Z are living organisms. e.g., Paphiopedilum, maize.
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(a) Identify the group to which they belong on (ii) Dicot — Plants having two cotyledons, e.g.,
the basis of following features. . Ipomoea, sunflower.
(i) X — Microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic. Question.4
(ii) Y — Microscopic, unicellular, eukaryotic, (a) Identify the organism shown in the picture
and shows locomotion with the help of and write the common name and scientific
pseudopodia/flagella. name of the organism.
(iii) Z — Multicellular, filamentous, (b) Name its phylum and kingdom.
eukaryotic, autotrophic and aquatic. (c) Which organ of digestive system normally
(b) Which amongst the above is most harbours this organism ?
advanced ?
(c) Name one organism each belonging to the
groups of X, Y and Z. [SAII-2014]
Answer.
(a) (i) Monera, (ii) Protista, (iii) Plantae
(Thallophyta)
(b) Fungi are most advanced organisms as
compared to Protista and Monera. Answer.
(c) X — Bacteria (a) It is Ascaris.Common name is
Y — Amoeba Roundworm.Scientific name is Ascaris
Z —Spirogyra. lumbricoides.
Question.2 Give the appropriate term for (b) Phylum — Nematoda and Kingdom-Animalia.
each of the following: (c) Small intestine (an organ of digestive system)
(а) Complex sugar that makes the fungal cell normally harbours this organism.
wall. Question.5
(b) Plants which bear naked seeds. (a) Identify three features possessed by all
(c) Blue-green algae. chordates.
(d) Basic unit of classification. (b) Name the classes of vertebrates which
(e) Group of unicellular eukaryotic organism. have the following characteristics:
[SAII – 2014] (1) Animals that have streamlined body and
Answer. gills for breathing.
(a) Chitin (2) Animals that are found both on land and
(b) Gymnosperms in water.
(c) Cyanobacteria (3) Animals that have mammary glands for
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the production of milk to nourish their young Answer.

ones.
Answer.
(a) Features of chordates:
 They have notochord.
 They have a dorsal hollow nerve chord.
 They are triploblastic.
 They have paired gill pouches.
 They are coelomate.
(b)
1. Pisces
2. Amphibians
3. Mammals.
Question.6 What is the criterion for
classification of organisms as belonging to
kingdom Monera or Protista? [SAII – 2011] Question.8 How do annelid animals differ
Answer.Criterion for classification of organisms from arthropods ? [SAII -2014]
belonging to kingdom Monera: Answer.
(i) These organisms do not have a defined
nucleus or organelles, nor do any of them show
multicellular body designs.
(ii) Some of them have cell walls while some do
not have. 777academy
The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group

can be either by synthesizing their own food
(autotrophic) or getting it from the environment
(heterotrophic).
(iv) This group includes bacteria, blue-green
algae or cyanobacteria and mycoplasma.
Criterion for classification of organisms
Question.9 What are the differences between
belonging to kingdom Protista:
amphibians and reptiles ? [SAII – 2011]
(i) This group includes many kinds of unicellular
Answer.
eukaryotic organisms.
(ii) Some of these organisms use appendages,
such as hair-like cilia or whip-like flagella for
moving around.
(iii) Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or
heterotrophic.
(iv) This group includes unicellular algae,
diatoms and protozoans.
Question.7 How do poriferan animals differ
from coelenterate animals ? [SAII -2011]
Question.10 What are the differences

between animals belonging to the Aves
group and those in the Mammalia
group ? [SAII- 2011]
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Answer. further subgroups.

Answer. The following characteristics are
considered while classifying Vertebrata into
further subgroups – (classes) :
APPLICATION BASED
Question.11 What are the advantages of
QUESTIONS
classifying organisms ? Question.1 Distinguish between the
Answer. The importance of classification is : following:
1. It provides us an information regarding the (a) Fungi and Plantae on the basis of
diversity of plants and animals. nutrition.
2. It provides insight into the origin of organism (b) Gymnosperms and Angiosperms on the
and interrelationship between them. basis of fruits. [SAII-2014]
3. It makes the study of wide variety of Answer. (a) Fungi shows heterotrophic mode of
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organisms. nutrition /.e., they cannot prepare their food while
4. It helps in understanding the evolution of Plantae are autotrophs i.e., they prepare their
organisms. – own food by the process of photosynthesis.
5. Various fields of applied biology like (b) Gymnosperms bear naked seeds while
agriculture, environmental biology etc., also Angiosperms have seeds which develop inside
depends t upon correct identification and an organ which later modifies into a fruit.
classification of pest, disease, vector etc. Question.2 A plant specimen was found
6. It serves as a base for the development of without differentiated roots. ‘
other biological sciences like biogeography (a) Which plant structure helps in attaching
and this plant to the substratum ?
ecology. (b) To which group you will keep this plant ?
The science of classification thus contributes to (c) Which plant could it be ?
a larger extent in advancing knowledge in Answer. (a) Thallus, (b) Thallophyta, (c) Algae.
most of the other disciplines of biology. Question.3 Give a comparative account of
Question.12 What are the major divisions in the following:
the plantae ? What is the basis for these (a) Ulothrix and Funaria
divisions ? [SAII – 2014] (b) Marchantia and Marselia
Answer. (c) Fern and Pinus
The major divisions in the kingdom plantae are : (d) Cycas and rose
(i) Thallophyta (ii) Bryophyta (e) Wheat and gram
(iii) Pteridophyta (iv) Gymnosperms Answer.
(v) Angiosperms. (a) Ulothrix is Thallophytes and Funaria is
The basis of these divisions are : Bryophytes.
(a) Whether the plant body has well (b) Marchantia is Bryophytes and Marsilea is
differentiated, distinct components. Pteridophytes.
(b) Whether the differentiated plant body has (c) Fern and Pinus both the plants belongs to
special tissues for the transport of water and group Pteridophyta.
other substances within it. (d) Cycas is gymnospermic plant whereas rose
(c) The ability to bear seeds. is angiospermic plant.
(d) Whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits. (e) Wheat is monocot plant whereas gram is
Question.13 Explain how dicot plant.
animalflTrvertebrata are classified into
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Question.4 Protochordates possesses a (E) Mollusca

notochord in larval forms. Appraise the use (f) Spiny skinned animals
of this feature in these animals. : (F) Annelida
Answer. The notochord is a long rod-like Answer.
support structure (chord = string) that runs along (a) C (b) B (c) F (d) A (e) E
the back of the animal separating the nervous Question.9 Match items of column (A) with
tissue from the gut. It provides a place for items of column (B).
muscles to attach for ease of movement. (A)
Question.5 Write two examples of each of the (B)
following: (а) Naked seed (A)
(a) Animals that do not loeomote. Angiosperms
(b) Flightless birds. (b) Covered seed (B)
(c) Molluscs without shell. Gymnosperms
Answer. (c) Flagella (C)
(a) Shrimps and squids. Bryophytes
(b) Kiwi and ostrich. (d) Marchantia (D)
(c) Octopus and squids. Euglena
Question.6 Associate the following features (e) Marsilea (E)
with groups in which they first appeared. .. Thallophyta
(a) Vascular tissues (f) Cladophora (F)
(b) Notochord Pteridophyta
(c) Seeds inside fruits. (g) Pencillium (G)
Answer. Fungi
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(a) Vascular tissues —Pteridophyta Answer.
(b) Notochord — Protochordata (a) B (b) A (c) D (d) C (e) F (f) E (g) G
(c) Seeds inside fruits — Angiosperms Question.10 Classify the following organisms
Question.7 Give the scientific and common based on the absence/ presence of true
name of an organism that possesses the coelom (i.e., acoelomate, pseudocoelomate
following: and coelomate)
(а) Organisms that are found both on land Spongilla, Sea anemone, Planaria, Liver
and water. fluke, Wuchereria, Ascaris, Nereis,
(b) Organisms that lay eggs on land. Earthworm, Scorpion, Birds, Fishes, Horse.
(c) Organisms having skeleton made of Answer.
cartilage. Spongilla – Acoelomate Sea anemone –
(d) Organisms having hair on their body. Acoelomate Planaria – Acoelomate
(e) Organisms that are cold-blooded. Liver fluke – Acoelomate
Answer. Wuchereria – Pseudocoelomate
(a) Frog (Ranatigrina) (b) Platypus Ascaris – Pseudocoelomate
(Ornithorhynchus anatinus) Nereis – Coelomate
(c) Shark (Selachimorpha) (d) Human beings Scorpion – Coelomate
(Homo sapiens) Earthworm – Coelomate
(e) Rohu (Labio rohita). Birds,’ fishes and horse – Coelomate
Question.8 Match items of column (A) with Question.11 Endoskeleton of fishes are
items of column (B) made-up of cartilage and bone; classify the
(A) following fishes as
(B) cartilaginous or bony:
(a) Pore bearing animals (A) Torpedo, Sting ray, Dogfish, Rohu,
Arthropoda Anglerfish, Exocoetus.
(b) Diploblastic Answer. Torpedo-Cartilaginous,Stingray-
(B) Coelenterata Cartilaginous, Dogfish-Cartilaginous, Rohu-
(c) Metameric segmentation (C) Bony, Anglerfish- Cartilaginous, Exocoetus-
Porifera bony.
(d) Jointed legs Question.12 Classify the following based on
(D) Echinodermata number of chambers in their heart.Rohu,
(e) Soft bodied animals Scoliodon, Frog, Salamander, Flying lizard,
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

King Cobra, Crocodile, Ostrich, Pigeon, Bat, Paramecium.

Whale. Answer. Similarity between Amoeba and
Answer. Rohu, Scoliodon 2 chambered. Paramecium
Frog, Salamander, Flying lizard, King Cobra-3 (a) Both are unicellular and eukaryotic
chambered. organisms.
Crocodile, Ostrich, Pigeon, Bat, Whale-4 (b) Both the organisms have food vacuole.
chambered. Difference between Amoeba and Paramecium
Question.13 Give examples for the following: (a) Locomotary organ of Amoeba is pseudopodia
(a) Bilateral, dorsiventral Symmetry is found where Paramecium moves with the help of . cilia.
in…………………………. (b) Amoeba has only one nucleus whereas
(b) Worms causing disease elephantiasis Paramecium have two nuclei.
is…………………………. Question.2 You are provided with the seeds
(c) Open circulatory system is found in of gram, wheat, rice, pumpkin, maize and
………………………….where coelomic cavity pea. Classify them whether they are monocot
is filled with blood or dicot.
(d)………………………….are known to have Answer.
pseudocoelom. Gram-dicot Wheat-monocot
Answer. Rice-monocot Pumpkin-dicot
(a) Liver fluke (b) Filarial worm Maize-monocot Pea-dicOt
(c) Arthropods (d) Nematodes Question.3 Define the terms and give one
Question.14 Label a, b, c and d in given fig. example of each:
Give the function of (b). (a) Bilateral symmetry (b) Coelom (c)
Triploblastic
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Answer.
(a) The left and right halves of the body have the
same design, e.g. Liver fluke.
Answer.
(a) Dorsal fin (b) Caudal fin
(c) Pelvic fin (d) Pectoral fin
Function of CaudaHm(b)-Caudal fin helps in
streamlined movement in water.
Question.15 Classify Rohu, Scoliodon, Flying
(b) Coelom is the internal body cavity between
lizard, King Kobra, Frog, Salamander,
visceral organs and body wall in which well
Ostrich, Pigeon, Bat, – Crocodile and Whale
developed organs can be accommodated, e.g.,
into the cold-blooded/warm blooded animals.
butterfly.
Answer.
(c) Animals having three layers of cells from
Cold-blooded-Rohu, Scoliodon, Frog,
which differentiated tissue can be made are
Salamander, Flying Lizard, King Cobra,
called triploblastic, e.g., starfish.
Crocodile.
Question.4 You are given Leech, Nereis,
Warm-blooded-Ostrich, Pigeon, Bat, Whale. v
Scolopendra, Prawn and Scorpion; and all
Question.16 Why do we keep both snake and
have segmented body organisation. Will you
turtle in the same class ?
classify them in one group ? If no, give the
Answer.
important characters based on which you will
Because both are:
separate these organisms into different
(1) cold-blooded
groups. ‘
(2) have scales
Answer. All organisms given in the question do
(3) breathe through lungs
not belong to same group. Leech and Nereis
(4) have three chambered fjeart and
belong to phylum annelida because they have
(5) they lay eggs with tough covering.
metamerically segmented body, i.e., body is
Higher Order Thinking Skills divided into many segments internally by septa.
Body segments are lined up one after the other
(HOTS) Question. from head to tail. But Scolopendra, prawn and
Question. 1 List any two similarities and two scorpion belong to phylum arthropoda as these
differences between Amoeba and have jointed legs and open circulating system.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Question.5 Which organism is more complex absorbs the digested food from the host animal
and evolved among Bacteria, Mushroom and iri which they live.
Mango tree ? Give reasons. (b) Frogs use both skin and lungs for breathing
Answer. Mango tree is more complex and as skin is effective for breathing when they are in
evolved because, it is eukaryotic, autotrophic, water whereas lungs are used when the frog is
terrestrial sporophyte with covered seed. The on land or swimming at the surface. ”
bacteria is unicellular prokaryote and fungi are (c) Birds have pneumatic/hollow bones to lighten
the heterotrophic, simple thallophyte with no their weight and make it easier for them to fly.
tissue systems – Question.3 Why do we keep both snake and
Question.6 Differentiate between flying lizard turtle in the same class ?
and bird. Draw their diagram. Answer.
Answer. This is because both snake and turtle:
Flying lizard belongs to group reptiles and (i) are cold-blooded
characterised as cold-blooded, body covered (ii) have scales
with scales and having three chambered heart, (iii) breathe through lungs, and
while Birds belong to group aves and have (iv) do not need to lay their eggs in water.
characteristics of being warm-blooded, having Question.4 Give reasons:
feather covered body, fore limbs modified as (a) Animals of phylum platyhelminthes are
wings and having four chambered heart. called flatworms.
(b) Bryophytes are called amphibians of the
plant kingdom.
(c) Fungi are called saprophytes.
(d) Bacteria and tapeworms are very different
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in their body design.
(e) Plants like Pinus and Deodar are called
gymnosperms.
Answer.
(a) Animals of phylum platyhelminthes are called
Reasoning Questions flatworms because the body is flattened
Question.1 State reasons for each of the dorsiventrally, from top to bottom.
following: (b) Bryophytes are called amphibians of the
(i) Echidna and Platypus lay eggs but are plant kingdom as they are found on both land as
considered as mammals. well as in water.
(ii) Forelimbs of birds are modified. (c) Fungi are called saprophytes as they use the
(iii) Crocodiles have four-chambered heart decaying organic material as food.
but are still reptiles. (d) Bacteria and tapeworms are very different in
Answer. their body design due to change in course of
(i) Echidna and Platypus lay eggs but are evolution.
considered as mammals because they both are (e) Plants like Pinus and Deodar are called
semi- aquatic as they can stay both in water as gymnosperms as the plants of this group bear
well as out of it. naked seeds and are usually perennial,
(ii) Forelimbs of birds are modified into wings to evergreen and woody.
fly. Question.5 Give reasons for the following:
(iii) Crocodiles have four-chambered heart but (i) From phylum platyhelminthes onwards,
are still reptiles as they lay eggs with tough animals are categorised as ‘triploblastic.
coverings and do not need to lay their eggs in (ii) The presence of ’coelom’ in an animal’s
water, unlike amphibians. body is considered as advantageous. [SAII-
Question.2 State reason for the following: 20 74]
(a) Tapeworm does not have digestive trait. Answer.
(b) Frogs use both skin and lungs for (i) There are three layers of cells from which
breathing. differentiated tissues can be made. This allows
(c) Birds have pneumatic/hollow bones. outside and inside body linings as well as some
Answer. organs to be made. There is thus some degree
(a) Tapeworm does not have digestive trait as of tissue fqrmation.
tapeworm are parasites and their body wall
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

(ii) Coelom is a true internal body cavity in which of cotyledons

well-developed organs can be accommodated. Answer.
Important
Topics/Areas/Questions which
are
frequently asked in the Question.6 What are Phanerogams ? Name
examination its two groups along with the criteria of
division. [SAII-2013]
Question.1 Which organisms are called
Answer.
primitive ? How are they different from the
The plants with well differentiated reproductive
advanced organisms ? [SAII-2014]
tissues that ultimately makes seeds are called as
Answer.
phanerogams. Seeds are the result of the
Primitive organisms: Organisms which have
reproductive process. They consist of the
simpler ancient body designs that have not
embryo along with the stored food, which serves
changed much over evolutionary time are called
for the initial growth of the embryo during
primitive organisms.
germination.
Advanced organisms : Organisms which have
The phanerogams are further divided into two
complex body designs that have changed over
groups, based on whether the seeds are naked
evolutionary time are called advanced
or enclosed within fruits – gymnosperms and
organisms.
angiosperms.
Question.2 Identify the group comprising777academy
Question.7 Name the phylum to which the
specialised tissue for the conduction of
following organisms belong.
water in the plant body. Name one such
(a) Earthworm (6) Planaria (c) Sycon
plant. [SAII-2014]
(d) Starfish (e) Housefly (f) Octopus
Answer. The group pteridophyta shows
Answer.
specialised tissue for the conduction of water in
(a) Earthworm-Annelida
the plant body. Marsilea is one such plant that
(b) Planaria – Platyhelminthes
belongs to this group.
(c) Sycon – Porifera
Question.3 Name the type of flowers that can
(d) Starfish – Echinodermata
be seen in a: (i) Monocot plant, (ii) Dicot
(e) Housefly – Arthropoda
plant.
(f) Octopus – Mollusca
Answer.
Question.8 Write three characteristics each
(i) Monocot plant: Trimerous flower having one
of the following groups of animals: [SAll-
cotyledon in the seed.
2012, 2014]
(ii)Dicot plant: Pentamerqips flower having two
(a) Platyhelminthes (b) Nematoda
cotyledons in the seed.
Answer.
Question.4 State which were the first
(a) Platyhelminthes:
terrestrial plants ? Mention two characteristic
(i) The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
features of these plants.
(ii) They are triploblastic.
Answer.
(iii) Body is flattened dorsiventrally.
(a) Bryophyta are the first terrestrial plants.
(b) Nematoda:
These are called the “amphibians of the plant
(i) Body is bilaterally symmetrical.
kingdom.
(ii)They are triploblastic.
(b) The two characteristics features of these
(iii)Body is cylindrical.
plants are :
Question.9 Name the following:
(i) The plant body is commonly differentiated into
(a) An egg laying mammal.
stem and leaf like structures.
(b) A reptile with four chambered heart.
(ii) There is no specialised tissue for the
(c) Scientist who proposed the five kingdom
conduction of water and other substances from
classification.
one part of the plant body to another.
(d) A mammal which can fly.
Question.5 Differentiate between maize plant
(e) An aquatic mammal.
and mustard plant in terms of:
(f) Group of animals having fins for
(a) root system, (b) leaf venation, (c) number
locomotion.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Answer. Question.11
(a) Platypus, (b) Crocodile, (c) Robert Whittaker, (a) What do you understand by nomenclature
(d) Bat, (e) Whale, (f) Pisces. ?
Question.10 Out of the various phyla under (b) Who introduced this system ?
animal kingdom, choose the one that fits the (c) Give any four conventions while writing
given description. Also give an example in scientific names.
each case: Answer.
(a) Have dorsiventrally flattened body. (a) Nomenclature is the system of scientific
(b) Water driven tube system is present for naming of living beings so that they can be
locomotion. uniformly identified all over the world.
(c) Mostly with shells, some are without shell. (b) The system of scientific naming was
(d) Holes are present all over the body. introduced by Carolus Linnaeus.
(e) Longest phylum due to a variety of (c) Conventions:
adaptation. [SAII-2013, 2014] (i) The name of genus begins with a capital
Answer. letter.
(a) Platyhelminthes (Planaria), (ii) The name of species begins with a small
(b) Echinodermata (Starfish), letter.
(c) Mollusca (Pila) (iii) When printed, the scientific name is typed in
(d) Porifera (Sycon), italics.
(e) Arthropoda (Spiders). (iv) When written by hand, the genus name and
species names have to be underlined
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CBSE Class 9
Science Notes
Chapter 11 Work, Power and Energy
Facts that Matter
Work: When a force acts on an object and the object shows displacement, the force has done
work on the object.
Two conditions need to be satisfied for work to be done:
(i) A force should act on object
(a) The object must be displaced
Work = Force x Displacement Unit of workdone = Joule = Newton x metre 1 Joule work is said to
be done when 1 Newton force is applied on an object and it shows the displacement by 1 meter.
Energy
The capacity of a body to do work is called the energy of the body.
Unit of energy = Joules 1KJ = 1000 J
Forms of Energy: The various forms of energy are potential energy, kinetic energy, heat energy,
chemical energy, electrical energy and light energy.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Kinetic Energy: Energy possessed by a body due to its motion. Kinetic energy of an object
increases with its speed.
Kinetic energy of body moving with a certain velocity = work done on it to make it acquire that
velocity
Derivation
Let an object of mass m, move with uniform velocity u, let us displace it by s, due to constant force
F, acting on it
Potential Energy
The energy possessed by a body due to its position or shape is called its potential energy.
shape
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Gravitational Potential Energy: (GP)

When an object is raised through a height, work is said to be done on it against gravity.
The energy possessed by such an object is called the gravitational potential energy.
GPE = work is done in raising a body from the ground to a point against gravity.
Derivation
Consider a body with mass m, raised through a height h, from the ground, Force required to raise
the object = weight of object mg.
The object gains energy to the work done on it.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Work done in both the cases (i) and (ii) is same as a body is raised from position A to B, even if
the path taken is different but the height attained is the same.
Mechanical Energy: The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy is called mechanical energy.
Law of Conservation of Energy:
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another.
The total energy before and after transformation remains the same.
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Potential energy + Kinetic energy = Constant (Mechanical energy)

A body of mass ‘m’ is raised to height ‘h’ at A its potential energy is maximum and kinetic energy is
0 as it is stationary.
When body falls at B, h is decreasing hence potential energy decreases and V is increasing hence
kinetic energy is increasing.
When the body is about to reach the ground level, h = 0, v will be maximum hence kinetic energy
–> potential energy
Decrease in potential energy = Increase in kinetic energy
This shows the continual transformation of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy.
Power
Commercial Unit of Energy
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Question.2 State the law of conservation of

energy. [SAII-2014]
1-MARK QUESTIONS
Answer. It states that energy can neither be
Question.1 Does work done depend upon the
created nor destroyed. It can only change its
velocity of the body. [SAII-2014]
form.
Answer. No.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Question.3 In a tug-of-war one team gives Answer. Yes, when force acts at an angle of 90°
way to the other. What work is being done with the displacement.
and by whom ? [SAII-2014] Question.16 What is the work done on a body
Answer. moving in a circular path ?
The winning team does work. The work is equal Answer. Zero, because force and displacement
to the product of the resultant force and the are perpendicular to each other.
displacement undergone by the losing team. Question.17 Does every change in energy of
Question.4 What will cause greater change in the body involve work ?
kinetic energy of a body? Changing its mass Answer. Yes.
or changing its velocity ? Question.18 What is the work done in the
Answer. Changing its velocity. situation shown below ?
Question.5 List two essential conditions for
work to be done. [SAII-2010]
Answer. (i) A force must act and (ii) There
should be displacement in the body.
Question.6 When is 1 joule of work said to be
done ?
Answer. When a force of 1 newton acting on a
body displaces it in its own direction.
Question.7 What is the SI unit of work done
and power ? Answer. Zero.
Answer. Joule and Watt. Question.19 A force of 7 N acts on an object.
unit The displacement is, say 8 m, in the direction
Question.8 What is power? What is its SI 777academy
? of the force. Let us take it that the force acts
Answer. It is defined as the rate of doing work. on the object through the displacement.
Its unit is watt. What is the work done in this case ?
Question.9 Find the energy in kWh Answer.
consumed in 10 hours by a machine of power Given, displacement = 8 m,
500 W. [SAII-2011] Force = 7N
Answer. W = P x t = 500 x 10 = 5000 Wh – 5 Now, Work done = Force x Displacement
kWh. = 7 x 8 = 56 J
Question.10. When is work said to be done Question.20 When do we say that work is
against the force of gravity ? done ? ~
Answer. When a body lifted the work is done Answer.
against the force of gravity. Work is said to be done when a force causes
Question.11 Write an expression for the work displacement of an object in the direction of
done in lifting a body of mass ‘m’ through a applied force.
vertical height ‘h’. [SAll-2012] Question.21 Write an expression for the work
Answer. Work done W = mgh, where g is done when a force is acting on an object in
acceleration due to gravity. the direction of its displacement.
Question.12 When a book is lifted from a Answer.
table, against which force work is done ? Work done = Force x Displacement
Answer. Work is done against the force of Question.22 A pair of bullocks exert a force
gravity. of 140 N on a plough. The field being
Question.13 Will work be done by a man who ploughed is 15 m long. How much work is
pushes a wall ? done in ploughing the length of the field ?
Answer. No. Answer.
Question.14 What is the work done when the Work done = Force x Displacement = 140 x 15 =
force acting on the body and the 2100 J
displacement produced in the body are at Question.23 What is the kinetic energy of an
right angles to each other ? object?
Answer. Zero. Answer.
Question.15 Is it possible that some force is The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
acting on a body but still the work done is motion is called kinetic energy.
zero ?
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Question.24 Write an expression for the Question.36 Define potential energy.

kinetic energy of an object. Answer. It is defined as the energy possessed
Answer. by a body by virtue of its position or change in
The expression is KE = 1/2 mv , where ‘m’ is the shape.
2
mass and V is the velocity of the body. Question.37 Name the energy possessed by
Question.25 Define 1 watt of power. a stretched rubber band lying on the table.
Answer. Answer. Potential energy.
When a work of 1 joule is done in 1s, the power Question.38 Give the SI unit of potential
is said to be one watt. energy.
Question.26 A lamp consumes 1000 J of Answer. The SI unit of potential energy is.joule.
electrical energy in 10 s. What is its power ? Question.39 What do you mean by trans-
Answer. formation of energy ?
Given, W = 1000 J, t = 10 s, R = ? Answer. It is the change of energy from one
Using p = W/t = 1000/10 = 100 W form of energy into another form of energy.
Question.27 Define average power. Question.40 Can energy be destroyed? Can
Answer. energy be created ?
When a machine or person does different Answer. No,
amounts of work or uses energy in different Question.41 A cell converts one form of
intervals of time, the ratio between the total work energy into another. Name the two forms.
or energy consumed to the total time is average Answer.
power. It converts chemical energy into electrical
Question.28 Define energy. energy.
Answer. Question.42 Name one unit of power bigger
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Energy is the ability of a body to do work. It is than watt.
also defined as the capacity to do work. Answer. A unit bigger than watt is kilowatt.
Question.29 A body performs no work. Does Question.43 When an arrow is shot from its
it imply that the body possesses no energy ? bow, it has kinetic energy. From where does
Answer. it get the kinetic energy ? [SAll-2010]
When a body does not perform any work, it Answer.
never implies that the body has no energy. The A stretched bow possesses potential energy on
body may have energy but still does not perform account of a change in its shape. To shoot an
any work, e.g., a book placed on a table has arrow; the bow is released. The potential energy
potential energy but is not performing any work. of the bow is converted into the kinetic energy of
Question.30 What is the SI unit of energy? the arrow.
Answer.The SI unit of energy is joule. Question.44 Name at least three commonly
Question.31 Does a body at rest possess any used units of energy.
kinetic energy ? Answer. (i) Joule (ii) Erg (iii) Kilowatt hour.
Answer.No. Question.45 Name the practical unit of power
Question.32 What will happen to the kinetic in engineering.
energy of a body if its mass is doubled ? Answer. Horsepower.
Answer. Its kinetic energy will be doubled. Question.46 Name at least six forms of
Question.33 What will happen to the kinetic energy.
energy of a body if its velocity is halved ? Answer.
[SAII-2012] (i) Chemical energy
Answer. The kinetic energy of the body will (ii) Heat energy
become one-fourth. (iii) Light energy
Question.34 By how much will the speed of a (iv) Electrical energy
body, of fixed mass, increase if its kinetic (v) Sound energy
energy becomes four times its initial kinetic (vi)Solar energy
energy ? Question.47 How many watt are there in 1
Answer. The speed is doubled. horse – power ?
Question.35 Can a body possess energy Answer. 746 watt.
even if it is not in motion ? Question.48 What is horsepower ?
Answer. Yes, it can possess potential energy. Answer. It is a unit of power.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Question.49 A light and a heavy body have this violate the law of conservation of
equal kinetic energy. Which one is moving energy? Why? [SAII-2010]
fast ? [SAII-2011] Answer. It does not violate the law of
Answer. The lighter body is moving fast. conservation of energy. Whatever, is the
2 MARKS QUESTIONS decrease in PE due to loss of height, same is the
Question.1 State the relation between kW h increase in the KE due to increase in velocity of
and joule. Define 1 watt. [SAII-2014] the body.
Answer. Question.7 What are the various energy
1 kW h – 1000 W h = 1000 Js x 60 x 60 s =
-1
transformations that occur when you are
3.6 x 106 J riding a bicycle?
1 watt is the power of an agent which can do one Answer. The chemical energy of the food
joule of work in one second. changes into heat and then to muscular energy.
Question.2 Is it possible that a body be in On paddling, the muscular energy changes into
accelerated motion under a force acting on mechanical energy.
the body, yet no work is being done by the Question.8 Does the transfer of energy take
force? Explain your answer giving a suitable place when you push a huge rock with all
example. [SAII-2012] your might and fail to move it? Where is the
Answer. Yes, it is possible, when the force is energy you spend going?
perpendicular to the direction of motion. The Answer. Energy transfer does not take place as
moon revolving round the earth under the no displacement takes place in the direction of
centripetal force of attraction of the earth but applied force; the energy spent is used to
earth does not do any work on the motion of The overcome inertia of rest of the rock.
moon. Question.9 An object thrown at a certain
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Question.3 Define work. How is work angle to the ground moves in a curved path
measured ? When is work done by a force and falls back to the ground. The initial and
negative? [SAII-2013] the final points of the path of the object lie on
Answer. Work is said to be done if force acting the same horizontal line. What is the work
on an object displaces it through a certain done by the force of gravity on the object ?
distance. [SAll-2011 ]
It is measured as the product of force and Answer. Since the body returns to a point which
displacement. is on the same horizontal line through the point
Work done is negative if force and displacement of projection, no displacement has taken place
are in the opposite direction. against the force of gravity; therefore, no work is
Question.4 What is the work done by the done by the force due to gravity.
force of gravity in the following cases ? Question.10 A battery lights a bulb. Describe
(a) Satellite moving around the earth in a the energy changes involved in the process.
circular orbit of radius 35000 km. Answer. Within the electric cell of the battery the
(b) A stone of mass 250 g is thrown up chemical energy changes into electrical energy.
through a height of 2.5 m. [SAII-2013] The electric energy on flowing through the
Answer. filament of the bulb, first changes into heat
(a) Zero, as the displacement in one complete energy and then into the light energy.
revolution is zero. Question.11 What is the work done by the
(b) Given m = 250 g = 0.25 kg, h = 2.5 m, g = 10 force of gravity on a satellite moving round
ms-2, W = ? the earth? Justify your answer.
Now, W = FS = mg x h = 0.25 x 10 x 2.5 = 6.25 J Answer. The work done by the force of gravity
Question.5 A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on on the satellite is zero because the force of
a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line gravity acts at right angles to the direction of
joining A and B is horizontal, what is the motion of the satellite. Therefore, no
work done on the object by the gravitational displacement is caused in the direction of
force? Explain your answer. applied force. The force of gravity only changes
Answer. The work done is zero. This is because the direction of motion of the i satellite.
the gravitational force and displacement are Question.12 Can there be displacement of an
perpendicular to each other. object in the absence of any force acting on
Question.6 The potential energy of a freely it? Think;
falling object decreases progressively. Does discuss this question with your friends and
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

teacher. [SAII-2012] (b) When a body falls from the top of a hill.
Answer. The answer is. both Yes and No. Yes, (c) When coal burns.
because when an object moves in deep space (d) When a gas bums.
from one (e) When water falls from a height.
point to another point in a straight line, the Answer.
displacement takes place, without the application (a) Kinetic energy into potential energy.
of (fa) Potential energy into kinetic energy.
force. No, because force cannot be zero for (c) Chemical energy into heat energy.
displacement on the surface of earth. Some (cf) Chemical energy into heat energy.
force is i essential. (e) Potential energy into kinetic energy.
Question.13 A person holds a bundle of hay Question.19 What are the factors on which
over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. the work done depends ? [SAII-2010]
Has he done some work or not ? justify your Answer.The work done by a force depends
answer. upon:
Answer. The person does not do work because (i) The magnitude of the force.
no displacement takes place in the direction of (ii) The magnitude of the displacement and
applied force as the force acts in the vertically (iii) The angle between force and displacement.
upward direction. Question.20 How are kinetic energy and
Question.14 An object of mass, m is moving momentum related ?
with a constant velocity, v. How much work Answer.
should be done on the object in order to
bring the object to rest ?
Answer. Work done to bring the object to rest is
777academy
equal change in kinetic energy of the object.
Question.21 What is the work done by a

coolie walking on a horizontal platform with a
load on his head ?
Answer. In order to balance the load on his
Question.15 Soni says that the acceleration head, the coolie applies a force on it in the
in an object could be zero even when several upward direction, equal to its weight. His
forces are acting on it. Do you agree with displacement is along the horizontal direction.
her ? Why ?
Thus, the angle between force F and
Answer. Yes, we do agree when the number of displacement is 90°. Therefore, work done W =
forces act on a body, such that they constitute FS cos θ = FS cos 90° =0.
balanced forces, then net force acting on the Question.22 We wind our watch once a day,
body is zero. In such a situation no acceleration what happens to the energy ?
acts on the object. Answer. When we wind our watch, we wind the
Question.16 A freely falling object eventually spring inside the watch. As a result, energy is
stops on reaching the ground. What happens stored in the spring in the form of elastic
to its kinetic energy ? [SAI1-2011] potential energy. This elastic potential energy is
Answer. The KE on reaching the ground used to make the watch work the whole day. .
changes into heat energy, sound energy etc. Question.23 What is the amount of work
and, therefore, gets dissipated in air. done by a force when a body moves in a
Question.17 What kinds of energy circular path ? [SAll-2012]
transformations take place at a thermal Answer. Work done is given by the expression
power station ? W = FS cos θ. When a body moves in a circular
Answer. At a thermal power station, the path, then the displacement (S) is zero.
chemical energy of coal is changed into heat Therefore, work done is W = F x 0 = 0.
energy which is further changed into electrical 3 MARKS QUESTIONS
energy with the help of an electric generator. Question.1 Look at the activities listed below.
Question.18 Name the transformation of Reason out whether or not work is done in
energy involved in the following cases : the light of your understanding of the term
(a) When a body is thrown upwards.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

‘work’ Question.3 In each of the following a force, F

(i) Suma is swimming in a pbnd. is acting on an object of mass, m. The
(ii) A donkey is carrying a load on its back. direction of displacement is from west to
(iii) A wind-mill is filling water from a well. east shown by the longer arrow. Observe the
(iv) A green plant is carrying out diagrams carefully and state whether the
photosynthesis. work done by the force is negative, positive
(v) An engine is pulling a train. or zero.
(vi)Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
(vii) A sailboat is moving due to wind energy.
Answer.
(i) Work is done because the displacement of
swimmer takes place in the direction of applied
force. Answer.
(ii) If the donkey is not moving, no work is done
as the displacement of load does not take place
in the direction of applied force. Question.4 Distinguish between work, energy
(iii) Work is done, as the displacement takes and power. State the SI units for each of
place in the direction of force. these quantities.
(iv) No work is done, because no displacement Answer.
takes place. Work: It is defined as the product of force
(v) Work is done, because displacement takes applied and the distance moved by the body on
place in the direction of applied force. the application of the force. In SI it is measured
(vi)No work is done, because displacement does 777academy
in joule.
not take place. Energy : It is defined as the capacity of a body
(vii)Work is done because displacement takes to do work. In SI it is measured in joule.
place in the direction of the force. Power: It is defined as the rate of doing work. It
Question.2 Illustrate the law of conservation measures how fast or slow the work is done. In
of energy by discussing the energy changes SI it is measured in watt.
which occur when we draw a pendulum bob Question.5 A girl sits and stands repeatedly
to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why for 5 minutes. Draw a graph to show variation
does the bob eventually come to rest ? What of potential energy with time.
happens to its energy eventually ? Is it a Answer.
violation of the law of conservation of energy
?
Answer. When the pendulum bob is pulled (say
towards left), the energy supplied is stored in it is
the form of PE on account of its higher position.
When the pendulum is released so that it stars
moving towards right, then its PE changes into 5 MARKS QUESTIONS
KE, such that in mean position, it has maximum Question.1 Calculate the electricity bill
KE, and zero PE. As the pendulum moves amount for a month of 31 days, if the
towards extreme right, its -KE changes into PE following devices are used as specified :
such that at the extreme position, of has (a) 3 bulbs of 40 W for 6 hours.
maximum PE and zero KE. When it moves from (b) 4 tubelights of 50 W for 8 hours,
this extreme position to mean position, its PE (c) A TV of 120 W fro 6 hours.
again changes to KE. This illustrates the law of Give the rate of electricity is Rs 2.50 per unit.
conservation of energy. Eventually, the bob [SAll-2014]
comes to rest, because during each oscillation a Answer.
part of the energy possessed by it transferred to
air and- m overcoming friction at the point of
suspension. Thus, the energy of the pendulum is
dissipated in air.
The law of conservation of energy is not violated
because the energy merely changes its form and
is not destroyed. Question.2
(a) What is meant by mechanical energy ?
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

State its two forms. State the law of AT POINT B :

conservation of energy. Give an example in
which we observe a continuous change of
one form of energy into another and vice-
versa.
(b) Calculate the amount of work required to
stop a car of 1000 kg moving with a speed of
72 km h”1. [SAII-2013]
Answer.
(a) It is the sum of KE and PE of an object. It
states that energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed. We observe a continuous change in
energy in a simple pendulum and its :
explanation. At the mean position, the energy is
wholly kinetic while at the extreme position it is
wholly potential. As the pendulum oscillates its
energy continuously changes between kinetic
and potential.
Question.4
(a)Derive an expression for kinetic energy of
a body having mass m and moving with a
velocity v.
(b)When velocity of a body is increased 5
777academy
Question.3 State the law of conservation of times, what is the change in its kinetic
energy? Show that when a body falls from a energy ?
certain height the total mechanical energy (c)Two masses m and 2m are dropped from
remains conserved. heights h and 2h. On reaching the ground,
Answer. which will have greater kinetic energy and
why ? [SAII-2013]
Answer.
(a)For derivation see above questions.
(b)Kinetic energy is given by the expression
KE = 1/2 mv2, therefore, if velocity is made 5
times KE will increase by 25 times.
(c)More the potential energy more will be the
kinetic energy of the body when it falls. Hence,
the body with mass 2m will have greater kinetic
energy as it has more potential energy.
Question.5
(a)State the law of conservation of energy.
(b)What is the work done to increase the
velocity of a car from 36 km h-1 to 72 km h~1
if the mass of the car is 1500 kg ? Does the
work done by the force have a negative or a
positive magnitude ?
(c)Where does an oscillating pendulum have
maximum PE and KE ? [SAII-2013]
Answer.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

APPLICATION BASED of a well by means of a rope tied to the

bucket.
QUESTIONS (b) Work done by gravitational force in the
Question.1 A light body and a heavy body above case.
have the same kinetic energy. Which one will (c) Work done by friction on a body sliding
have the greater momentum ? down an inclined plane.
Answer. (d) Work done by an applied force on a body
moving on a rough horizontal plane with
uniform velocity.
(e) Work done by resistive force of air on a
Question.2 A light and a heavy body have the vibrating pendulum in bringing it to rest.
same momentum. Which one will have Answer.
greater kinetic energy ? (a) Work done is positive as the bucket moves in
Answer. the direction of force applied by the man.
(b) Work done by the gravitational force is
negative, as the bucket moves upwards i.e.,
opposite to the gravitational force.
Question.3 (c) Work done is negative, as frictional force acts
(a) Can a body have energy without having opposite to the direction of motion of the body.
momentum ? Explain. (d) Work done is positive because applied force
(b) Can a body have momentum without acts along the same direction as the direction of
having energy ? Explain. motion of the body.
Answer. (e) Work done is negative because the resistive
777academy
force of air always acts opposite of the direction
of motion of the vibrating*pendulum.
Question.2 What is the work done by a coolie
walking on a horizontal platform with a load
on his head? [SAII-2010]
Answer. In order to balance the load on his
head, the coolie applies a force on it in the
upward direction, equal to its weight. His
displacement is along the horizontal direction.
Thus, the angle between force F and
Question.4 When an arrow is shot from its
displacement is 90°. Therefore, work done W =
bow, it has kinetic energy. From where does
FS cos θ = FS cos 90° = 0.
it get the kinetic energy ?
Question.3 The work done in lifting a box on
Answer. A stretched bow possesses potential
to a platform does not depend upon how fast
energy on account of a change in its shape. To
it is lifted up.
shoot an arrow; the bow is released. The
Explain your answer giving proper
potential energy of the bow is converted into the
reasoning. [SAll-2013]
kinetic energy of the arrow.
Answer. The work done (W) in lifting a box
Question.5 A spring which has been kept
through a distance (S) against the gravitational
compressed by tying its ends together is
force (F) is given by W = FS. Hence, it is obvious
allowed to be dissolved in an acid. What
that it is independent of the rate at which the box
happens to the potential energy of the spring
is lifted.
?
Question.4 Is it possible that a body be in
Answer. The PE of the spring gets converted
accelerated motion under a force acting on
into KE of acid molecules whose temperature
the body, yet no work is being done by the
rises.
force ? Explain your answer giving a suitable
Higher Order Thinking Skills example.
Answer. Yes, it is possible, when the force is
(HOTS) Questions perpendicular to the direction of motion. The
Question.1 justify giving proper reasoning moon revolving round the earth under the
whether the work done in the following cases centripetal force of attraction of the earth, but
is positive or negative : earth does no work on the motion.
(a) Work done by a man in lifting a bucket out
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Question.5 A body moves along a circular Question.10 A spring which is kept

path. How much work is done in doing so? compressed by tying its ends together is
Explain. allowed to be dissolved in an acid. What
Answer. In case of a body moving along a happens to the potential energy of the spring
circular path, the force (centripetal) is always ?
along the radius while displacement is Answer. The potential energy of the spring gets
tangential. Hence, work done W = FS cos 90° = converted into heat energy (kinetic energy of
0 as angle between F and S is 90°. acid molecules). Due to this heat, the
Question.6 A man rowing a boat upstream is temperature of the acid rises.
at rest with respect to the shore. Is he doing Reasoning Questions
work ? [SAII-2012] Question.1
Answer. The man is doing work relative to the (a) Define power. Give its SI unit.
stream because he is applying force to produce (b) Taking the example of a simple pendulum,
relative motion between the boat and the stream. explain the variations in the forms of energy
But he does zero work relative to the shore as and the; inter-conversions involved. [SA II-
the displacement relative to the shore is zero. 2011]
Question.7 What type of energy is stored in Answer.
the spring of a watch? [SAII-2013] (a) Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
Answer. When we wind a watch, the Its SI unit is watt.
configuration of its spring is changed. The (b) For a simple pendulum, the inter-conversion
energy stored in the spring is obviously potential of energy is as shown in the table below :
in nature (elastic potential energy to be more
accurate). 777academy
Question.8 What happens to the kinetic
energy when :
(i) the mass of the body is doubled at
constant velocity?
(ii)the velocity of the body is doubled at
constant mass?
Question.2
(iii)the mass of thesbody is doubled but the
(a) How much work is done when a force of 1
velocity is reduced to half?
N moves a body through a distance of 1 m in
Answer.
its direction?
(b) Is it possible that a force is acting on a
body but still the work done is zero? Explain
giving one example. [SA II – 2011]
Answer.
(a) 1 J of work is done.
(b) Yes, it is possible when force acts at right
angles to the direction of motion of the body.
Example Gravitational force of earth acts on a
satellite at right angles to its direction of motion.
Question.3
(a) What is meant by potential energy? Is
potential energy vector or scalar quantity?
Question.9 When a constant force is applied (b) Give one example of a body having
to a body moving with constant acceleration, potential energy. [SA II – 2011]
is the power of the force constant ? If not, Answer.
how would force have to vary with speed for (a) The energy possessed by a body by virtue of
the power to be constant ? its position or configuration. It is a scalar
Answer. quantity.
(b) Stretched string of a bow.
Question.4 When is the work done by a force
said to be negative? Give one situation in
which one of the forces acting on the object
is doing positive work and the other is doing
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

negative work. [SA II – 2012] Answer.

Answer. We know that work done W = FS cos
0, where 0 is the angle between F and S.
Clearly, W will be -ve, if 0 is between 90° and
180° because then cos 0 will be -ve. Consider
the case of a body falling under gravity. The Question.2 Define 1 watt of power. A lamp
body experiences an upward frictional force and consumes 1000 ] of electrical energy in 10 s.
downward force due to gravity. Since the body is Calculate its power. [SAII-2013]
moving downwards, the work done by force to Answer.
gravity will be +ve but that is against the upward
thrust will be -ve.
Question.5
(a) Is it possible that a body be in accelerated
motion under the action of a force, yet no Question.3 Explain that the flying bird has;
work is being done by the force? Explain potential and kinetic energy and give their
with an example. expressions.
(b) Two bodies of masses m, and m2 have [SA1I-2013]
equal kinetic energies. What is the ratio of Answer.
their
linear momenta? [SA II – 2012]
Answer.
(a) Yes, it is possible in the case of a body
moving in a circular path with a speed v. The777academy
Question.4
body has a centripetal acceleration directed (a)An arrow moves forward when released
along the radius of the circular path. The from a stretched bow. Explain the
displacement is, however, tangential to the transformation of energy in the process.
radius i.e., 0 = 90°. Thus, work done, W = FS (b)A boy of mass 50 kg climbs up a vertical
cos 90° = 0. height of 100 m. Calculate the amount of
potential energy he gains. [SAII-2013]
Answer.
Question.5
(a)What is the commercial unit of energy ?
Important Give its relationship with SI unit of energy.
(b)An electric bulb of 60 W is lighted for 10
Topics/Areas/Questions which hours everyday. How many units of electrical
are energy is consumed by this bulb in one day ?
[SAII-2013]
frequently asked in the Answer.
examination
Question.1 An object of mass mwhen raised
To height h possess a potential energy of
1200 J. Find the new potential energy : Question.6 Define : (a) power (b) work done
(a) if the same object is raised to height h/4. (c) kinetic energy. Give SI unit of each. [SAII-
(b) if the same object is raised to height 4h. 2014]
[SAll-2014] Answer.
(a) The rate of doing work is called power. Its SI
unit is watt.
(b) Work is the product of force and
displacement. Its SI unit is joule.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

(c) It is the energy possessed by a body by Solution.

virtue of its motion. Its SI unit is joule.
Question.7 Define power. Write commercial
unit and SI unit of electrical energy. An
electrical geyser of 1.5 kW works for 2 hours.
Find the electrical energy units consumed in
a day. [SAII-2014]
Answer.
Question.3. A certain household has

consumed 250 units of energy during a
Question.8 The masses of scooter and bike month. How much energy is this in joule?
are in the ratio of 2 : 3 but moving with same [SAU-2011]
speed of 108 km h~1. Compute the ratio of Solution.
their kinetic energy. [SAII-2014]
Answer.
777academy
Question.4 An electric heater is rated 1500 W.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS How much energy does it use in 10 hours?
Question.1 The kinetic energy of an object of Solution.
mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity of 5 ms-1 is
25 J. What will be its kinetic energy when its
velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic
energy when its velocity is increased three Question.5 Calculate the work required to be
times? done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a
Solution. velocity of 60 kmh-1? [SAII-2010]
Solution.
Question.6 Find the energy in kWh

consumed in 10 hours by four devices of
power 500 W each.
Question.2 Certain force acting on a 20 kg Solution.
mass changes its velocity from 5 ms-1 to 2
ms-1. Calculate the work done by the force.
[SAII-2013]
Question.7 Two bodies of equal masses

move with the uniform velocities v and 3v
respectively. Find the , ratio of their kinetic
energies. [SAII-2013]
Solution.
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

therefore, we have W = mgh = (70 + 10) x 9.8

x100 = 78400 J
Question.13 Calculate the kinetic energy of a
body of mass 2 kg moving with a velocity of
0.1 ms-1.
Solution.
Thus, the kinetic energy of the second body is

nine times the kinetic energy of the first body.
Question.8 A man of mass 60 kg runs up a
flight of 30 steps in 40 seconds. If each step
is 20 cm high, calculate the power of the Question.14 Find the velocity of a body of
man. [SAU-2012] mass 100 g having a kinetic energy of 20 J.
Solution. Solution.
Question.9 Calculate the amount of work

done in moving a 50 kg block through a
distance of 10 m by applying a force of 100 N.
777academy
Question.15 A man drops a 10 kg rock from
Solution.
the top of a 5 m ladder. What is its kinetic
energy when reaches the ground? What is its
speed just before it hits the ground?
Solution.
Question.10 A block of mass 5 kg is lying bn
a frictionless table. A force of 20 N is applied
on it for 10 seconds. Calculate its kinetic
energy.
Solution.
Question.11 A girl of mass 40 kg climbs a

rope 6 m long at constant speed in 15
seconds. What power she expands during
the climb?
Solution. Question.16 Which would have greater effect
on kinetic energy of an object – doubling the
mass, or doubling the velocity?
Solution. We .know that KE∝ m, KE ∝ v2
Therefore, by doubling the mass, the kinetic
energy doubles, while by doubling the velocity,
the kinetic energy increases four times.
Question.12 A man weighing 70 kg carries a
Therefore, doubling the velocity will have a
weight of 10 kg to the top 6f a tower 100 m
greater effect on the kinetic energy of an object.
high. Calculate the work done.
Question.17 A body of mass 4 kg initially at
Solution.We know that work done is given by W
rest is subjected to a force of I6 N. What is
= FS = mgh i.e., change in potential energy,
the kinetic energy acquired by the body at
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

the end of 10 s? [SAII-2010] Solution.

Solution.
Question.22 A man whose mass is 50 kg

climbs up 30 steps of a stair in 30 s. If each
step is 20 cm high, calculate the power used
Question.18 A crane pulls up a car weighing in climbing the stairs. [Take g = 10 ms-2]
500 kg to a vertical height of 4 m. Calculate Solution.
the work done by the crane.
Solution.
In order to lift the car, the crane has to do work
against the force of gravity.
Therefore, the force required = Mg = 500 x 9.8 =
4900 N
Now, displacement undergone by the car, S = 4
m
Hence, work done = FS = 4900 x 4 = 19600 777academy
J
Question.19 A force of 10 N displaces a body
by a distance of 2 m at an angle 60° to its Question.23 A mass of 10 kg is dropped from
own direction. Find the amount of work done. a height of 50 cm. Find its : (i) Kinetic energy
[SAII-2012] (ii) Velocity just as it reaches the ground.
Solution. Does the velocity depend upon the mass of
By definition, Work = Force x Displacement in the particle? Explain. [Take g = 10 ms-2] [SAll-
the direction of force = FD cos θ 2012]
Given, F = 10 N;S = 2m;θ = 60°. Therefore, Solution.
W = 10 x 2 x cos 60° = 10 x 2 x 1/2 =10J
Question.20 A boy of mass 40 kg runs up
flight of 50 steps each 10 cm high in 5
seconds. Find: (i) the work done by the boy.
(ii) the power developed, (g = 9.8 ms-2)
Solution.
Question.24 If you apply 1 J of energy to lift a

book of 0.5 kg, how high will it rise? [Take g
= 10 ms-2]
Solution.
We know that PE = mgh
Question.21 Calculate the power of an engine
1 = 0.5 x 10 x h
required to lift 10s kg of coal per hour from a
Therefore, h = 0.2 m = 20 cm
mine 360 m deep, (Take g = 10ms-2).
Question.25 A woman pulls a bucket of water
of total mass 5 kg from a well which is 10 m
in 10 s. Calculate the power used by her.
[Take g = 10 ms-2]
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Solution.
Question.26
(a) Define average power.
(b) A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical
energy in 10 s. What is its power?
(c) Give the commercial unit of energy in
Joules. [SAll-2013]
Solution.
777academy
VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

CBSE Class 9 Science Notes Atoms and Molecules

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CBSE Class 9 Science Notes Atoms and Molecules

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SURESH KUMAR 9053505049 777ACADEMY

VASANT VIHAR KARNAL

Ions H1+ SO42- H2SO4

The charged particles (atoms) are called ions,

Positively charged ion is called cation (Na ).+

expressed in grams and is also known as gram

hydrogen has 1 mole of hydrogen

= 6.022 x 1023 atoms of hydrogen

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ion ? [SAII – 2011] Answer. Molecule of an element is made-up of

Question. 6. How would you differentiate

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Answer. 3 MARKS QUESTIONS

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(c) Sodium sulphate, (d) Aluminium nitrate, Answer.

Answer. (a) Potassium sulphate, (b) Magnesium

Question. 10. Calculate the formula unit

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Question. 16. Calculate the number of

Question. 17. Calculate the number of

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4. Compounds are formed when atoms of Answer.

Question. 3. (a) Define: (i) Molecular mass, (ii)

Question. 4. Calculate the molecular masses

APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS

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Question. 3. A sample of vitamin C is known

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Question. 6. Which has more number of

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cation. Examples : sodium chloride, calcium Answer.

Question. 13. (a) Calculate the number of

Question. 11. A silver ornament of mass ‘m’

Question. 14. Sodium is represented

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Answer. (a) Atoms of different elements are mass of Na = 23 u, Cl = 35.5 u)

Question. 2. Define formula unit mass.

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Some examples are MarsUea, ferns and horse-tails.

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 Examples: Ascaris, Wucheraria

 Examples: Balanoglossus, Herdemarda and Amphioxus.

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 Skeleton can be made of bone or cartilage.

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Question.8 Name two egg laying mammals. found ? [SAII -2014]

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is fourid in Platyhelminthes. organelles, including a nucleus, which allow

Question.9 Write appropriate terms for the

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the production of milk to nourish their young Answer.

The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group

Question.10 What are the differences

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Answer. further subgroups.

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Question.4 Protochordates possesses a (E) Mollusca

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